lecture 1 intro to sustainable energy
TRANSCRIPT
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Lecture1:IntrotoSustainableEnergy
Dr.Lily(Weihong)WangBrookdale CommunityCollege
Fall2011
Agenda Introduction
Whysustainableenergy?
Acloserlookoffossilfuels Oil
Coal
Naturalgas
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ClassIntroductions
Yourname
Whyareyouhere?
Whatisyourcomfortwithscience?
Somethinginterestingaboutyourself.
Dr.Lily (Weihong)Wang
Officephone:7322242408
Email:[email protected]
Illreplyyouremailsin48hoursexceptweekendsandholidays.
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Textbook:
Energy,itsuseandtheenvironmentbyHinrichs andKleinbach,4th editionANGEL:
YouhavetoknowhowtouseANGEL(ANGELdoesnotsupportSafari)
WecommunicatethroughANGELemail
ItakeattendanceinANGEL
IpostassignmentsthroughANGEL
Ipost
grades
in
ANGEL
Pleasewrite
down
on
apiece
of
paper
, ,
pieceofpaper.
Andwhatdoyouexpecttolearnfromthisclass?Which
topicsdoyouwanttoknowmore?
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Pleaseform6Groups
Findagroupleader Eachmemberisexpectedtoparticipateingroupactivities
Yourpoorperformancemayinfluenceothermemberspoints
sincethesamepointswillbetogiventoeachmemberinthe
groupforsomeofthegroupactivities.
Eachstudenthastherighttoreporttomeaboutindividualspoor
performance, thisindividualmaygetdifferentpointsfromother
membersforthesameactivity.
Groupleadersneedtowritedownthenamesofyour
groupmember
and
turn
it
in
to
me
NOW.
Syllabus
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CourseObjectives
1. Becomewellinformedonthetopicofenergyanditsuseinoursociety,sothatyoumayparticipateinthenationaldebateandmakesmartdecisions
2. Understandthephysicalconceptofenergyandlearntoidentifyitintheworldaroundus
3. Addressenergyconservationandlearntocalculateenergycontent/conversion
4. Evaluateandcomparethetruecostofdifferentenergysources,suchasoil,coal,gas,nuclear.Andunderstandtheconnectionbetweenenergy,socialjusticeandpublichealth
5. Learndifferentsustainableenergysources,andunderstandtheirbenefits,cost,anddownsides
Buildyourpresentationskills Buildyourcriticalthinkingandproblemsolvingskills
Howdo
Ievaluate
you
in
this
class?
Exams
quizzes
Inclassactivities(suchasdiscussion,quizzesandothergroupactivities)
,
debate)
Attendance
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Theformat
of
EXAMS
Multiplechoicequestions
Matchingquestions
TRUEorFASLEquestions
Shortanswerquestions
Concepts
AlternativeEnergy referstoanynonfossilfuelenergysource,butitdoesnotnecessarily
havetoberenewable. Forexample,nuclearenergy
Renewable Ener energyarisesfromsourcesthatareconsumedatthesameratethey
areproduced. Forexample,biodiesel
Renewable=Sustainable?
SustainableEnergy referstoenergysourcesthatcreatenopollutionintheconventional
sensebutmayhaveotherundesirableenvironmentalconsequencesandhencearenotgreen.
Forexample,
wind
energy,
hydroelectric
energy
GreenEnergy Greenenergyisthemostenvironmentallybenign.Itcreatesno
pollutionandhasnodetrimentalenvironmentalimpacts. Forexample,solarenergy.ButwhatabouttheproductionofthePVpanels?
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SustainableEnergy
Sustainableenergysourcesaremostoften
regar e as nc u nga renewa esources,
suchasbiofuels,solarpower,windpower,
wavepower,geothermalpowerandtidal
power.Itusuallyalsoincludestechnologies
thatimproveenergyefficiency.
Whyare
we
discussing
sustainable
energy?
Fossilfuelsareafiniteresource(nonrenewableenergy).
Weareinterestedinsecurityofenergysupply.
Fossilfuelconsumptionisrelatedtoourenvironmentandclimatechange.
Itisnotonlyaboutus,butalsonextgenerations..
Whichenergysourcessupplymostofthecommercial energy?
FossilFuels!
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HistoryofFossilFuelsintheUS
ThisFigureshowstheamountofenergyconsumptionintheUSbyyear. Fromthisgraphthereareseveralitemstonote:
Overallenergyconsumptionhasincreased
Thetopthreesources=oil,coalandnaturalgas.
Coalwasthedominantenergysourcethroughoutmostoftheearly1900s
Coalrepresented88%ofenergysourcein1920.Thiswasduetofurnacesandsteamengines..
Crudeoil
became
the
dominant
energysourcein1951(chemicalengineersdiscoveredhowtouseittomakeplastics,petrochemicals,etc.)
Thetopthreeenergysources(crudeoil,
naturalgas,andcoal)comprise85% oftotal
USenergyconsumptionan 87% o t e
worldsconsumption.
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WorldEnergyTypeUsageToday
Thisfigureshowsa
usageworldwide
Whydo
we
consume
so
much
oil?
Becauseweareusedtoit?Anditishardto
changeourlifestyle?
Becauseitischeap?
Becausewehaveunlimitedsupply?Andwe
canpump
as
much
as
we
want?
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WhatareallTheseFossilFuelsUsedforAnyway?
FossilFuelsareusedin
millionsofways. Justto
listafewexamples:https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0508/5af0dd5a91838/5af0dd608d0d5.jpg
http://www.irri.org/irrc/nutrients/images/g)%20Fertilizer%202ok.jpg
http: www.illinois. ov asprices ima es asprices3.jp
http://www.eere.energy.gov/states/alternatives/images/photo_10926.jpg
http://www.energy.gov.ab.ca/photos/coal/Coal_startPage2.jpg
http://www.rrtenviro.com/images/Plastics%20Recycling.JPG
: . . .
UnitedStates
Oil
Production
and
Consumption
U.S.
85%ofenergyfromfossilfuels
39%fromcrudeoil
Produces9%ofworldscrudeoil
Has2%ofprovencrudeoilreserves
Uses25%ofworldproduction
USimported
49%
of
crude
oil
in
2010.
Whatistheproblemhere?
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USRelianceonForeignOil Since
1980s
consumption
has
been
rising
(orange
line),
productionhasbeenfalling(blueline),andforeignoilhasbeenincreasing(greenline)
HowdependentistheUnitedStatesonforeignoil?
In2010,
about
49%
of
the
petroleum
consumed
by
the
United
Stateswasimportedfromforeigncountries.
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FossilFuels
Whatarefossilfuels?Wheredotheycomefrom?
carbon(thatswhytheyarecalledhydrocarbons)
thatcanbeusedtoproduceenergy
Theyarefossilplants(mainly)andanimalsthathavebeenburied
foraverylongtime(millionsofyears)insediments
coal,petroleum,naturalgas
Coalis
asedimentary
rock!
Typesoffossilfuels
Coal
Itisformedinswamps
Different kinds of coals: Peat li nite bituminous anthracite
Petroleum Itisformedinshallowbasinswithincontinents,lagoonsoron
continentalshelves
Naturalgas
Usuallyfoundontopofpetroleumreservoirs
'c
coun ry
as
e
arges
por on
o
e
wor s
proven
cru e
o
reserves
Whichcountryhasthelargestportionoftheworldsprovennaturalgasreserves(25%)?
Whichcountryhasthelargestportionoftheworldsprovencoalreserves(27%)?
SaudiArabia,Russia,UnitedStates
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Thehydrocarbons
Allfossilfuelsare
essentiallyhydrocarbons,
exceptcoal,whichis
mostlyjustcarbon
NaturalGasiscomposed
ofthelighter
hydrocarbons(methane
throughpentane)
Gasolineishexane(C6)
throughC12
LubricantsareC16 andup
HydrocarbonReactions
Methane reaction:
4 2 2 2
1g 4g 2.75g 2.25g 55kJ
Octane reaction:
2C8H18 +25O2 16CO2 +18H2O +energy
1g 3.51g 3.09 1.42g 48kJ
,
threetimes
that
in
CO2
onegallonofgasoline ~20poundsofCO2 occupiesabout5cubicmeters(1300gallons)ofspace
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Fossilfuelformation
http://vimeo.com/19478872
Time
Anaerobicconditions
saturated
ac o
Pressure Temperature
FossilFuelFormation
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OPEC
Organizationof
Petroleum
Exporting
Countries
*
83%17%
UAEUnitedArabEmirates
A
brief
history
of
fossil
fuels
Heretoday,gonetomorrow
What will our future hold? Will
it
be
back
to
asimple
life?
Orwillwefindnewwaystoproducealltheenergywewant?
Orwillitbesomewhereinthemiddle?
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FindingOil
Oilistrappedinspecial(rare)geologicalstructures
Mostof
the
oil
in
the
world
comes
from
afew
large
wells
Aboutoneintenexploratorydrillingsstrikeoil
andthisinplacesknowtobeoilrich:getnothinginmostofworld
Discoverymustleadproduction
Theremustbealagbetweenthefindingofoiland
deliverytomarket
IntheU.S.,discoverypeakedaround1950,production
peakedin1970
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WorldwideDiscoveryandProduction
discovery
peaked
before
1970;
production
peak
soon
to
follow
wevebeenusingoilfasterthanwefindnewoilsince1983
OilRecovery
Oilisoftencontainedwithinporespacesofsedimentary.
Primaryrecovery(thefirstextractionoftheoilfromtheground)canremoveonly25%oftheoilintheoilfield
Additionalrecoveryusesmorecostlymeasurestoextractoil.Upto50%extractionispossiblewithinjectingbrineorother
.
OftenawellisabandonedwhenthecapitalinvestmentismorethantheprofitmarginEconomicdepletion!
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1970sEnergyCrises
OPECwasformedin1965
ema or yo ecoun r esare ra .
In1967Jordan,Iraq,andSyria,andEgyptinvadedIsrael. TheyweredefeatedbytheIsraeliarmy(SixDayWar).
In1973EgyptandSyriafoughtawarwithIsrael(again),theYomKippurWar. Israelwonthiswartoo.
nre a a onaga ns pro srae coun r es, p ace anEmbargo(ArabEmbargo).
TheUS
having
developed
adependency
on
foreign
oil
was
caught
offguard. The1973ArabEmbargohadadevastatingeffectontheUSeconomyandpromptedtheEnergyCrisisofthe1970s.
EnergyCrisisof1970s 1974:FirsttimesinceWWIItherewasafuelshortageintheUS.
Gaswasrationed,longlinesatthepump,andspeedlimitsonUSInterstateswerereducedto55mph
PublicannouncementsontheTVrequestingthatpeoplesetthermostatsnohigherthan68 Finthewinterandtowearasweater.
Thepeople/governmentrespondedintwoways
1)increasedomesticproduction. OilexplorationoccurredinAlaskaandintheGulfofMexico. Formerlyclosedoilwellswerereopenedandthemorecostlysecondary(andtertiary)recoverymethodswereapplied. TheUSoilindustrydidverywelltowardstheendofthe1970s,early1980s Oilbusinesswasbooming.
2)decreasethedemandforoil. Therewasamultitudeofresearchintorenewableenergysources,suchassolar,wind,andhydroelectricpower
USGovernmentrequestedthatconsumersreducefuelconsumption
Automanufacturers(especiallytheJapaneseautomobileindustry)producedsmaller,moregasefficientvehicles.
Speedlimitswereputinplace.
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OilGlutofthe1980s
Inthe
mid
1980s
foreign
oil
became
readilyavailable,andcheap($12to$40perbarrel). USdomesticproductionslowedandtheoiln us ry us e . epen encyon
foreignoilonceagainbecameveryhigh.
Speedlimitsincreased,vehiclesgotbigagain(SUVs)
Oilwascheapanddemand
http://www.dieselstation.com/wallpapers/Hummer SUT/HummerSUT009.jpg
.
Thosewhocannotlearnfromhistoryare
doomed
to
repeat
it.
(Santayana).Doesisseemlikeweareonthevergeofanotherenergycrisis?
http://www.cars.com/features/mvp/lincoln/navigator/images/main_navigator.jpg
Costof
Fossil
Fuels
u
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Howlongwilltheworldoilsupplylast?
Not as lon as ou mi ht think ho e
Wellbespentbeforethecenturyisdone,butwellhave
toscale
down
oil
usage
before
then
(in
the
next
few
decades)
Excerptsfrom
current
CountryCountry ProdProd
(Mbbl/day)(Mbbl/day)
ReservesReserves
(Gbbl)(Gbbl)
No. Prod.No. Prod.
WellsWells
years leftyears left
Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia 9.039.03 2 2.72 2.7 1,5 01,5 0 8080
RussiaRussia 7.987.98 69.169.1 41,19241,192 2424
U.S.U.S. 5.735.73 29.429.4 521,070521,070 1414
IranIran 3.743.74 130.7130.7 1,1201,120 9696
ChinaChina 3.413.41 23.723.7 72,25572,255 1919
MexicoMexico 3.343.34 16.016.0 1313
NorwayNorway 2.862.86 10.110.1 833833 1010
U.A.E.U.A.E. 2.352.35 97.897.8 114114
CanadaCanada 2.242.24 16.916.9 54,06154,061 2121
KuwaitKuwait 2.182.18 96.596.5 790790 121121
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Letsgetourbarrelsstraight
Anoilbarrel(bbl)is42gallons,or159liters
IntheU.S.,weuseabout24bblperyearper
person
Thats7.4billionbbl/yrfortheU.S.
20millionbbl/day
or ewor , s on year
85
million
bbl/day
Notes NotasinglecountrymatchingU.S.demandof20Mbbl/day
NonOPECprovedreserves:173Gbbl (17%)
OPECreserves:882Gbbl (83%)
Total:1055Gbbl
Tomaintaincurrentproductionof85Mbbl/day
thiswill
last
34
years
maynotbepossibletoextractoilfastenoughfordemand
SaudiArabiausedtoproduceatlessthan100%capacity,nowrunningfullout
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PrimaryandSecondaryEnergySources
Morethan33%ofallfossilfuelsinUSareusedforelectricity.
.
representsaconversionfromaprimaryenergysourcetoasecondaryenergysource
Primarysourceisusedtoderivethesecondary
Theconversionefficiencyisfarlessthan100%;theamountofwasteisusuallyhigh.
PrimarySource
(BurningCoal)SecondarySource
Electricity
Heatgivenoff(wasted)
Pathwayfrom
Primary
energy
to
end
uses
in
the
US
82%
65%
69%
67%
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COAL
Fossilized condensed
carbonrichfuel
10X reservesofoil/gas,
last200yearsatpresentrate
Coalmines
Surface(strip)mine
Underground(shaft)mine
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Coalcheaper,
but
polluting
MuchEasternU.S.coalhas
highsulfurcontent,
moreexpensivetomine
MuchWesternU.S.coalhas
lowsulfurcontent,
cheapertomine
ButmininginsemiaridWest
moredamagingtoland.
DirtyCoal
CleanCoal
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Heatvalueofcoaltypes
Anthracite
Bituminous
Subbituminous
Lignite
Coalprovides51%ofelectricityusedinUS
Sourcesof
Nitrogen
Oxides
Trans ort
andsulfurdioxidecreateacidrain
Tallstacksdeposit
ationElectrical
plantsOther
art er
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Coalscrubbers
NATURALGAS
,
Gasesinbedrock
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Advantagesofnaturalgas
HalfasmuchCO2ascoal
60yearsupplyatcurrentrates
Disadvantagesofnaturalgas
Difficulttotransport
Pipelines
Liquified NaturalGas(LNG)tankers
,extracted
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Whydoweneedtodecreasefossilfuel
consumption?
onrenewa eresources
EnvironmentalDegradation
Pollution
Climatechange
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ClimateChangenaturalormanmade?
Global
Carbon
Cycle
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OceanAcidification
(1) LessCO32 available Slowerformationofcalcareousshells
(2) CaCO3 dissolution Oceaniccalcareousorganismslossshells
Effects
on
health
BlackLun Disease
(miners)
Respiratory
illnesses
(public)
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Effectsonland
Coalsludgereleases
Hardpanatstripmines
Mountainto removal
Hugewater
use
Slurrypipelines
Effectson
air
Greenhouse ases
sulfurdioxide
nitrogenoxides
carbondioxide
ox cs Mercury
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Acidrain
Acidityof
rain
pHof6.0
Killsinsects,crabs
pH