Learning Target: I will be able to trace the history of England’s early colonial settlements.

What single cause was responsible for the death of so many Jamestown settlers in the early years? A. Hazardous weather conditions B. Attacks by Indians C. Crop devastation D. Homesickness E. Starvation

Warm, wet climate ideal for cash crops

Tobacco, indigo, and rice

Instrumental in the establishment of the Roanoke colony in the 1580s

First settled in 1585 as a base for pirate ships

Poor relations with the native population

Found abandoned in 1590

Opportunity Peace with Spain

Workers Population growth

Motives Unemployment, markets, religious

freedom Means

Joint-stock Companies

Settled in 1607 First “successful” English colony Organized by the Virginia Company of London

Many settlers fell ill from disease

“Gentlemen” refused to do work

Not prepared to survive on their own▪ Relied on the local

Powhatan Indians for food

John SmithCaptured by Chief Powhatan & may have been saved by his daughter, PocahontasNegotiated with the Powhatan to obtain access to more foodImplemented a “no work, no food” policy in the colonyReturned to England in 1609

Tobacco saved the colony from financial disaster

John Rolfe developed a new strain of tobacco that flourished in Virginia▪ Created a labor shortage▪ Resulted in the

introduction of the “headright” system: Gave land to anyone

who would pay the transportation costs of an indentured servant

▪ Led to the arrival of the first African slaves

▪ Married Pocahontas▪ Led to eased tensions

between the colonists and the Powhatans

Virginia House of Burgesses oFirst met in 1619oFirst order of business was to set a price for tobaccooMembers included:

Governor – Appointed by officials of the Virginia Company

Council – Appointed by the governor Representatives – Elected by men over 17 who

owned landoBecame a symbol for representative government in the colonies

First Anglo-Powhatan War (1610-14)▪ Starving colonists

began to raid Indian villages

▪ Matters worsened when colonists began to build new forts on Powhatan land

▪ Both sides laid siege to one another’s settlements

▪ Ended with the Peace of Pocahontas

Second Anglo-Powhatan War (1622-32)▪ Opechancanough ordered a surprise attack

on the colonists▪ Killed about 1/3 of Jamestown’s settlers▪ Known as the Indian Massacre of 1622▪ Ended in 1632 after 10 years of fighting

Third Anglo-Powhatan War (1644-46)▪ Final Powhatan effort to dislodge the

colonists▪ Colonists captured & killed Opechancanough

and enslaved all males over the age of 11▪ Ended with an agreement not to cross onto

one another’s land

Founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore Haven for Catholics in the New World

Prospered with growing of tobacco Like Virginia, depended upon indentured

servants, and later slavesAct of Toleration (1649)

Granted toleration to all Christians Death penalty for Jews and atheists and

others who denied divinity of Jesus

What factors led to the eventual success of Jamestown?

Charles II granted land south of Virginia to 8 supporters in 1663

Given the title of Lord Proprietors

Able to exercise their authority with virtual independence

Background Settlement in the area began in 1670

Many of its early settlers came from colonies in the Caribbean, particularly Barbados

Persecution in the early 1600s had led many to leave England

About 110,000 settled in the West Indies

Background Sugar production was key to the

Caribbean economy Required large labor force Originally relied on indentured servants Soon replaced by African slaves

In the 1670s, many migrated from the Caribbean to the Carolinas where they began to grow rice.

Search for a Labor Force Indentured Servants African Slaves

Slaves for life Had knowledge of rice cultivation Immune to malaria & yellow fever Led to a black majority in SC by 1710s

Largest forced migration in human history

Involved about 10 million Africans

About 400,000 were sent to the colonies

Most were from West Africa

Middle Passage Journey took from 6 weeks

to 3 months Shipping companies

competed to design ships that would fit the most slaves

Crowded, unsanitary conditions

Between 10-20% on the voyage

Brutality Slaves were bought and sold like animals

Worked long hours & could be punished for no reason

Lived in 1-room shacks with dirt floors

Ate corn & salted pork

Holding onto African Heritage Children were given African names

Music reflected African origins

Gullah – A language made up of African & English words

Slave Resistance

Completely submissive & obedient

Small in number

Completely resistant

Small in number

Subtle resistance

Frequent

Slave Resistance Breaking or pretending not to know how to

use tools, faking illnesses

Escape for short periods of time

After reading the two accounts, answer the following questions… 1. How do the accounts differ? Use

textual evidence to support. 2. Is one account more believable than

the other? Why is this the case? 3. How do you think the Stono Rebellion

impacted the United States with regard to race relations?

Background

Yellow fever outbreak in Charleston

Increased hostilities between England & Spain

Beginnings Twenty slaves, led by a slave named

Jemmy, broke into a store Took weapons & gunpowder Killed the storekeepers – placed their heads

on display

Beginnings Joined by slaves from other plantations

Eventually totaled 60-100 slaves

Traveled south, toward Spanish Florida Burned 7 plantations & killed 20-25 whites

along the way

Continued Confronted by the local militia the next

day 20 whites & 44 slaves were killed Heads of the rebels were mounted on stakes

along major roadways to serve as a warning

Largest slave rebellion of the colonial era

Aftermath A new Slave Code was passed

Slave patrols were expanded Fined slave owners who did not keep control

of their slaves

Founded in 1732 & named for King George II

Created as a buffer between South Carolina & Spanish Florida

Background A group of trustees was charged with

ruling the colony in its early years One trustee, James Oglethorpe, was key to

the colony’s early history Hoped the colony could serve as a haven for

debtors who could leave jail if they agreed to relocate in Georgia

Prohibited slavery & alcohol Limited landholdings to 500 acres

Early History Population totaled nearly 3,000 by the

1740s Settlers came from Germany, Switzerland,

Scotland, & England

Missionaries, including John Wesley, attempted to spread Christianity

Early History Ultimately, the population remained small

& early goals were not reached

By 1750, slavery had been legalized & size limits for landholdings were lifted

Life began to resemble that in South Carolina with the rise of an elite planters who relied on slave labor

Why was the colony of Georgia established? Did it serve its purpose?