Learning unit:2 Socialization- Learning unit:2 Socialization- The Development of Children The Development of Children

and Adultsand Adults

Definition of Socialization Definition of Socialization

• Process whereby children learn to Process whereby children learn to establish and maintain rships with establish and maintain rships with others, others,

• To get along with people, and To get along with people, and

• To adapt their behavior to meet To adapt their behavior to meet society's codes and standards society's codes and standards (society specific)(society specific)

Exercise on SocializationExercise on Socialization

• Imagine you are going to a traditional Imagine you are going to a traditional african wedding-what would you do, how african wedding-what would you do, how would you behave?would you behave?

• Imagine you are going to an Indian wedding-Imagine you are going to an Indian wedding-what would you do? How would you behave?what would you do? How would you behave?

• If you were eating supper at home with your If you were eating supper at home with your family who would sit where and who would family who would sit where and who would eat first? Who would clear the dishes and do eat first? Who would clear the dishes and do the washing up? the washing up?

• The process by which you acquired these The process by which you acquired these rules of behavior is called socialization.rules of behavior is called socialization.

Integration Integration

• Is the various functions people use Is the various functions people use to become accepted members of to become accepted members of societysociety

• Young children use socialization and Young children use socialization and integration to fit into society.integration to fit into society.

• Who helped you to integrate into Who helped you to integrate into society?society?

Socialization Of ChildrenSocialization Of Children

• socialization and integration impt.socialization and integration impt.

• Socialization is life long proc-people learn rules Socialization is life long proc-people learn rules of b by interacting with othersof b by interacting with others

• Socialization teaches to form rships, get along Socialization teaches to form rships, get along with people and adapt behavior to societal with people and adapt behavior to societal codes and standardscodes and standards

• Acc to Damon and Lerner(2006) in early life Acc to Damon and Lerner(2006) in early life children encounter people and circumstances children encounter people and circumstances that steer them towards socialization and that steer them towards socialization and integration to society.integration to society.

Socialization Through Sport Socialization Through Sport

Exercise-can you think of an instance in which Exercise-can you think of an instance in which you were socialized through sport you were socialized through sport

Think of an example where you learned how to Think of an example where you learned how to behave through the influence of sportbehave through the influence of sport

Children become socialized into sport by hearing Children become socialized into sport by hearing positive stories of sport form their parents.positive stories of sport form their parents.

Sporting heroes of parents adopted by children Sporting heroes of parents adopted by children even if they have never seen the hero.even if they have never seen the hero.

Seeing athletes as heroes is one egs of how Seeing athletes as heroes is one egs of how socialization can influence people.socialization can influence people.

• Socialization most effective when enforced Socialization most effective when enforced by family, peer grps, school, media.by family, peer grps, school, media.

• We learn DIRECTLY from those who inform We learn DIRECTLY from those who inform us of expectations of proper b and us of expectations of proper b and INDIRECTLY from observing others.INDIRECTLY from observing others.

• Jarvis(1999) extent to which children are Jarvis(1999) extent to which children are socialized into sport depends on the culture-socialized into sport depends on the culture-Muslim women excluded from British sport. Muslim women excluded from British sport. Japanese children –team membersJapanese children –team members

Negative SocialisationNegative Socialisation

• Studies in 1950s-1980s-sport encouraged Studies in 1950s-1980s-sport encouraged dev of +ve personality traits, reduced dev of +ve personality traits, reduced delinquents,promoted personal delinquents,promoted personal achievement and moral values in childrenachievement and moral values in children

• findings are now challenged-poor research findings are now challenged-poor research methods.methods.

• Most believe sport promotes positive Most believe sport promotes positive socialization-no evidence to prove this. socialization-no evidence to prove this. Acc to Horne(2006) little proof that harmfulAcc to Horne(2006) little proof that harmful

• Positive Deviance (Hugh and Coakley, Positive Deviance (Hugh and Coakley, 1996) term used to explain why some 1996) term used to explain why some cheat or use illegal drugs to improve cheat or use illegal drugs to improve performance.performance.

• Because of competitive nature of sport Because of competitive nature of sport they are so determined to win that they they are so determined to win that they break the spirit of sport in order to winbreak the spirit of sport in order to win

• (Hugh and Coakleys research in 1996)(Hugh and Coakleys research in 1996)

• But is sport is a positive influence But is sport is a positive influence why do some not participate or have why do some not participate or have a negative attitude to sport.a negative attitude to sport.

• The answer lies in how they were The answer lies in how they were socialized towards sport.socialized towards sport.

• Child who is picked last for teams or Child who is picked last for teams or always loses doesn’t have a good always loses doesn’t have a good attitude to sportattitude to sport

• Acc to Jarvis (1999) childern internalsie the Acc to Jarvis (1999) childern internalsie the fdbk they get from adults. If they are fdbk they get from adults. If they are criticised for their play this can reinforce a criticised for their play this can reinforce a negative self image which can affect their negative self image which can affect their soc rshps.soc rshps.

• There are many reasons that sport may not There are many reasons that sport may not be a positive character building exp for a be a positive character building exp for a child-this is why the idea that sport plays a child-this is why the idea that sport plays a positive role in socialistion is not always true.positive role in socialistion is not always true.

Sport and Self Development Sport and Self Development

• Early chldhd is critical in dev of the selfEarly chldhd is critical in dev of the self

• People closest to child has the most impact People closest to child has the most impact on childs socialisation on childs socialisation

• This is the primary grp of family, teachers This is the primary grp of family, teachers and care giversand care givers

• Later in life includes media, employment, Later in life includes media, employment, religionreligion

• In this way identities of inds are socially In this way identities of inds are socially constructed.constructed.

• To maintain an id it must be worked on in To maintain an id it must be worked on in a grp-team captain only exists in ateam a grp-team captain only exists in ateam

• The ind must aslo do what is expecetde of The ind must aslo do what is expecetde of that role-that role-

• Acc to Delany and Morgan ( 2006)people Acc to Delany and Morgan ( 2006)people maintain their “self-label” or identity to maintain their “self-label” or identity to understand hwo others see them and this understand hwo others see them and this idfentity remains as long as they interact idfentity remains as long as they interact with this grpwith this grp

• Egs???Egs???

• Mod8ifiactiosn to self identity are Mod8ifiactiosn to self identity are necessary –people adjust roles to necessary –people adjust roles to meet requirements of membership to meet requirements of membership to a new grp.a new grp.

• Cultural impt given to sport –inds Cultural impt given to sport –inds have their ids tied directly or have their ids tied directly or indirectly to sport-athleteindirectly to sport-athlete

Effects of sport on identity and self image not fully Effects of sport on identity and self image not fully understood yet.understood yet.

Sport achievement related to masculine ideal.Sport achievement related to masculine ideal.

Boys excel at sports seen as more masculine and are Boys excel at sports seen as more masculine and are more accepted by peers.more accepted by peers.

Boys who don’t play sport must find others to Boys who don’t play sport must find others to establish an id that will promote integration into establish an id that will promote integration into primary social grp and society.primary social grp and society.

Sport is given much importance in society and ids Sport is given much importance in society and ids that do not include sport seldom given same status that do not include sport seldom given same status as that of athlete.as that of athlete.

• Little res on the impact sport has on Little res on the impact sport has on the id of girls.the id of girls.

Sport and Child Sport and Child Development Development

• Sport and physical education are Sport and physical education are impt to early child dev impt to early child dev

• Skills learnt during play, sport and Skills learnt during play, sport and physical ed contribute to holistic devphysical ed contribute to holistic dev

• Thru playing sport yp learn values of Thru playing sport yp learn values of honesty, teamwk, fair play, self honesty, teamwk, fair play, self respect and respect of others and respect and respect of others and adherence to rules.adherence to rules.

• Sport helps children learn how to Sport helps children learn how to deal with competition and to cope deal with competition and to cope with winning and losing- social and with winning and losing- social and moral devmoral dev

• Lots of evidence shows that sport Lots of evidence shows that sport had positive effects on health, had positive effects on health, growth and devgrowth and dev

Sport and Adolescent Sport and Adolescent Development Development

• Time between childhd and adulthdTime between childhd and adulthd

• 11/12-late teens/early twenties11/12-late teens/early twenties

• Time of physical and cognitive Time of physical and cognitive growth crucial to socialization procgrowth crucial to socialization proc

• Ind searches for own idInd searches for own id

• Infl of parents decrease and peer infl Infl of parents decrease and peer infl increaseincrease

• Acc to Adams and Berzonsky(2006)sport Acc to Adams and Berzonsky(2006)sport can play a significant role in dev of can play a significant role in dev of adolescentsadolescents

• Sport teaches values of responsibility, Sport teaches values of responsibility, conformity, risk-taking, conformity and conformity, risk-taking, conformity and self controlself control

• Sport is impt to many-spend time on it Sport is impt to many-spend time on it willingly-inds learn best when doing what willingly-inds learn best when doing what they enjoythey enjoy

• Sport is not a magic wand in adolescent Sport is not a magic wand in adolescent dev-dev-

• The participation, interaction with others, The participation, interaction with others, rshp with coach and way the sport is rshp with coach and way the sport is experience by the adolescent is imp in experience by the adolescent is imp in self devself dev

• For positive outcome the sport must be For positive outcome the sport must be managed well by those in charge-or it managed well by those in charge-or it can be a negative experiencecan be a negative experience

• Positive life skills-goal setting, Positive life skills-goal setting, communication, dealing with probs communication, dealing with probs and conflict can be learned via and conflict can be learned via healthy participation in sport.healthy participation in sport.

• Ability to transfer these skills from Ability to transfer these skills from sport to daily life is impt.sport to daily life is impt.

Sport and Adult Sport and Adult Development Development