learning multi frame

Learning Multiframe

Learning Multiframe Welcome to Learning Multiframe. This introductory training manual will give new users to Multiframe a thorough understanding of the application’s architecture, main functions and give an idea of its capabilities. Experienced users will also find this manual useful to expand their understanding of concepts or simply as a refresher. This training manual is by no means an extensive guide to using Multiframe. If you need help or would like more information on certain topics, the manual should be consulted. The training manual consists of several short tutorials, each with their own concrete learning goal. Throughout the tutorials, the user will model a simple structure, apply some loads and perform a structural analysis. Each tutorial may have different related resources such as:

1. Sample designs. Some sample designs have been provided along with the tutorials. These can be found in the c:\program files\Multiframe\Training Samples directory after you have installed the Learning Multiframe installer.

2. Explanations of background theory. It is recommended to read these sections.

3. Videos. There are several short videos you can watch that illustrate the steps explained in the tutorial.

a. [Web] You can click on this link for each video to view the video online; i.e. on the internet. This will open up the video in your Internet browser. You do need a reasonably fast internet connection for this.

b. [Disk] Click on this link from your PDF document when you are running this training manual from your local computer. This will start up the video from your local hard drive. This is generally much faster than viewing the videos online, but it does require that you have installed the MFLearning installer. Links to “[Disk]” only work from the PDF document and not from your internet browser.

4. Links to the User Manual for background reading on concepts, or further explanation of dialogs and related commands.

Tips on using this training material:

• Take your time and read all instructions carefully

• Read explanations, try to understand the concepts explained If you are not familiar with the concepts of structural analysis using the matrix stiffness method, it will be necessary for you to review the structural analysis concepts outlined in Chapter Four of the Multiframe manual. If you are familiar with the analysis, you can proceed at your own pace. Start with reading Chapter 1 Multiframe Help.

http://www.fdsfiles.com/training/learningmultiframe/MFLearning.exe

Learning Multiframe

Chapter 1 Multiframe Help Before you can start learning how to use the program, it is important that you learn what to do when you want more information on using particular commands or you need help with a particular feature. Every command in the Multiframe application is thoroughly documented in the User Manual. This section of the training manual describes how to open the manual and find what you are looking for.

Opening the Manual You can access the manual from different locations:

1. From the Windows Start Menu: Programs | Multiframe | Help 2. From within the application in the Help menu 3. From within the application by pressing the F1 function key.

Note In this Training Manual, a vertical bar ‘|’ will be used to separate menu titles, sub-menu titles and commands in specifying the location of a command from a menu. For example, Help | Multiframe Help indicates that Multiframe Help can be accessed from the Help Menu. Many commands can be accessed from toolbars and via keyboard shortcuts (specified in the menus); however in this manual, access to commands will be described through navigation of the menus.

You will need Adobe PDF reader to open the manuals.

Finding a Topic If you have opened the Multiframe User Manual PDF file, you can search for a key word or phrase by clicking on Search from the Edit menu, and following the instructions in the Search PDF pane.

You can also use this toolbar button: or Ctrl+Shft+F.

Other Resources The manual is also available in online format from the Formation Design Systems Support Centre at www.formsys.com/support. The Support Centre also offers a Knowledgebase which includes Frequently Asked Questions and Tips and Tricks databases. Next we will have a brief look at starting Multiframe and opening and closing a design in Chapter 2 Starting Multiframe.

http://www.adobe.com/

http://www.formsys.com/support

Learning Multiframe

Chapter 2 Starting Multiframe If you have not already done so,

Install Multiframe by inserting the CD and running the Setup program, and follow the instructions on screen.

Launch the Multiframe application on your computer from the start menu.

You should see something like this:

If you see something completely different:

Close the application and start it again, this time while holding down the Shift key.

This will bring up the following dialog:

Clear all Multiframe Preferences

Continue with Opening a Design.

Learning Multiframe

Opening a Design Opening a Design – Concepts

A Multiframe file has a .mfd file extension and can be recognised by the file icon. A Multiframe file has all the information for the structure, but the members’ sections are stored in the Multiframe section library. This sections library is stored in C:\Program Files\Multiframe\ directory and is called: SectionsLibrary.slb.

+

=

MultiframeFile.mfd SectionsLibrary.slb Multiframe Structure

Since the SectionLibrary.slb file can change from project to project it is recommended to save a copy of the SectionLibrary.slb file with your .mfd file in your project folder. This then allows you to re-open any project with the same sections from when you last opened the project. In a multi-user environment there are different ways of managing the SectionsLibrary, see the Multiframe manual section “Working with the Section Library” for more information. When you open a design after the sections library has been changed you will get the following warning message:

In case you open a design with for example the wrong sections library file you will see this warning:

As in most Microsoft Windows applications, you can open files in different ways. For example, you can open files by double clicking on them or by using a File | Open menu. Let’s have a look at the different ways you can open a file in Multiframe.

Opening a Design – Procedures

File | Open Probably one of the most conventional ways to open a file is by:

http://www.formsys.com/extras/FDS/webhelp/multiframe/working_with_the_sections_library.htm#Working_with_the

Learning Multiframe

Start the Multiframe application

Click File | Open Design

Navigate to the Multiframe program file directory.

This is C:\Program Files\Multiframe, unless you have specified it differently. This is where you find a range of sample designs for the different versions of Multiframe (2D, 3D, and 4D).

Open the 2D Sample Frames folder

Select the 2DPortal.mfd file and click Open.


Double clicking on a file

In Windows explorer, navigate to C:\Program Files\Multiframe\2D Sample Frames and double click on the 2DPortal file.

This will start up a new Multiframe application and open the design.


Drag and drop When you have the Windows explorer window open as well as the Multiframe application and both are visible, it is possible to drag and drop a file into the Multiframe window to open it.

Start explorer and start Multiframe

Have the explorer window visible as well as the Multiframe application. You can do this for example by maximising Multiframe and then selecting Windows Explorer using Alt+Tab or the Windows Taskbar.

Select the 2DPortal file and drag it into the Multiframe application window.

While you are doing this, you will see your mouse pointer change to:

Learning Multiframe

Dragging and dropping a file from explorer into the Multiframe application window.

When you release the left mouse button, the file is opened in Multiframe.

Continue with Closing a Multiframe Design.

Closing a Multiframe Design You can close a design from the File menu:

File | Close Design

In case there have been any changes to the model since you have last saved it, Multiframe will ask you whether you wish to save the design changes.

• Selecting yes will save the changes and close the model.

• Selecting no will not save your changes and close the design. You will lose all changes since the last save.

• Selecting cancel will cancel the close design command and allow you to continue working.

Next you will learn how Multiframe’s user interface has been designed as well as several tools to customise windows in Chapter 3 User Interface

Learning Multiframe

Chapter 3 User Interface In this training manual it is assumed that the user has a reasonable familiarity with working in applications on any Microsoft Windows® operating system. Some Multiframe specifics to the User Interface are described below. It is a good idea to read this section before you start modelling a structure, as it will give you a good understanding of the architecture of the application which helps you find commands faster and operate the program more efficiently.

The User Interface can be defined as the aggregate of tools available that allow you to work with the application. Some of these tools can be used for viewing while others allow you to control or manipulate the object being viewed. The Multiframe User Interface can be divided up into three main groups:

• Menus

• Toolbars

• Windows

Menus Unlike some other CAD applications Multiframe does not have a command line. This has the advantage that you don’t have to memorise different commands and everything can be done using the commands in the menus. To enable faster access to the menu commands Multiframe has two other options:

1. Toolbars. The most common commands can also be accessed through toolbars.

2. Additionally, Multiframe has several object based right click commands. This means that after selecting an object and using the right mouse button, Multiframe displays the most commonly used commands on the selected object. For example, when you select a node in the structure and right click on it:

Right click menu on a node

These are just other (usually more efficient) ways to get to a corresponding menu command. The menus and toolbars in Multiframe operate in the same way as most Microsoft applications and will not be explained any further. At this stage it is not required to know all the menu commands as we will cover most of them as we go along in this training manual, but for the interested reader the function of each Menu command is explained in detail in the Menus section of the Reference Chapter of the Multiframe manual.

http://www.formsys.com/extras/FDS/webhelp/multiframe/menus.htm#Menus

Learning Multiframe

A brief overview of the menus is worth studying: Menu Description File Working with files and libraries Edit Copying and pasting data and working in tables View Lets you set how you want something displayed. Often

confused with the Display menu. Select Powerful commands to automatically select parts of the

structure. Geometry Functions for creating and editing the geometry of a frame, eg.

move, rotate etc. Group Organise the members in the structural model into groups or

assemblies. Frame Functions for editing the properties of a frame and its

components, eg. section type, restraint etc. Load Creating and editing loads Display Select what you want to display Case Creating and editing Loadcases Analyse Analyse options Time Time options. Only available in 4D Design Design checks. Only available if Steel Designer code has been

purchased. Data All commands to do with calculations & producing data Window Different window display options Help Accessing different Help resources

Toolbars The toolbars contain toolbar buttons that activate menu commands. Only the most commonly used menu commands are on the default toolbars. Dependent on the purpose of the toolbar, the toolbar is docked in:

1. Multiframe window; general commands such as undo, redo etc. 2. Specific view windows; commands that only apply when working in that

window, eg “Draw frame” in the Frame window. Toolbars from a specific view window can not be docked in the main application and visa versa. It is not required to read this section, but for the interested user, a detailed description of each toolbar can be found in the Toolbars section of the Multiframe Reference chapter.

Windows Multiframe contains 7 windows and each window serves a specific purpose. These windows can be divided up in two groups:

1. View windows 2. Data windows (tables, graphs and reports)

View windows

The three view windows are:

http://www.formsys.com/extras/FDS/webhelp/multiframe/toolbars.htm#Toolbars

Learning Multiframe

Frame Defining structural geometry, assigning sections and restraints Loads Defining load conditions to be applied to the structure Plot After the structure and loads have been defined and an

analysis has been performed, analysis results can be viewed in the Plot window.

Each of these view windows allows you to view your structure from different directions. See the section on View Directions in the Multiframe manual. Especially because structures can become quite complex there are a range of other tools that help you for example clip, mask, rotate and select parts of your structure in the View windows. A big part of learning Multiframe is learning to work in the view windows efficiently. You will learn this in the tutorials later on in this training manual.

Data windows Data Viewing and editing structural data (eg sections and

restraints) as well as loads Result Viewing analysis results such as deflection values, stresses

and reaction forces. CalcSheet This window is used for preparing and evaluating design

calculations that use the results of the analysis as a basis for design checks.

Report This window is used for viewing analysis details or design calculations when Steel Design is also installed.

In the next section you will learn about different window layouts that you can use while working in Multiframe in the section Working with Windows in Multiframe.

Working with Windows in Multiframe All windows can be maximised, closed or minimized in Multiframe. This gives you a range of options to customise the user interface to your personal preferences. The window menu has a few commands that can help you organise windows.

http://www.formsys.com/extras/FDS/webhelp/multiframe/view_directions.htm#View_Directions

Learning Multiframe

Multiframe Windows Layout – Concepts

A combination of closed or minimised data windows and cascaded view windows

in the Multiframe application window

The three view windows tiled vertical.

Learning Multiframe

Only the loads window maximised.

Generally you will find that you will need maximum window size when you are for example defining structure or loads. In that case it is easiest to maximize that particular window and then switch between the different windows if you need to. To avoid having to manually customise windows when you for example switch from working in “modelling mode” to working in “results mode”, Multiframe has so called pre-made “Windows Layouts”. These can be found in the Window menu:

• Edit Layout

• Result Layout

• Calc Layout

• Report Layout

Multiframe Windows Layout – Video

This video shows you the different Window layout options in Multiframe and how to switch between them. [Web] [Disk]

Multiframe Windows Layout – Procedures

Select Edit Layout

This brings up the Frame and Load view windows as well as the Data window for model input. Notice that the Data window has several tabs down the bottom.

Select Result Layout

You now see the Plot and Load view windows as well as the Result data window. Notice that the Results window has several tabs down the bottom. Next: Switching between Windows.

http://www.formsys.com/support/learning-centre/learning-multiframe/learning-multiframe-videos/windows-layout#S4vM4Mf3AlIjT6NU_ocL-g

Learning Multiframe

Switching between Windows

Switching between windows – Concepts

A Window can be either in the background (passive/display only) or it can be the “current window”. A background window is a passive window used for display only and you can not type or modify any of the objects in it. Only one window can be the current window or active window. Only in this active window objects can be modified (eg. change loads or data in a table). You may click within any window to make it the active window. If you have several windows open, you can recognise the active window by the brighter colour of the title bar. A window may also be brought to the top by selecting its name from the Windows menu.

Switching between windows – Procedures

Start Multiframe while holding down the shift key

Click yes to clear all saved Preferences

Maximise the Frame window by clicking the button in the top right corner of the window.

This will maximise the Frame window inside the Multiframe application window:

Learning Multiframe

Note: When a particular window is maximised, the program’s title bar reflects which window is being displayed:

Now select Window | Load

The Load window is now maximised and the Load window specific toolbars are visible.

Now Click on the Restore window button in the top right of the Multiframe application window:

This restored the Loads window to its previous size and location.

Tip: You can also switch between the design view windows by using the

Window toolbar: .

You now have enough background information to start modelling your first structure in Chapter 4 ..

Learning Multiframe

Chapter 4 Before Modelling.. To introduce you to the concepts and techniques you will use in Multiframe, this chapter will describe a simple frame analysis step by step. The frame you will analyse is shown below. You will analyse it for the two different loading conditions shown and for a superposition of the loads.

25

10 10

101

5

First, you will draw the frame to scale, one member at a time, inside the Frame window. Then, you will move on to defining loads and then finally analyse the structure. Start with Preparing Multiframe.

Preparing Multiframe

Preparing Multiframe – Concepts Before you can start drawing, it is a good idea to first create a workspace. This can be compared to selecting a canvas or paper size before you start sketching a paper drawing. (The only difference being that the canvas size in Multiframe can be easily enlarged later). You should also consider setting up a Grid. This can be compared to selecting either blank or grid paper. To make it easier for you to draw the frame, you can use Multiframe's Grid option to make drawing automatically align to a grid with regular spacing.

Preparing Multiframe – Video

View a short video that shows you how to setup a "workspace" in Multiframe including a grid. [Web] [Disk]

Preparing Multiframe – Procedures

Setting up Canvas Size

Start Multiframe and maximise the Frame window

It is necessary to first set up the size of the drawing in the Frame window.

Choose Size… from the View menu

A dialog box will appear with fields in it specifying the maximum dimensions of the frame. Note that his tutorial will work regardless of whether you are using metric or other units.

http://www.formsys.com/support/learning-centre/learning-multiframe/learning-multiframe-videos/preparing-multiframe#9dlDgPOlAv15vMucmDqcGQ

Learning Multiframe

Type 20 for the maximum x coordinate and then press the Tab key to move to the second field

Fill out the rest of the dialog as in the image above

Click the OK button when you have finished entering the values

If you make a mistake entering the numbers, you can use the backspace or delete key to delete the character just to the left of the blinking cursor and you can use the Tab key to move from one field to the next.

Preparing Multiframe – Procedures

Setting up a Grid To make it easier for you to draw the frame, you can use Multiframe's Grid option to make drawing automatically align to a grid with regular spacing.

Choose Grid… from the View menu

A dialog box will appear with values for the x (horizontal), y (vertical) and z spacing of the grid.

Grid dialogs for Multiframe 3D and Multiframe 2D

Type 1 for the x spacing, use the Tab key to move to the other fields and continue to fill out the dialog as shows above

Tick the Snap checkbox to make subsequent drawing align with the grid and click OK.

This will also turn on the Visible checkbox to make the grid visible in the Frame window. Now move the pointer inside the Frame window and notice that as you move the mouse, the coordinates of the pointer are shown at the bottom left hand corner of the window. The coordinates will automatically align to the nearest point on the grid.

You can now begin to draw the structure to scale in the Frame window. Users of Multiframe 2D, 3D and 4D you should continue with Chapter 5 Tutorial 2D.

Learning Multiframe

Chapter 5 Tutorial 2D Multiframe in 2D – Concepts Multiframe is available in different versions dependent on the number of dimensions required:

• 2D; modelling in X & Y coordinates. The model can be viewed in 3D

• 3D; modelling in X, Y & Z coordinates

• 4D; modelling in X,Y & Z coordinates as well as the ability to do model analysis and apply time varying loads; for example a oscillating Sin function or an Earthquake simulation.

If you are using Multiframe 2D, you will notice a number of differences from the illustrations in this manual. In general, fields in dialogs associated with 3D modelling will not be visible in the 2D version of the program. All of the commands in 2D work the same as the commands in 3D, the only difference is that items that relate only to dimensions, deflections or forces in the z direction will be omitted from the 2D version.

Multiframe in 2D – Video

This video shows you how to model a simple 2D structure in Multiframe. You will learn how the cursor snaps onto grid points and joints, how to assign a section to a member and how to display the structure in 3D including rendering. [Web] [Disk]

Multiframe in 2D – Procedures Start with: Drawing the Frame.

Drawing the Frame To draw the first member in the frame

Select Add Member from the Geometry menu

Or choose the Add member icon from the Member toolbar

A cross hair will appear in the Frame window.

Move the cross hair to the location of the first joint

Move the cross hair towards the axes at the bottom left hand part of the window until the coordinates read x=0.000, y=0.000.

Press the mouse button and hold it down

http://www.formsys.com/support/learning-centre/learning-multiframe/learning-multiframe-videos/modelling-a-simple-2d-structure#cdh80bVu0HqmovIvaKcGHA

Learning Multiframe

Drag the crosshair to the position of the second joint

Move the crosshair up and to the right. Notice that as you move the crosshair, the member is continually re-drawn to show its current position. The coordinates, length and slope of the member are also shown. Move the crosshair until the coordinates read x=10.000, y=10.000.

Release the mouse button

Note that you may choose to click on the first joint and click on the second joint to draw a member instead of dragging the mouse. When you click or release the button the member is drawn in its final position. Notice also that two small black squares are drawn showing the position of the joints marking the ends of the member. You can now draw the second member, which runs horizontally across from the top right hand end of the first.

Choose Add Member from the Geometry menu

Move the cross hair to the top right hand joint of the member you have drawn

Click on the joint and drag to draw the member

Release the mouse button when the coordinates read x=20.000, y=10.000

Learning Multiframe

When you add a member by clicking on or very close to an existing joint, Multiframe will create a connection between the existing joint and the new member. In this case, Multiframe has connected the two members together at the common joint. If you make a mistake with the position of any joints, you can drag them to a new position using the mouse or double click on them to enter a new location. This completes the setup of the geometry of the frame. You can now move on to applying the restraints and section types needed for the structure.

Save your work as MF2DStructure.mfd. See the next section on Saving Your Work.

Saving Your Work If you are using the Multiframe demo, you will not be able to save. Demo users may wish to skip to the Summary to continue reading. Now that you have created and analysed a structure, it is probably a good idea to save the work you have done.

Choose Save As from the File menu

Project Properties If you are saving for the first time, a dialog box will appear allowing you to save project and designer information with your file.

Learning Multiframe

Type in the properties of the project.

Select the Designer tab.

Type in the details of the designer.

Click on the OK button

This dialog also contains two additional pages that display properties of the file and statistics about the frame. You can change these properties at any time using the Properties command from the File menu. Next: Selecting a Joint

Selecting a Joint In order to set the restraints and section properties for the structure, you first need to select the members and/or joints that you want to work with. You will find it helpful to turn off the grid now that you have finished drawing the structure.

Learning Multiframe

Choose Grid… from the View menu

Click on the Snap radio button to turn off the grid

Click OK

The grid display and alignment features in the Frame window are now turned off. To select the first joint

Point to the bottom left hand joint of the frame and click

Notice that a larger square appears at the joint. This indicates that this joint is selected. Next: Restraining a Joint

Restraining a Joint Joints that cannot move freely in a structure must be restrained in some way in the Multiframe model. This restraint may be horizontal, vertical, a restraint against rotation or a combination of these restraints. To apply the pinned restraint to the joint you have selected

Choose Joint Restraint from the Frame menu

A dialog box will appear with a number of icons in it. Note that this dialog can also be accessed using right clicking on the joint.

Click on the pinned restraint icon

Click OK

Notice that the pinned restraint icon is now displayed at the joint that was selected. A pinned restraint prevents the joint from moving horizontally or vertically but allows it to rotate freely. You could also apply this restraint by clicking on the Pinned Restraint icon in the Joint toolbar.

Learning Multiframe

Next select the top right hand joint of the frame by clicking on it.

Click on the top right hand joint on the frame

Click on the Fixed Restraint icon in the Joint toolbar

A fixed joint cannot rotate or move vertically or horizontally. Next: Section Properties

Section Properties In order to compute deflections in the structure it is necessary to know the material properties and dimensions of the sections used in the structure. Multiframe has a built-in table of the most commonly used structural sections from which you can select the desired section type. Multiframe also allows you to add your own sections to the library, see Adding a Standard Section and Adding a Custom Section in the Multiframe manual. Next: Selecting a Member

Selecting a Member In order to specify the section properties for the members in the frame, it is necessary to select each of the members in turn. To select the sloping member

Point to the sloping member and click on it

The member will be drawn with a bold line indicating that it is selected.

Choose Section Type from the Frame menu

Note that you have the option of clicking the right mouse button and choose Section Type from the short cut menu. A dialog box will appear with a list of groups and sections.

http://www.formsys.com/extras/FDS/webhelp/multiframe/adding_a_standard_section.htm#Adding_a_Standard_Section

http://www.formsys.com/extras/FDS/webhelp/multiframe/adding_a_custom_section.htm#Adding_a_Custom_Section

Learning Multiframe

Click on a name in the list of section groups (eg UB)

This will display, in the list on the right, the list of sections stored in this group.

Use the scroll bar to scroll down the list of sections until your desired section is visible (eg until the 310UB40.4)

Click on this name to select it

Click on the OK button to confirm your choice

Since the horizontal member uses a custom section that is not stored in the Sections Library, it is necessary to add the section to a custom group in the library. Next: Adding a Custom Section.

Adding a Custom Section To add the custom section to the library

Choose Add Standard Section… from the Sections submenu under the Edit menu

A dialog box will appear that contains a list of groups and a table of section properties.

At the top of the dialog, a name for the section can be entered.

Learning Multiframe

Type in "Hbeam" as the name of this section

Choose the group named Frame in the pop up list of groups

This indicates that this custom section will be stored in the Multiframe file of the frame rather than in the standard section library database.

Select an I shape for the section by clicking on the small arrow on the right hand side of the Shape field and picking the “I section” from the drop down list.

The diagram displayed in the dialog will be updated to show the dimensions used to define the selected shape. You can now enter the material properties and dimensions for the section. For the section in this structure the values will be

English Units Metric Units

E

29000

ksi

200000

MPa

Young's Modulus

G

11153

ksi

77000

MPa

Shear Modulus

D

8.5

in

215

mm

Depth

B

8

in

203

mm

Width

tf

0.8

in

20

mm

Flange thickness

tw

0.4

in

10

mm

Web thickness

For each value listed above,

Click on the value of the property

Type in the new value of the property as given in the table

Leave all other fields set to the default values.

Click the OK button when you have finished entering the section property values

Now select the horizontal member and set its section type.

Click on the horizontal member to select it

Choose Section Type… from the Frame menu or from the short cut menu

Learning Multiframe

Scroll down the list of member groups and click on the group named Frame

The section Hbeam that you stored in the library will be shown in the list of sections for this group.

Click on the section named Hbeam

Click the OK button

Save your work

Continue with Using the legend.

Using the legend In the top right corner of the frame window you see the legend displayed. The legend is interactive and allows you to for example select all members with that section.

Double click on the text “HBeam” in the Legend.

Notice how the member with the HBeam section type is selected. Using the legend to select structural members is very convenient for large complex structures. Next: Displaying the structure

Displaying the structure

You are currently looking at the structure from the front. Use the toolbar to switch to 3D view.

Learning Multiframe

3D View in the Frame Window.

Notice that in 3D view there are now 2 slider bars around the window borders. These can be used to rotate the frame. Also notice how the Rendering toolbar button is no longer greyed out in 3D view:

Toggle rendering on (Multiframe 3D and 4D only)

Rotate the frame so that you see something like this:

You have now completed the physical definition of the structure including the geometry, restraints and section properties. You can now move to the Load window to apply the loads to the frame in the section on 2D Loads.

2D Loads The loads acting on the structure can be set or changed in the Load window.

Switch to the load window

Notice that the structure is shown in this window exactly as you drew it in the Frame window.

Learning Multiframe

To change the loads on all or part of the structure you first select the members and/or joints that you want to work with. This is done using the same techniques you used in the Frame window by clicking on the joints or members to be selected.

Loading a Joint First apply the point load at the middle joint of the frame.

Click on the middle joint to select it

Choose Global Joint Load from the Load menu or from the short cut menu

A dialog box will appear with a number of load icons in it.

Click on the vertical load icon

Type in a value of 25 for the load

Click the OK button

Note that it is not necessary to enter a positive or negative sign to indicate the direction of loads in Multiframe. Your choice of icon, either upward or downward in this case, defines the direction of the applied loading. The load you have applied at the middle joint of the frame will now be displayed in the Load window.

Loading a Member The second loading condition for this frame includes two uniformly distributed loads acting on members. Since we wish to also check the combined effect of the two loading conditions, it will be useful to apply the distributed loads as a separate load case.

Learning Multiframe

Choose Static from the Add Case submenu under the Case menu

A dialog box will appear asking you to name the load case. The loading type and design classification provide input data for Steel Designer.

Leave the name of the second load case set to Load Case 2 and click OK

One load case at a time may be displayed and edited in the Load window. The name of the current load case is displayed in the lower left corner of the Load window. Load Case 2 is now the current load case. Now apply the distributed load to the horizontal member.

Click on the horizontal member to select it

Choose Global Dist'd Load from the Load menu or from the short cut menu

A dialog box will appear with a number of icons in it.

Since a distributed load can act over all or part of a member and may be uniform, triangular or trapezoidal in magnitude, it is defined by specifying a start and finish magnitude and a distance of the start and finish of the load from the ends of the member. So a uniformly distributed load of 5 kN/m over the whole member will have a Left Magnitude of 5, a Right Magnitude of 5, a Left Distance of 0 and a Right Distance of 0.

Learning Multiframe

Click on the uniform vertical load icon

Type a value of 5 for the left magnitude of the load

Click OK to confirm the values you have entered

Load Case 2: Vertical global distributed load

The load you have added will be drawn on the member in the Load window. Notice that the pattern indicates the direction of action of the load and the load is drawn on the side of the member on which it acts. Now add the load acting on the sloping member.

Select the sloping member by clicking on it

Choose Local Dist'd Load from the Load menu or from the short cut menu

A dialog box will appear with a number of icons indicating different directions for the loading and numbers to specify the magnitude and position of the load on the member.

Learning Multiframe

These loads act in a direction specified by the slope of the member. The loading can be either normal (shear) or tangential (axial) to the member.

Click on the normal load icon

Type in the magnitude of 1

Click the OK button

The normal load will be displayed on the sloping member.

Continue with Combining Load Cases.

Combining Load Cases Multiframe allows you to combine load cases together. For our sample frame we wish to superimpose the two loading conditions:

Combined Load Case = Load Case 1 + Load Case 2

This means you first have to add a Combined Load Case:

Choose Static Combined… from the Add Case sub-menu under the Case menu

A dialog box will appear with a name for the new case and a table of load factors.

Learning Multiframe

Change the name of the Load Case from Load Case 3 to Combined Load Case

The factors in the table indicate the value each load case will be multiplied by before being added to the new case. In this case the factors for Load Case 1 and 2 will both be 1.0 since we are using a simple superposition of the loads without any other factoring.

Click on the first factor to select it

Enter 1.0 then Down Arrow to the second factor

Enter 1.0 for the second factor

Click the OK button

The third load case will now be drawn in the Load window with the three loads from the two load cases superimposed.

Save your work as MF2DStructureLoads.mfd

After you have specified your loads, you are ready to do your first 2D Analysis.

2D Analysis Now that you have set up the structure and loading to your satisfaction you can analyse the structure.

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Choose Linear from the Analysis menu

The analysis will commence immediately. A progress bar will show the progress of the analysis. The progress bar will disappear and the cursor will turn back into an arrow once the analysis is complete. Next: Viewing Results.

Viewing Results 2D A graphical display of the forces and deflections within the structure is shown in the Plot window. Click anywhere in the visible part of the Plot window to bring it to the front. If the Plot window is not visible, choose Plot from the Window menu to bring it to the front or click on the Plot window icon in the Window toolbar.

The initial diagram displayed will be that of bending moments for the current load case. As in the Load window, the name of the current load case is displayed in the bottom left hand corner of the window. By default, the bending moment diagram as well as the frame support reaction forces are drawn so that the moment diagram is drawn on the tension face of the member.

You can also display the magnitudes of the actions on the diagram.

Choose Symbols from the Display menu

Click the Plot Values check box to turn it on

Click the OK button

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The values on the diagrams will now be displayed at the ends of the members and at any intermediate maximum or minimum points. You can also view the shear forces in the frame.

Choose Shear Vy from the Actions sub-menu under the Display menu

Or Click on the Shear icon in the toolbar at the top of the Plot window

The shear force diagram for the whole structure will now be displayed in the Plot window.

The axial forces resulting from the combined load case can be viewed also.

Toggle Force Reactions off

Choose Axial Px' from the Actions sub-menu under the Display menu or click the Px' icon in the toolbar

This will display the axial forces in the frame with compressive forces being shown as positive.

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The deflected shape of the frame may also be displayed.

Choose Deflection from the Display menu or click the Deflection icon in the Plot toolbar

A diagram of the structure drawn in grey will be displayed with an exaggerated deflected shape drawn in blue over the top of it.

So far, you have been viewing the results in a 2D Plot window looking from the front.

View the results in 3D :

And render the image: (3D and 4D only)

Learning Multiframe

With this deflected Plot of your structure, you can overlay a false colouring of the member bending stresses etc. (3D and 4D only)

Select Display | Plot

Select Mz’ from the drop down and click OK

The bending moment stress false colour rendering is drawn on the deflected plot.

To return to a display of the bending moment diagram for the structure

Select 2D Front and click on the Moment icon in the Plot toolbar

Next: Viewing Different Load Cases

Viewing Different Load Cases To view the diagrams for a different load case, you can choose the name of the case you wish to view from the Case menu.

Choose Load Case 2 from the Case menu

Or Choose Load Case 2 from the Load Case pop-up menu in the

Load Case toolbar:

Learning Multiframe

The bending moment diagram for this load case will be displayed in the Plot window. The bending moment diagrams for each of the load cases are drawn to the same scale. From this you can see that the moments induced by Load Case 2 are slightly less than those of the Combined Load Case as would be expected.


You will see that the magnitude of the moments for this load case is smaller still.

Choose Combined Load Case from the Case menu

This will return to the display of the results for the combined loading condition. Next: Viewing Member Diagrams

Viewing Member Diagrams The diagrams of the whole structure you have viewed so far are useful for determining the overall behaviour of the structure and as a quick check that you have created the structure correctly. To determine the exact magnitude of the forces and deflections however, it may be necessary to look at the diagrams for each member. You can view the diagram for a member by double clicking on the member.

Point at the original position of the horizontal member and double click

The original position of the member is shown in grey. The local diagrams for this member will now be displayed in the window.

Notice that the values on the diagrams at the location of the crosshair are shown below the diagram. The number below this shows the current distance of the crosshair along the member (it will initially be halfway along the member). The diagram in the lower right hand corner of the window shows the member selected and its adjacent members and joints in the structure. You can view the value on the diagram by dragging the crosshair with the mouse.

Point to the grey crosshair and press the mouse button and hold it down

Drag the crosshair back and forth along the member

Learning Multiframe

As you move the crosshair you can view the values at any position.

Release the mouse button to fix the crosshair at a new position

Try moving the crosshair back and forth a few times to get used to viewing member actions in this way. To return to the diagram of the whole structure

Click on the drawing in the lower right hand corner of the window

Next: Viewing Joint Displacements and Reactions

Viewing Joint Displacements and Reactions You can use a similar technique to view the joint displacements and reactions in the structure. First, turn back on the display of the moment diagram.

Click on the Moment icon in the Plot toolbar

Now you can check the reactions at a joint by double clicking on it

Point to the lower left hand joint of the frame and double click

The reactions for this joint will be shown graphically with the arrows pointing in the direction of the reaction. The magnitudes of the reactions will be shown in the bottom left corner of the window.

Click on the diagram at the lower right of the window

This will return to the diagram of the whole structure. You can view deflections at a joint in a similar way.

Choose Deflection from the Display menu

To view the magnitude of the deflection at the middle joint

Double click on the middle joint of the frame

Learning Multiframe

The deflections of this joint will be displayed with the magnitudes of the deflection being shown on the left of the window.

Click on the drawing at the bottom right to return to a diagram of the whole structure.

Next: Tables of Results

Tables of Results If you wish to view the results of the analysis in numerical form, the Result window may be displayed which will show tables of results from the analysis. To make the Result window visible

Choose Result from the Window menu

When the Results window appears you will see a table showing the displacements of the joints in the structure and the joint reactions as computed in the analysis. If there are more joints than can be displayed in the window at one time, the scroll bars may be used to scroll through the table and view the results for any joint. The horizontal scroll bars can be used to view different columns in the table. You can also Right Click in the column headings to sort and hide columns.

You may find the window layout options useful for examining the results of the analysis.

Choose Result Layout from the Window menu

The Plot, Load and Result windows will be laid out on the screen.

Learning Multiframe

Notice that a number identifies each joint in the results table. You can display these numbers on the graphics of the structure.

Make sure the Plot window is in front

Choose Symbols from the Display menu

A dialog box will appear with a number of check boxes in it.

Check the Joint Numbers and Member Numbers boxes

Click the OK button

Learning Multiframe

Notice now that the numbers of the joints and members are displayed in the Plot and Load windows. You can refer to these diagrams while examining the results numerically.

The computed member actions may also be viewed in the Result window.

Click in the Result window to bring it to the front

Choose Member Actions from the Results sub-menu under the Display menu (or click the Member Actions tab at the bottom of the window)

A table of computed member end forces will be displayed.

Each row in the table displays the end forces for a member in the structure. You can refer to the member numbers displayed on the graphics in the Plot window to determine which member is which. Next: Printing

Printing Now that you have some data describing the structure and its behaviour, you may wish to print a hard copy of the work you have done. Multiframe allows you to print a report, print the contents of any window or print a list of member diagrams. If you are using the Multiframe demo, you will not be able to print. Demo users may wish to skip to the 2D Summary to continue reading.

Setting up the Printer First, ensure that your printer is attached to your computer with an appropriate cable, that it is switched on and has sufficient paper loaded. Refer to your printer manual if you have any problems.

Choose Page Setup from the File menu

A dialog box will appear which allows you to choose the paper size and orientation, set the size of margins for printing and type in text to appear at the head and foot of each page of paper printed.

Learning Multiframe

Select the paper size you have installed in your printer

You can also choose to enlarge or reduce the printout and adjust the output with a number of other options. You will not usually require these more sophisticated options with Multiframe.

Click the OK button to save the printing settings

Printing Data To print out the data describing the structure you have created and the results of the analysis

Choose Print Summary from the File menu

A dialog box will appear with a number of printing options.

If you do not change the settings of any of the check boxes, all the data and results will be printed for the selected load cases.

Click the OK button

A second window will appear with a Print Preview of the pages to be printed. Multiframe allows you to enter values for header and footer titles to be printed at the top and bottom of each page printed. You can set these and other options using the Titles button in the Print Preview window.

Click the Print button to continue

A final dialog box will appear which lets you set the printing details for the particular printer you are using.

Click OK to print

Multiframe will print out the results on your printer. If you want to cancel the printing while it is in progress, press the "Esc" key. Next: 2D Summary

Learning Multiframe

2D Summary This completes our brief introduction to the capabilities of Multiframe. You should now be able to create and analyse 2D structures using Multiframe. Of course, you have only looked at the most basic methods available to the user of Multiframe. Multiframe has many powerful features to allow you to create and analyse structures quickly and effectively and with fewer errors. This means there is often more than one way to accomplish a given task. Take the time to investigate the techniques described in the next chapter and determine which methods are most suitable for your style of operation and your type of structures. For 3D and 4D users, the following tutorial extends the above example to a 3D problem.

Learning Multiframe

Chapter 6 Tutorial 3D To extend the concepts and techniques you have learned, this section will describe how to extend your 2D structure into 3D. The frame you will analyse is shown below.

10

TOP

FRONT RIGHT SIDE

10

10

3D

10 10

You will analyse it for the two different loading conditions shown and for a superposition of the two loads.

25.0

UDL 5.0

Load Case 1 Load Case 2

UDL 1.0

UDL 1.0

UDL 1.0

25.0

Multiframe in 3D – Concepts Modelling in 3D does not have to be more difficult. Multiframe has a range of tools to make modelling in 3D just as easy as modelling in 2D. The trick to modelling in 3D is to choose an appropriate view direction and use tools such as clipping to make selecting items easier.

Multiframe in 3D – Video

In this video you will see Multiframe specific modelling features in action that are most useful when modelling in 3D. This includes commands such as extrude and duplicate, clipping and several selection commands. [Web] [Disk]

Multiframe in 3D – Procedures Start with Changing View Directions.

http://www.formsys.com/support/learning-centre/learning-multiframe/learning-multiframe-videos/multiframe-3d-tutorial#BMYdWO8AGfEWuEixuMkBWg

Learning Multiframe

Changing View Directions There are two ways to change the direction from which you view the model:

Using the View3D toolbar:

or

clicking on the View button that can be found in the bottom left of the Frame, Load and Plot window:

View button in the bottom of the View windows can be used to switch view direction.

A dialog will appear with a number of icons showing the seven different views possible in a Multiframe window.

Click on the 3D icon to change to a 3D view

Next: Extrude and Duplicate

Learning Multiframe

Extrude and Duplicate Rather than draw the additional members in the Frame, you can automatically create them by using the Duplicate and Extrude commands from the Geometry menu. You will not need the grid for this command, so let’s first turn that off:

Click on the grid icon in the view toolbar.

Before duplicating a part of a frame, it is necessary to select the members to be duplicated.

Point to the sloping member, away from its ends, and click

Notice that the member is drawn with a bold line indicating that it is selected. Next, select the other member to be duplicated.

Hold down the Shift or Ctrl key and click on the second member

When you hold down the Shift or Ctrl key while clicking on a member the member is added to the current selection if it not already selected or removed from the current selection if it is already selected. In this case, both members will be drawn with a bold line to indicate that they are selected.

Once you have selected the two members,

Choose Duplicate from the Geometry menu

A dialog box will appear with a number of fields that allow you to specify the spacing of the duplicated members in each of the axis directions. In this case the spacing of the duplicated members is 0, 0, and 10.000 in the x, y and z directions respectively.

Learning Multiframe

Type in 0, 0 and 10 for the spacing

Since we will only be duplicating the selected members once, you can leave the Number of Times field set to 1.

Click the OK button

The selected members will be duplicated to the new position.

Next, we will add the two right hand supports in the frame by using the Extrude command. Extrude allows you to construct a member by projecting it in space from an existing joint. This provides an easy way to create beams and columns that run horizontally or vertically. First, select the two joints at the right hand side of the frame

Click on the first joint

This will select the first joint and indicate it is selected by drawing a bold box on top of it

Hold down the shift key and click on the second joint

This will select the second joint and also draw a bold box on top of it. In the same way that you selected more than one member by holding down the shift key when clicking, you can now select more than one joint.

Learning Multiframe

Choose Extrude… from the Geometry menu

A dialog box will appear which allows you to specify how far and in which direction to extrude the members.

In this case we wish to project the members down by 10.

Enter 0, -10 and 0 for the extrusion dimensions

Click the OK button

The two members will be added and connected to the two existing joints.

Next, we will add the two beams that connect the two frames by using the Extrude command. First, select the two joints at the top of the first frame.

Learning Multiframe

Choose Extrude… from the Geometry menu

A dialog box will appear which allows you to specify how far and in which direction to extrude the members. In this case we wish to project the members in the z direction by 10

Enter 0, 0 and 10 for the extrusion dimensions

Make sure the Connect to existing checkbox is ticked.

Click the OK button

Two members will be added and connected to the two existing joints.

Next, we need to move the lower joint of the front diagonal leg so that it is inclined to both the x and z axes.

Use the View button to change to a Top view

First, click away from any joints to turn off the currently selected joints.

Next, turn the Grid on again to make it easier to drag the joint to the desired location.

Learning Multiframe

To clean up the display a little bit, switch off the Joint Numbers from Display | Symbols

Now, point to the bottom left joint with the mouse, click and hold down the mouse button, then drag the mouse to the new location of the joint where the coordinates will read x=0.000, y=0.000, z=20.000. Note that although the y coordinate shows the current depth (10.000 in this case) Multiframe does not change the depth of a joint when you drag it in a two dimensional view.

Turn the drawing grid off and change back to the 3D view to check that your frame now looks correct. If necessary, you can use the Size To Fit command from the View menu to make the display of the frame fit into the Frame window.

Next: Clipping

Clipping One problem when working with 3D framed structures is that it is difficult to tell which members are in front and which are behind when working in 2D views.

Learning Multiframe

Moving a joint in a 3D structure may require some preparation first.

Multiframe provides you with clipping controls which lets you control how much of the structure can be worked with at one time. Clipping involves defining a three dimensional box which encloses the part of the frame which is of interest to you. In this section of the tutorial you will first clip the frame back to a 2D frame and then move the joint:

Frame clipped back to column in question, rest is greyed out and can not be selected.

To start working with clipping, first make the Top view the current view by using the View button at the bottom left of the window. Now you will turn on clipping by initially positioning the clipping bars around the frame.

Choose Clip To Frame from the Clipping sub-menu under the View menu

This positions the walls of the clipping box so that they just surround the frame in each direction. You can change the location of the walls of the clipping box by dragging its boundaries with the mouse.

Point to the left hand clipping bar and press the mouse button

Drag this bar until it is just to the left of the centre joint of the frame

Release the mouse button

Learning Multiframe

Dragging the clipping boundary

Notice that members that are completely inside the clipping box are drawn in black or coloured as usual while members who are not completely inside the box are drawn in grey. A member drawn in grey cannot be selected, moved or connected to.

Now change to the Right Side view.

Dragging the joint

Click and drag the bottom left joint of the frame to a new location of x=10.000, y=0.000, z=20.000. With the clipping on there is no danger of accidentally connecting the joint to a joint behind it in space. Finally, use the View button to go back to a 3D isometric view of the frame to check that you have created it correctly. Use the Size To Fit command from the View menu to position the whole frame in the middle of the window. You can now turn off clipping by choosing No Clipping from the Clipping sub-menu under the View menu.

Save your design as MF3DStructure

Learning Multiframe

This completes the setup of the geometry of the frame. You can now move on to applying the restraints and section types needed for the structure. Next: Restraining the Joints

Restraining the Joints You will now need to set the restraints for the 3D frame. First, remove the existing restraints from the structure. To remove all the restraints from the frame

Choose All in the Select menu

This will select the entire structure.

Choose Joint Restraint from the Frame menu or from the short cut menu

Click on the No Restraint icon

Click OK

Next, change to the front view before setting the restraints. Now, drag a selection rectangle enclosing the joints at the bottom of the frame, using the mouse.

Learning Multiframe

Now apply the pinned restraint to the joints you have selected.

Click on the Pinned Restraint icon in the Joint toolbar

This will apply a pinned restraint to the selected joints. A Pinned Joint cannot move, but is free to rotate.

Pinned restrained applied to all supports

Next: Section Properties

Section Properties It is now necessary to select the members that you have added to the structure and specify their section types.

Select the 6 new members

You can do this manually one-by-one while holding down the shift key, or you can use the legend:

Double click on the (no section) text in the legend (top right of frame window).

This selects all members that have not been assigned a section yet.

Learning Multiframe

Choose “Hbeam” from the pop-up menu in the Member toolbar

Save your work

Next: 3D Loads

3D Loads Next, you can apply additional loads in the Load window.

Switch to the Load window and select Loadcase 1

The loads we applied to the 2D frame will still be there and will have been duplicated to the new part of the structure. No further modification to Load Case 1 is required.

Combined Load Case: The loads have been duplicated together with the members from the 2D tutorial

However, Load Case 2 has an additional distributed load that you must now be applied. First, switch to Load Case 2.


You can now add the distributed load to the new sloping member in the frame.

Learning Multiframe

Select the new sloping member in the frame

Choose Local Dist'd Load from the Load menu or from the short cut menu

A dialog box will appear with a number of icons in it.

Type a value of 1.0 for the magnitude of the load

Click OK to confirm the values you have entered

The loads you have added will be drawn on the members in the Load window.

Learning Multiframe

Now, switch to Combined Load Case .

Choose Combined Load Case from the Case menu

Notice that the Combined Load Case has been automatically updated with the loads you added to load Case 2.

Save your work as MF3DStructureLoads

Next: 3D Analysis

3D Analysis Now that you have set up the structure and loading to your satisfaction, you can carry out the analysis of the frame. In Multiframe3D/4D,

Choose Analyse from the Case menu

Click OK

A progress bar will appear indicating how far along the analysis has progressed. The progress bar will disappear once the analysis is finished. Next: Viewing Results

Viewing Results 3D You can now review the results of the 3D analysis in the Plot window. Click anywhere in the visible part of the Plot window to bring it to front or choose Plot from the Window menu if the Plot window is not visible.

Use the View button to change the 3D view

Choose Moment Mz' from the Actions sub-menu under the Display menu

The bending moment diagram is drawn so that the moment diagram is drawn on the tension face of the member. The bending forces shown are those about an axis perpendicular to the web of the member.

Choose Shear Vy' from the Diagram sub-menu under the Display menu

The shear force diagram for the whole structure will now be displayed in the Plot window. These shear forces are the shearing actions through the web or principal axis of each member.

Learning Multiframe

Rendered Plot Overlay As discussed in the 2D tutorial, you can show the deflection in rendered mode and overlay the false colour rendering of for example the bonding moment stress.

Switch rendering on from the Display menu or use the toolbar

button:

Select Deflection in the Plot window

Select Moment Mz’ in the Display | Plot dialog.

Axes The naming of member actions reflects the axis the actions apply to. There are three sets of axes in Multiframe

Learning Multiframe

X’

Y’

Z’

x

y

z Global Axes

Local/Member Axes

Joint 1

Joint 2

Section Axes

x

y

• Global Axes are used to refer to joint coordinates and joint displacements. • Local/Member Axes are used to specify the orientation of a member, the direction of perpendicular or tangential loads, the actions (moment shear and axial) acting on the member, stresses on the member and the member's deflection. Member axes always have a ' suffix. For example, Mz' indicates that the moment is about the z' axis, Vy' indicates shear through the y' axis and so on. • Section Axes are used to specify section properties such as moment of inertia, section modulus etc.

Next: Animation

Animation You can also animate your results while in the Plot window. Ensure that you are in the 3D view by clicking on "View" in the lower left-hand corner of the Plot window and ensure that Deflections are displayed by choosing Deflection from the Display menu.

Select Combined Load Case from the Case menu

Choose Animate... from the Display menu

Make sure that "Diagram" is selected and click OK. Multiframe will animate the deflected shape of your structure.

Learning Multiframe

Next: 3D Summary

3D Summary This completes our brief introduction to the capabilities of Multiframe. You should now be able to create and analyse structures using the range of commands and tools. Of course, you have only looked at the most basic methods available to the user of the software. Multiframe has many powerful features to allow you to create and analyse structures quickly and effectively with fewer errors. This means there is often more than one way to accomplish a given task. Take the time to investigate the techniques described in the next chapter and determine which methods are most suitable for your style of operation and your type of structures.

Learning Multiframe

Table of Contents Learning Multiframe.......................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 Multiframe Help................................................................................................ 2 Chapter 2 Starting Multiframe ........................................................................................... 3

Opening a Design .................................................................................................... 4 Closing a Multiframe Design ........................................................................ 6

Chapter 3 User Interface .................................................................................................... 7 Working with Windows in Multiframe ......................................................... 9 Switching between Windows ...................................................................... 12

Chapter 4 Before Modelling.. .......................................................................................... 15 Preparing Multiframe .................................................................................. 15

Chapter 5 Tutorial 2D ...................................................................................................... 17 Drawing the Frame...................................................................................... 17 Saving Your Work ...................................................................................... 19 Selecting a Joint .......................................................................................... 20 Restraining a Joint ....................................................................................... 21 Section Properties........................................................................................ 22 Selecting a Member..................................................................................... 22 Adding a Custom Section............................................................................ 23 Using the legend.......................................................................................... 25 Displaying the structure............................................................................... 25 2D Loads ..................................................................................................... 26 Combining Load Cases ............................................................................... 30 2D Analysis ................................................................................................. 31 Viewing Results 2D .................................................................................... 32 Viewing Different Load Cases .................................................................... 35 Viewing Member Diagrams ........................................................................ 36 Viewing Joint Displacements and Reactions .............................................. 37 Tables of Results ......................................................................................... 38 Printing ........................................................................................................ 40 2D Summary ............................................................................................... 42

Chapter 6 Tutorial 3D ...................................................................................................... 43 Changing View Directions .......................................................................... 44 Extrude and Duplicate ................................................................................. 45 Clipping....................................................................................................... 49 Restraining the Joints .................................................................................. 52 Section Properties........................................................................................ 53 3D Loads ..................................................................................................... 54 3D Analysis ................................................................................................. 56 Viewing Results 3D .................................................................................... 56 Animation.................................................................................................... 58 3D Summary ............................................................................................... 59

Table of Contents............................................................................................................. 60 License & Copyright........................................................................................................ 61

Learning Multiframe

License & Copyright Multiframe Program © 1985-2007 Formation Design Systems Multiframe is copyrighted and all rights are reserved. The license for use is granted to the purchaser by Formation Design Systems as a single user license and does not permit the program to be used on more than one machine at one time. Copying of the program to other media is permitted for back-up purposes as long as all copies remain in the possession of the purchaser. Multiframe Training Manual © 1990-2007 Formation Design Systems All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or translated into any language in any form or by any means, without the written permission of Formation Design Systems. Formation Design Systems reserves the right to revise this publication from time to time and to make changes to the contents without obligation to notify any person or organization of such changes. DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY Neither Formation Design Systems, nor the author of this program and documentation are liable or responsible to the purchaser or user for loss or damage caused, or alleged to be caused, directly or indirectly by the software and its attendant documentation, including (but not limited to) interruption on service, loss of business, or anticipatory profits. No Formation Design Systems distributor, or agent, or employee is authorized to make any modification, extension, or addition to this warranty

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