lecture 1 introduction-organic chemistry

8/3/2019 Lecture 1 Introduction-Organic Chemistry

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Organic and Bio- Chemistry

Dr. Muhammad Afzal Subhani

School of Chemical & Materials EngineeringNUST H-12 IslamabadTA: Tariq Zaman (Ph.D Scholar)




1. Introduction to organic molecules and functional groups

2. Structure and Bonding3. Acids and bases

4. Stereochemistry5. Alkanes, alkenes and Alkynes6. Alkyl halides and substitution reactions7. Alkyl halides and Elimination reactions

8. Alcohols, ethers and epoxides: introduction

9. Structure determination – Mass spectroscopy

– IR spectroscopy – NMR spectroscopy

10.Introduction to carbonyl chemistry

11.Aldol reactions12.Carbohydrates

13.Amino acids and proteins14.Introduction to polymers15.Advanced topics

– Hyper branched macromolecules and dendrimers – Coupling reactions, Suzuki reaction, Heck reaction

C o u

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What is Organic Chemistry

• organic chemistry is the study ofcompounds that contain carbon.

• Organic chemistry started as thechemistry of life

• Then it became the chemistry ofcarbon compounds, especially thosefound in coal

• Now it is both. It is the chemistry of thecompounds of carbon along with otherelements

• The main reservoir of chemicalsavailable to the nineteenth centurychemists was coal.

• Distillation of coal to give gas forlighting and heating




• Phenol was used by Lister as

an antiseptic in surgery• aniline became the basis for

the dyestuffs industry

• A dyestuff of this kind—stillavailable—is Bismarck Brown,




Why Organic Chemistry




Hydrocarbon frameworks

• Some molecular structures are shown

• These molecules are all amino acids,

• Look at the number of carbon atoms ineach molecule and the way they arebonded together

Functional groups

• The functional groups determine theway the molecule works bothchemically and biologically.

Lysine

Alanine

Phenyl Alanine




Hydrocarbon framework

• The hydrocarbon framework is made up of chains and rings of carbonatoms, and it acts as a support for the functional groups.




Concept of Primary, secondary, and tertiary• A primary carbon atom is attached to only one other C atom, a secondary

to two and so on

• A complete list of functional groups will be discussed later….




Drawing MoleculesHow….. ?




Guidelines to draw the organic molecules

– Draw chains of atoms as zig-zags

– Miss out the Hs attached to carbon atoms, along with the C–H

bonds (unless there is a good reason not to)

– Miss out the capital Cs representing carbon atoms (unless there

is a good reason not to)




• Alkanes contain no functional

groups• Alkenes (sometimes called olefins)

contain C=C double bonds

• Alkynes contain CºC triple bonds

• Alcohols (R–OH) contain a hydroxyl

(OH) group• Ethers (R1 –O–R2) contain an alkoxy

group (–OR)

• Amines (R–NH2) contain the amino(NH2) group

Functional Groups




• Nitro compounds (R–NO2) containthe nitro group (NO2)

• Alkyl halides (fluorides R–F,

chlorides R–Cl, bromides R–Br, oriodides R–I) contain the fluoro,chloro, bromo, or iodo groups

• Aldehydes (R–CHO) and ketones(R1 –CO–R2) contain the carbonylgroup C=O

• Carboxylic acids (R–CO2H) containthe carboxyl group CO2H

• Esters (R1 –CO2R2) contain acarboxyl group with an extra alkylgroup (CO2R)




• Amides (R–CONH2, R1 –CONHR2, orR1CONR2R3)

• Nitriles or cyanides (R–CN) containthe cyano group –CºN

• Acyl chlorides (acid chlorides)(R–COCl)

• Acetals are compounds with two

single bonded oxygen atomsattached to the same carbon atom.




• Let us do some practice……..




Summary: Important functional groups and oxidation levels

lecture 1 introduction-organic chemistry

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