Lecture 13: Advanced CSS &

BootstrapCS 383 – Web Development II

Wednesday, April 4, 2018

Advanced CSS• There are many advanced CSS selectors which allow you

to do what the name implies – more precisely select which elements are being affected

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By Order of Tags1. <h1>Heading</h1>2. <h2>Subheading</h2>3. <h3>Subsubheading</h3>

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• element1, element2 {

/* css */}

• This applies the styles to all element1s and element2s

• Example: h1, h3 would apply to lines 1 and 3

By Order of Tags1. <div id="set1">2. <h2>Foo</h2>3. </div>4.5. <h2>Foo</h2>6.7. <div id="set1">8. <h1>Heading</h1>9. <div id="set2">10. <h2>Foo</h2>11. </div>12. </div>13.14. <h1>Heading</h1>15. <h2>Subheading</h2>

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• element1 element2 {/* css */

}

• This applies the styles to all element2s that are somewhere within element1

• Example: div#set1, h2 would apply to lines 2 and 10, but not 5

By Order of Tags1. <div id="set1">2. <h2>Foo</h2>3. </div>4.5. <h2>Foo</h2>6.7. <div id="set1">8. <h1>Heading</h1>9. <div id="set2">10. <h2>Foo</h2>11. </div>12. </div>13.14. <h1>Heading</h1>15. <h2>Subheading</h2>

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• element1 > element2 {

/* css */}

• This applies the styles to all element2s that are direct children of element1

• Example: div#set1 > h2 would apply to lines, but not 5 or 9

By Order of Tags1. <div id="set1">2. <h2>Foo</h2>3. </div>4.5. <h2>Foo</h2>6.7. <div id="set1">8. <h1>Heading</h1>9. <div id="set2">10. <h2>Foo</h2>11. </div>12. </div>13.14. <h1>Heading</h1>15. <h2>Subheading</h2>

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• element1 + element2 {

/* css */}

• This applies the styles to allelement2s have the same parent as and immediately follow element1

• Example: h1 + h2 would apply to line 15 only

By Order of Tags1. <div id="set1">2. <h2>Foo</h2>3. </div>4.5. <h2>Foo</h2>6.7. <div id="set1">8. <h1>Heading</h1>9. <div id="set2">10. <h2>Foo</h2>11. </div>12. </div>13.14. <h1>Heading</h1>15. <h2>Subheading</h2>

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• element1 ~ element2 {

/* css */}

• This applies the styles to allelement2s that have the same parent as and is preceded by an element1

• Example: h2 ~ div#set1 would affect lines 7-12, but not 1-3

By Attribute• [attribute^=value] {

/* css */}

• This applies the styles to all tags with the provided attribute that begins with the given value

• Example: a[href^="https"] would apply to all links that started with https

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By Attribute• [attribute$=value] {

/* css */}

• This applies the styles to all tags with the provided attribute that end with the given value

• Example: a[href$=".jpg"] would apply to all links that ended with the .jpg extension

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By Attribute• [attribute*=value] {

/* css */}

• This applies the styles to all tags with the provided attribute that contains with the given value

• Example: a[href*="wilkes.edu"] would apply to all links that contained wilkes.edu

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By Attribute• [attribute=value] {

/* css */}

• This applies the styles to all tags with the provided attribute that equals with the given value

• Example: a[target="_blank"] would apply to all links that were set to open in a new window

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By Form Field• input:checked selects an input (checkbox) that is

checked

• input:disabled selects an input that is disabled

• input:focus selects an input element that has focus (cursor currently inside)

• input:optional selects an input that is not marked as required

• input:required selects an input element that is marked as required

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By Link State• a:active selects the active link

• a:hover selects the link on mouseover

• a:link selects all unvisited links

• a:visited selects all visited links

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By Position1. <div id="set1">2. <h2>Foo</h2>3. </div>4.5. <h2>Foo</h2>6.7. <div id="set1">8. <h1>Heading</h1>9. <div id="set2">10. <h2>Foo</h2>11. </div>12. <h2>Subheading</h2>13. </div>14.15. <h1>Heading</h1>16. <h2>Subheading</h2>17. <h3>Subsubheading</h3>

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• element:first-child{

/* css */}

• This applies the styles to the element that is the first child of its parent if it is that element

• Example: h2:first-child would apply to lines 2, 5 and 10, but not 12 or 16

By Position1. <div id="set1">2. <h2>Foo</h2>3. </div>4.5. <h2>Foo</h2>6.7. <div id="set1">8. <h1>Heading</h1>9. <div id="set2">10. <h2>Foo</h2>11. </div>12. <h2>Subheading</h2>13. </div>14.15. <h1>Heading</h1>16. <h2>Subheading</h2>17. <h3>Subsubheading</h3>

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• element:first-of-type {

/* css */}

• This applies the styles to the element that is the first child of that element in its parent

• Example: h2:first-of-type would apply to lines 2, 5 and 10, but not 12 or 16

By Position1. <div id="set1">2. <h2>Foo</h2>3. </div>4.5. <h2>Foo</h2>6.7. <div id="set1">8. <h1>Heading</h1>9. <div id="set2">10. <h2>Foo</h2>11. </div>12. <h2>Subheading</h2>13. </div>14.15. <h1>Heading</h1>16. <h2>Subheading</h2>17. <h3>Subsubheading</h3>

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• element:last-child {/* css */

}

• This applies the styles to the element that is the last child of its parent if it is that element

• Example: h2:last-child would apply to lines 2, 10, 12, but not line 5 or 16

By Position1. <div id="set1">2. <h2>Foo</h2>3. </div>4.5. <h2>Foo</h2>6.7. <div id="set1">8. <h1>Heading</h1>9. <div id="set2">10. <h2>Foo</h2>11. </div>12. <h2>Subheading</h2>13. </div>14.15. <h1>Heading</h1>16. <h2>Subheading</h2>17. <h3>Subsubheading</h3>

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• element:last-of-type{

/* css */}

• This applies the styles to the element that is the last child of that element of its parent

• Example: h2:last-of-type would apply to lines 2, 10, 12, and 16, but not 5

By Position• element:nth-child(n) {

/* css */}

• This applies the styles to every nth child within a parent if it is that element, counting from the first instance

• To count from the last instance instead of the first, use :nth-last-child(n)

• To alternate, you can use odd or even for n

• Using this, to stripe the rows in a table, you could use tr:nth-child(odd) and tr:nth-child(even)

• To countly only by the given element within the parent, use :nth-of-type(n) or :nth-last-of-type(n)

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Other Selectors• :not(selector) can be used to put a selector in to

include anything except thato Example: :not(p) {color: red;} would make anything not in a

<p> tag red

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Media Queries• Media queries allow us to determine who sees certain styles

• For example, suppose we want users to see headings in red on a TV screen and black when printed

• We can use:

@media [screen or print] {/* css code here */

}

• So for the example above…

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Media Queries@media screen {

h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {color: #f00;

}}

@media print {h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {

color: #000;}

}

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Responsive Design w/ Media Queries

• Nearly half of all traffic on the web is now from a mobile device

• It is very common now for websites to be mobile-friendly

• There are two ways to make a website mobile friendly:1. Use scripting to check the user agent and forward the user to one of two

websites: mobile or desktop

2. Use responsive design to automatically adjust based upon the size of the screen, regardless of user agent

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Responsive Design w/ Media Queries

• Responsive design has several advantages:o It automatically adjusts for the browser currently being used

o It eliminates the need to maintain two separate websites

o It better optimizes for mobile device (phone vs. tablet)

o It also helps user using poor resolution or who resize windows to show more windows on their screen

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Responsive Design w/ Media Queries

• After a media query, you can optionally include screen or print, and add (min-width: #px) or (max-width: #px)

• So suppose you want to make text larger on a mobile device:

body {font-size: 12pt;

}

@media (max-width: 768px) {font-size: 14pt;

}

• We will use Bootstrap to handle this automatically

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Bootstrap• Bootstrap (www.getboostrap.com) is a CSS framework

that helps standardize browser compatibility and implement responsive design

• It also includes Javascript components as well

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Bootstrap• However, one of the problems is – how do you customize

Bootstrap efficiently?

• The “default” theme color is light blue – what if you’re building a website for Staples which has the primary color of red?

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Bootstrap• If you are using a good chunk of the components, there are

hundreds of CSS selectors you would need to override just to switch the primary color from blue to something else

• There are also some things that are more difficult than just substituting values, such as the colors for gradients and shadows, which are calculated from another color

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Bootstrap• Bootstrap also contains dozens of different components,

which creates a large CSS file

• Much of this CSS file is “dead weight” if you are not using these components

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LESS• If you download the source code for Bootstrap, it contains

the files to compile with the LESS preprocessor/compiler (www.lesscss.org)

• LESS allows you to generate CSS files and include variables

• Don’t confuse the LESS preprocessor (command lessc) with the UNIX command for viewing a file (command less)

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LESS• Some of the capabilities of less include:

o Variables (ex: The background of elements should be the same, easily changeable variable)

o Calculations (ex: h1 should be 10% larger than h2)

o Adjust colors automatically (ex: The color of a button should be 20% darker than the primary color set)

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LESS w/ Bootstrap• On Bootstraps website, the source code should be

downloaded

• When you unzip it, there will be a folder called less inside

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LESS w/ Bootstrap• There are dozens of files include, but we only really need

to be concerned with three:o normalize.less contains rules for “resettings” CSS in a browser to ensure

that all margins, padding, etc., are the same, as each browser has different defaults for unspecified values

o variables.less contains the variables that you will set the variables for colors, fonts, etc.

o mixins.css (and other files in the mixins subdirectory) allow you to customize the CSS further to add different properties, rather than just change existing variables (think about it – “mix ins” – mixing in your own CSS with Bootstraps)

o bootstrap.less is the driver file – it includes all of the other LESS files

• If we don’t want to include the CSS for a component that we don’t need, either comment out or delete the file

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LESS w/ Bootstrap• When we finished editing the files, we can compile the file

with the following command:

lessc --compress bootstrap.lessbootstrap.csso --compress removes whitespace, putting each selector on its own line

o It takes bootstrap.less as the input file

o It saves the file in bootstrap.css

• The output file can then be included in your webpage

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