lecture 13: energy storage energy law and policy fall 2013
TRANSCRIPT
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Lecture 13: Energy Storage
Energy Law and PolicyFall 2013
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Energy Storage Applications• Distributed Power Generation Support
– Wind Power Grid Integration– Solar Power Variability
• Peak Load Reduction• Regulation Services• Spinning Reserve Management• Smart Grid Energy Management• Transmission System Support• Transportation Emphasis on Storage
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Energy Storage – Policy Issues
• Role with renewables.– Wind – production of power when not needed– Solar – less of a problem
• Problem for batteries– Mature technology – no major breakthroughs– High Cost– Short lifespan – recharging time– Environmental – unclear life cycle costs
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Fundamental Policy Issues for Energy Storage
• Subsidies for research and implementation. – Which technologies?– How much? – What sorts of subsidies?
• What role does utility play in the plug in hybrid model?
• What incentives can be brought to bear? – Gasoline taxes, CAFE standards, carbon tax– Net metering, smart grid
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Distribution System Overview
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The Market
• Almost Too Big To Measure– Wind Power – 80,000 MW by 2030 – if 20% uses
storage $200 B– Utilities
• Municipals, Rural, Investor Owned - $1.5 B growing at a rate of 2.5% per year
– Solar – 2,000 MW growing 37% per year• Storage is currently very high on
governments priority list.
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The Concept
InverterInverter
Master Control System
Master Control System
Battery Plant
UnconditionedDC Power
Behind the meter users (if any)
Conditioned DC power
DC Power Bus
Charge Controller
ACPower
AC Power Bus
DC DC
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Storage Parameters of Importance
• Electrical Power Capacity (MW)• Duration of Power Capacity
– Ex. 2 MW Battery for 4 Hours = 8 MWh
• Charge/Discharge Cycles• Lifetime• On Line Time Requirement
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Storage Technologies
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Stored Hydro
100,000 MW Installed Worldwide
Mature Technology
80% Round Trip Efficiency
Limited By Geography
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Compressed Air Energy Storage
500 MW Operating World Wide With Co-Generation 50% Efficient
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Sodium Sulfur Solid State Batteries
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Lithium Ion Batteries
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Lithium Ion Full Scale Demo
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Flow Batteries
• Electrolyte Stored Externally to Battery and Circulated to Charge/Discharge
• Large Capacity Achievable (MWh)• Quick Response Available• Long Life Time (Cycles)• Stable Output• Heat Generation
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Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
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Vanadium Redox Battery Advantages
• Modular Power and Duration• Vanadium On Anode/Cathode No Cross
Contamination• Environmentally Friendly• Completely Recyclable• Battery Construction Well Understood• Long Lifetimes• Low Temperature Low Pressure Operations
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Vanadium Disadvantages
• Vanadium Cost• Vanadium Availability
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Summary
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Promises of Plug in Hybrid Technology
– Use grid at night to recharge batteries– Use batteries during day for peak load– Reduce dependence on oil
• Reduced carbon emissions• National security issues• Repatriate dollars in the US
– Create jobs in Midwest– Profit center for utilities – could use to subsidize
costs
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Problems of Plug in Hybrids
• Expensive, short life span of batteries, uncertain performance record
• Time for recharging• Recharging infrastructure does not exist yet• Requires more and smarter grid• Cost of plug in hybrid cars are not yet
competitive
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CSU Energy Policy Center
Thank you!