leaves (senna, eucalyptus, rosemary & sage)
TRANSCRIPT
leaves (Senna – Eucalyptus – Rosemary –
Sage )
Ph./ Mahmoud SallamFaculty of pharmacyAl-azhar university.
Contents:I. Senna leaves :
السنامكي (morphology, T.S., powder and chemical test).
II. Eucalyptus leaves : الكافور
(morphology and T.S.).
III.Rosemary leaves : الروزماري
(morphology).
IV. Sage leaves : المريمية
(morphology).
Origin: the dried leaflets of Cassia acutifolia (Alexandrian senna) & Cassia angustifolia (Indian senna). Family: Leguminosae (Fabaceae).
I. Senna leavesسنامكى
1-MorphologyGreen. Color: Cauline. Insertion:Alternate. Phyllotaxis:
Stipulate.Leaf base: Stipules :
Petiolate. Leaf petiole: Compound paripinnate. Lanceolate – ovate. Mucronate. Entire. Asymmetric. Pinnate reticulate. Pubescent (hairy). Papery.
Lamina: Composition: Shape: Apex: Margin: Base: Venation: Surface: Texture:
2-T.S.1) Lamina area:
Smooth. Polygonal cells, having straight
walls. Paracytic. Non-glandular, unicellular, curved
and warty hairs. May contain mucilage.
A. Upper epidermis and lower epidermis: Cuticle: Epidermal cells:
Stomata: Trichomes:
Content:
Isobilateral. Continuous over midrib region. Clusters of Ca-ox are scattered in
spongy tissue and palisade
B. Mesophyll: Type: Upper palisade: Content:
2) Midrib area: Formed of polygonal elongated
cells.A. Upper epidermis and
lower epidermis:
Formed of collenchyma besides the lower epidermis and parenchyma in the other region.
B. Cortical tissue:
Formed of xylem to the upper side. Phloem to the lower side .
Arch of pericyclic fibres below the vascular bundle and a compact mass of fibres above.
The pericycle formed of lignified fibre accompanied by crystal sheath.
C. Vascular tissue: Vascular bundle:
Pericycle:
T.S.
3-Powder Colour: green. Odour: characteristic. Taste: bitter mucilagenous. Main diagnostic elements (M.D.E.):
1. Paracytic stomata.2. warty hairs: Non-glandular, unicellular,
conical with warted walls.3. cluster crystals of Ca-ox.4. crystal sheath: lignified fibers surrounded
by parenchymatous sheath containing prisms of Ca-Ox.
Warty hair:
Cluster crystals of Ca-Ox:
Crystal sheath:
Active Constituents:1. Anthraquinone derivatives glycosides:
a) Dianthrone (Sennasoides A , B, C and D.)
b) Anthranol (aleo-emodin, and rhein aglycones.)
2. Flavonoid: Kaempferol.3. Mucilage.
chemical testBorntraeger’s test:
- Boil with 4 ml alcoholic KOH, 2:3 min.- Dilute with water.- Filter.
- Acidify with Dil. HCL.- Cool , shake well with 5ml ether or benzene.- Separate the ether or benzene into clean test tube and shake with 2 ml of dilute solution of NH4OH.
Rose-red to intense red (with C. acutifolia) , orange color (with C. angustifolia)
The aqueous layer.
Filtrate.
0.2 g of the crushed or powdered senna leaf
Modified Borntraeger's test (For dianthrones):
- Boil with 4 ml alcoholic KOH, 2:3 min.- Dilute with water.- Filter.
- Acidify with Dil. HCL. - Few drops H2O2.- shake well with 5ml ether or benzene.- Separate the ether or benzene into clean test tube and shake with 2 ml of dilute solution of NH4OH.
Rose-red to intense red.
The aqueous layer.
Filtrate.
0.2 g of the crushed or powdered senna leaf
Origin: dried leaves of Eucalyptus globulus. Family: Myrtaceae.
II. Eucalyptus leaves ورق الكافور
1-MorphologyDark shining green. Color: Cauline. Insertion:Alternate. Phyllotaxis:Petiolate. Leaf petiole: Simple. Lanceolate to Falcate (Sickle-
shaped). Tapering, acuminate. Entire. Symmetric. Pinnate reticulate anastomose near
the margin. Glabrous, glandular with numerous
small dots of cork. Thick and leathery.
Lamina: Composition: Shape: Apex: Margin: Base: Venation:
Surface: Texture:
T.S.
Mesophyll:. isobilateral
Origin: dried or fresh leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis L. Family: Labiatae (Lamiaceae)
III. Rosemary leaves ورق الروزماري
MorphologyUpper surface: dark green.Lower surface: pale green.
Color:
Cauline. Insertion:Whorled. Phyllotaxis:Sessile . Leaf petiole: Simple. Linear folded inward along the
margins (revolute). Obtuse. Entire. Decurrent. Pinnate reticulate. Leathery.
Lamina: Composition: Shape: Apex: Margin: Base: Venation: Texture:
Origin: dried leaves of Salvia officinalis. Family: Labiatae (Lamiaceae)
IV. Sage leaves ورق المريمية
MorphologyGrayish-green. Color: Cauline. Insertion:Opposite. Phyllotaxis:Petiolate. Leaf petiole: Simple. Oblong to ovate. Acute to Mucronate. Crenulate. Symmetric. Pinnate reticulate. Wrinkled. Papery.
Lamina: Composition: Shape: Apex: Margin: Base: Venation: Surface: Texture:
Good luck !Do your best …..
Ph./ Mahmoud Sallam