learning event no. 3, session 1: aracely castro. ardd2012 rio
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Presentation by Aracely Castro at the 2012 Agriculture and Rural Development Day (ARDD) in Rio de Janiero, Learning Event No. 3, Session 1: How can sustainable intensification of livestock production through improved feeding practices help realize livelihood and environmental benefits? http://www.agricultureday.orgTRANSCRIPT
Outline
• Agriculture and rural development
• Demand for livestock products
• Importance of livestock production to smallholders
• Livestock production and greenhouse gas emissions
• LivestockPlus: A new concept
• Benefits of LivestockPlus and associated strategies
• Key messages
Agriculture and Rural Development• Poverty:
‐ Three out of every four poor people in developing countries live in rural areas
‐ Most depend on agriculture for their livelihoods
• Agriculture plays a vital role in sustainable development:
‐ After many years of neglect, agriculture and food security are back on the development and political agenda
‐ Agriculture contributes not just to food production, but also to human nutrition and health
‐ It also provides other key ecosystem services at multiple scales (e.g., water and biodiversity protection)
60 years of accelerated population growth in developing countries
Agriculture and Rural Development
Developing countries:
• Expenditure on livestock products increases rapidly with increase in income (more than any other commodity group)
• Greatest increases in South and SE Asia, and Latin America
Demand for Livestock Products
Source: FAO, 2009
Revised demand for livestock products to 2050
Countries Year
Annual per capita consumption (kg)
Total consumption (Mt)
Meat Milk Meat Milk
Developing 2002
2050
28 44
44 78
137 326
222 585
Developed 2002
2050
78 94
202 216
102 126
265 295
Souce: Rosegrant et al., 2009
Developing countries:
• Smallholders predominate
• Livestock:
‐ Produce 50% of beef, 41% of milk, 72% of mutton, 59% of pork, and 53% of poultry
‐ Provide food for at least 830 million food-insecure people
Importance of Livestock Production to Smallholders
Rwanda’s “One Cow per Poor Family” Program (Girinka):
• Family either receives donation of cow or bank loan to buy one
• Calf is shared with other members of community
Photo by: ILRI
Results - poverty alleviation through:
• Reduced malnutrition risk
• Income from sale of milk and offspring
• Manure for croplands
• Community solidarity
Importance of Livestock Production to Smallholders
Dissemination of improved Brachiaria grasses in Rwanda:
• On-farm trials for participatory evaluation of improved materials of Brachiaria to increase fodder production under drought and acid soil conditions
• Across evaluation sites farmers preferred Brachiaria cv. Mulato II due to its contribution to higher milk yields during dry season
• Monitoring and evaluation of Brachiaria grass options has enhanced smallholders awareness of new forage alternatives for limiting environments
• Increased interest in improved materials: replacement of the commonly used forage grass (Napier) by Brachiaria on erosion control ridges
Importance of Livestock Production to Smallholders
Source: ISAR, Rwanda
Livestock: up to 18% of global emissions ???
Livestock Production & Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Source: FAO, 2006
Source: McMichael et al., 2007
Deforestation and desertification
35.4%
Manure (direct and indirect)
35.5%
Enteric fermentation by
ruminant 25%
Artificial fertilizers (including direct)
3.4%
On-farm fossil fuel use 1.2% Other
3.6%
Livestock Emissions Source Gigatons CO2 equivalent
Land use and land-use change 2.5
Feed production 0.4
Animal production 1.9
Manure management 2.2
Processing and transport 0.03
Source: FAO
Livestock Production & Greenhouse Gas Emissions
The livestock sector is responsible for: • 50% of all land use
change emissions
• 80% of all agriculture emission
Potential strategy: development of synergies for adaptation and mitigation to climate change
through improved technologies and production systems
Meat, milk & more!
Potential to mitigate climate
change and other co-benefits of forage-based
systems
LivestockPlus: A New Concept
Source: Peters et al., 2012
Multifunctional role of forage-based
production systems vs.
feedlot based systems
LivestockPlus
Source: Erb et al., 2007
Pasture lands: • 30-45% of earth’s terrestrial surface • 70% of previously forested land in the
Amazon
• 80% of all agricultural land • 1/3 arable land used for feed crop
production
LivestockPlus
Initial state: July 17, 2007 August 15, 2008
October 22, 2008
15 months
Silvopastoral systems: A mini-revolution in Colombia
and Central America!
Piedemonte Llanero, Colombia 13 months
LivestockPlus
Source: CIPAV
LivestockPlus
Benefits from improved pastures on crop production
Impact of building up of an arable
layer in low fertility acid soils to
improve maize grain yields
Maiz
e g
rain
yie
ld (
Mg
h
a-1
)
0
1
2
3
4
5
LSD 0.05 = 0.718
Native Maize Introducedsavanna monoculture pasture
Source: Amézquita et al., 2007
SOC under pastures of Brachiaria humidicola alone (Bh) and with Arachis pintoi (Ap) and native
savanna (NS) on a clay loam Oxisol on the eastern plains of Colombia
High potential of C sequestration with improved pastures
C stocks in three predominant land-use systems in the eastern
plains of Colombia
LivestockPlus A
lma
ce
na
mie
nto
de
C (
t h
a-1
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Pasto Mejorado
Pasto mejorado degradado
Sabana Nativa
(a) Puerto López (b) Puerto Gaitán (c) PromedioAverage
Improved pastureImproved pasture (degraded)Native Savanna
C s
tock
(t
ha
-1)
Source: Castro et al. (unpublished)
Source: Fisher et al., 1996
% C (modified Walkley-Black)
Cumulative nitrous oxide emissions from field plots of
tropical pasture grasses (monitored monthly from
2005-2008)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Bare Soil Soybean P.maximum Hybrid Mulato Bh 679 Bh 16888 m
g N
2O
-N m
-2 y
-1
Bare Soil Soybean P. maximum Hybrid Mulato Bh 679 Bh 16888m
gN
2O
-N m
-2y
-1
Source: PNAS 106: 17302-17307 (2009)
LivestockPlus
Option used in 2030 Kg CH4/t milk Kg CH4/t meat
Cerrado 78 1552
100% adoption of Brachiaria pasture 31 713
30% adoption of Brachiaria pasture 64 1300
Mitigation options in rangeland-based humid
and sub-humid systems in Central and South America
Source: Thornton and Herrero, 2010
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) 107:19667-19672
Potential for reduced N2O, CH4 and CO2 emissions from pasture management
Sensitivity analysis in a dairy system (including fattening calves): effect of changes in key parameters on GHG emissions per unit of animal protein
• 10% increase of feed digestibility = emissions per kg protein reduced by ~15%
• 10% increase of feed digestibility and milk production = emissions per kg protein reduced by ~19%
LivestockPlus
Source: Smith P et al., 2008 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 363:789-813
B1 scenario shown, though the pattern is similar for all
SRES scenarios
Developing country productions systems that are eco-efficient
LivestockPlus
LivestockPlus Grass-legume pastures can mitigate climate change
Integrated Global Warming Potential (GWP) of different land uses in the savannas of Colombia
Source: Rondon et al., 2006
-25000
-15000
-5000
5000
forest savanna sandy savanna
crops
GW
P (
kg C
O2
equ
ival
ents
)
Grassalone
pasture
Grass-legume
pasture
GWP20y GWP100y
Key Messages
• Well-managed tropical forage-based systems supported by good policies and strong institutions can contribute to improved livelihoods and to the overall quality of agro-ecosystems and the environment
• LivestockPlus is suggested as a concept for sustainable intensification of agricultural production to enhance livelihoods and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
• Increased adoption of improved feeds, including sown forages, could significantly reduce GHG on a global scale, while enhancing the livelihoods of the 1 billion people dependent on livestock-cropping systems
• Improved tropical forages could sequester large amounts of carbon – on a scale similar to that of forests – with the possibility of reducing emissions of nitrous oxide and methane per unit of livestock product
• If widely applied, could deliver huge increases in food production at reduced environmental cost against a background of rising livestock production and consumption in the developing world.