lecture 1 phonology

7/28/2019 LECTURE 1 Phonology

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LECTURE 1: OVERVIEW

1. PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY2. THE PRODUCTION OF SPEECH SOUNDS3. IPA


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a. What is Phonetics ?- A study of speech sounds :- to determine

what the sounds are, how they vary, and howto describe them (Denham,Kristian & Lobeck,Anne)

- the study of the sounds made in the

production of humanlanguages (Finegan,Edward)


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2 principal branches in phonetics.Articulatory phonetics focuses on thehuman vocal apparatus and describes soundsin terms of their articulation in the vocal tractAcoustic phonetics uses the tools of physicsto study the nature of sound waves producedin human language


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- A system of written symbols representing thespeech sounds of any language ; each symbolrepresents only a single sound.

- English phonetic system full of inconsistencies.


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Example:1. When words are misspelled

bags - bagz

Pushed pusht2. Same sound spelled using a variety of lettercombinations - ee sound

plea, tee, deceive, tangy, key, ski,

people,algae


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Why the need for this knowledge? For;- Teachers to teach reading and spelling

effectively because of the complexity of theEnglish spelling system not wholly phonetic

- Speech pathologists and speech therapists to help better those who have variouslanguage delays and disabilities, including

loss of speech abilities due to injury or stroke


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- Forensic linguists to better identify speechor to authenticate recordings in legal cases.


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b. What is phonology ?the study of the sound systems of languages

The study of how speech sounds form

patterns ( Fromkin, Victoria , 2011)- thepatterns could be simple as the fact that thevelar nasal cannot begin a syllable in English,or as complex as why g is silent in sign but is

pronounced in the related word signature.


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refers both to the linguistic knowledge thatspeakers have about the sound patterns of their language and to the description of thatknowledge that linguists try to producePhoneme a unit in the sound system of alanguage


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Tells what sounds are in your lg. and whichones are foreignTells what combinations of sounds could bean actual word or otherwise. E.g. no Englishword begins with the consonant sequence zbf and no words end with the sequence aehExplains why certain phonetic features areimportant to identifying a word

Allows us to adjust our pronunciation of amorpheme to suit the different phonologicalcontexts that it occurs in.


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Most sounds in the worlds languages areproduced by manipulating air coming into thevocal tract as it is being exhaled by the lungs.

Known as pulmonic egressive airstreammechanism.Sounds made by manipulating air as it isexhaled from the lungs are called pulmonic

egressive sounds.Virtually all sounds in English and otherEuropean languages are produced bymanipulating exhaled air.


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How are speech sounds made?Air coming from the lungs passes throughthe vocal tract, which shapes it into differentspeech sounds. The air then exits the vocaltract through the mouth or nose or both.The vocal tract is made up of upper surfaceand lower surface


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The upper surface is made up of upper lip,upper teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, softpalate(velum), and uvula.The lower surface is made up of lower lip,tongue and epiglottis


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Speech sounds can be identified in terms of their articulatory properties that is, where inthe mouth and how they are producedAll English consonants can be described interms of three properties:

- voicing(whether the vocal cords are vibratingor not)


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- Place of articulationwhere the airstream is most obstructed

- Manner of articulation

the particular way the airstream isobstructed


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1. Velum ( soft palate )- allows air to passthrough the nose and through the mouth

2. Hard palate often called the roof of themouth

3. Alveolar ridge between the top front teethand the hard palate

4. Tongue important and can be moved into

many different shapes and different places.


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7. Pharynx about 7cm long in women andabout 8cm in men. Top end is divided into 2;one part being the back of the mouth and theother being the beginning of the way throughthe nasal cavity.


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http://www.indiana.edu/~hlw/PhonUnits/vocalTractLabels.gif


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The IPA is a writing system used by linguiststo communicate with each other. It is aninternational standard, promulgated by theInternational Phonetic Association, whichprovides symbols for all of the sounds thathave been discovered in the world'slanguages. Here is a chart showing the IPA.
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/The%20International%20Phonetic%20Alphabet.docxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/The%20International%20Phonetic%20Alphabet.docxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/The%20International%20Phonetic%20Alphabet.docx


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Produce sounds represented by symbols inthe International Phonetic Alphabet.


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Fromkin,V., Rodman,R. & Hyams,N.(2007). An Introduction to Language. ( 8 th ed.) Boston:Thomson Heinle.Roach,P.(2001). English Phonetics and Phonology. Cambridge:CUP

lecture 1 phonology

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