Lecture 28: Impacts on the

World Order:Welcoming the

Non-state Actors

28th April 2003 (Monday)

Question of Week 4:Why was 911 so Special?

George W Bush: “A Threat with No Precedent”…

Actor Event Venue Tool

Timing

The Actor – Non-state Actors!!

Structure of Lecture 28:

Definition of Non-state Actors Organizational Structure of Al-Qa

eda Concept of the 2-dimensional (2D)

World Concept of the 3-dimensional (3D)

World Conclusion –

Post-911 as a Systematic Fight Back from the State Actors?

PART IDefinition of Non-state Actors

Trans-nationalism

State Actors and NationalismVs Non-state Actors and Trans-nationalism

Goals of Trans-nationalist Organizations: Beyond the Sole Interests of ONE State Common Interests of Many States (e.g. Pan-Slavism) Common Interests of Many People, but against the Sole I

nterests of States (e.g. Environmentalism) Membership: Trans-nationalistic Quasi-state Structural Organization (refer to Part II)

“Legitimate” Non-state Actors

Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO)

Established 1991 50 “Non-state” Members,

Representing 100million People http://www.unpo.org/

Kurdistan

East Turkestan

Aboriginals in Australia

Tibet Taiwan

NSAs Vs NGOs

Non-state Actors “Legitimate” NSA: Unrepresented Nat

ions and Peoples Organization (UNPO)

“Illegitimate” NSA: Al-Qaeda Non-governmental Organizations

NGO Research Center at Tsinghua University

Green Peace, Oxfam, Friends of the Earth…

Illegitimate NSA: Transfiguration

NSA: the Ability of “Transfiguration” into States Part of Al-Qaeda Afghanista

n (as a “cell”) Part of Al-Qaeda Remains a “T

errorist” Umbrella Organization Taliban “Transformed” Back int

o Al-Qaeda Green Peace can’t Replace th

e US Government!

PART IIOrganizational Structure of

Al-Qaeda

Nature of Al-Qaeda

Al-Qaeda = the “Base” … of what? Decentralized, Loose Connection of “Cells” Founding Members:

Former Mujahedeen Fighters in Afghanistan + “Arab Afghans” (Middle Eastern Supporters of

Mujahedeens) New Members:

Anti-state Advocators Around the World (for various reasons)

Leadership Structure of Al-Qaeda

Supreme Leader: Osama Bin Laden

Vice-Leader: Ayman al-Zawahiri Former Leader of Muslim

Brotherhoods of Egypt Military Commander:

Mohammed Atef Police Leader in Egypt

Diplomatic Capabilities

“Untraditional” Alliance with NSAs/ NGOs Abu Sayyaf (Moro Islamic

Liberation Front) of the Philippines Jemaah Islamiah (JI) of Indonesia

“Traditional” Alliance with States Cooperation with Afghanistan and

Sudan “Understanding” with KSA, UAE an

d Pakistan Practice of the Financial World:

“Merge” with Muslim Brotherhoods of Egypt

“Split” into Regional Groups in Kenya and Tanzania

Financial Capabilities (I)

William Wechsler: “Strangling the Hydra – Targeting Al Qaeda’s Finances”

The Ways to Make Money: Legal Business and Investment (~

National Financial Investment Scheme)

Criminal Schemes (e.g. Opium) Direct Donations (~ “Direct Tax”) Indirect Donations (~ “Indirect Tax

”)

Financial Capabilities (II)

How to Generate Cash Flow? Cash Smuggling Formal Banking System (Bank

Havens) Underground Banking System

(hawala) Concept of “National Reserv

e”? Balance Budget!

Propaganda Capability

“Partnership” with Qatar Gulf TV (Al-Jazeera) 35 million Viewers in the Middle East Osama Bin Laden’s Friendship with TV P

roducers? Two-front Propaganda War:

Historicism of its Image Modernism of its Applicability and Techni

que Iraqi Partnership with CNN in Gulf W

ar (1990) CNN Accused of “Being Used” by Sadda

m Hussein for First-handed News Reports?!

Assigned Readings

Main Text: William Wechsler: “Strangling the

Hydra – Targeting Al Qaeda’s Finances” (H&R P.129-143)

Supplementary Text: Louise Richardson: “Terrorists as

Transnational Actors.” Taylor, Max and Horgan, John. Ed. The Future of Terrorism. London: Frank Cass, 2000. P.200-219.

PART III Concept of the

2-dimensional (2D) World

What is 2D??

2-Dimensional World System: Horizontal Relationship “The States said it all” No Upper Authority Higher

than the States No Lower Voluntary

Movements across the States

e.g. RISK

The Westphalian World System Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

The First European “World War” Holy Roman Empire, France, Sweden,

Denmark, Spain Battleground: Modern Germany

Treaty of Westphalia (1648) Signed by All Major States at the time Settled State Borders Decline of Feudalism and the

Influence of Church over Internal Affairs of States

Rise of Absolutism & Nationalism within the States

State > Non-state Actors, why??ROUND I – Fight!

Better Protection over Citizens Better Esprit de corps during the

Time of Great Discovery, Revolution and Scientific Evolution

Increased National Uniqueness: Language, Culture, Religions…

The Rule of Reasons: Nationalism/ Machiavellianism > Philosophy/ Theology …

Horizontal Relationship:The Rule of Realism

International Relations Theories: Realism (Hans Morgenthau) Neo-Realism (Kenneth Waltz) Classicism/ Marxism/ Statism/ Ge

nder Studies/ Bureaucratism… Realism: State Actions Governed by

Interest Maximization Neo-Realism: State Actions Govern

ed by Security Maximization Focus: Geo-politics/ Oceanic-politic

s

PART IV Concept of the

3-dimensional (3D) World

What is 3D?? 3-Dimensional World System:

Vertical Relationship The States can’t say it all Upper Authority Higher than the States Lower Voluntary Movements Across th

e States e.g. Romance of the Three Kingdo

ms VIII – The Concept of Exiled Army NOT Roman of the Three Kingdoms IX

– why?

Pre-Modern 3D World System

Barbarians Overthrew the Roman Empire with Limited St

ate Efforts Medieval Church

The Order of Crusades by Pope Urban II (1095)

Feudalism Holy Roman Empire as a Loose Confederati

on of Feudal States Mercantile Armies

Army Paid in Money to Fight for Sparsely-populated States

The “Post-Westphalian” World System after 911……

911: Interaction of State Actors + Non-state Actors

Horizontal Relations + Vertical Relations Three-dimensional (3D) World

Decline of National Authority over its own Land (“Homeland”) and People

Rise of Voluntarism of People over their Countries

Fundamental Conflicts between State and Non-state Actors

Non-state Actors > State Actors, Why??

ROUND II, FIGHT!

Era of Globalization Technological Proliferation (e.g.

Easy Access to “Mass Destruction Weapons”)

Increased Horizontal Mobility of People Around the World Decreased Conscious of

Nationalism Increased Concern over the

Future of Human Beings on a Whole

“Saturation” of State Development

Impossibility of Any Sort of State to Take Care of People with Trans-national Interests

Increased Burden of States Hinder their Ability to Carry out

Alternative Political Goals e.g. Welfare States Vs Cultural

Development e.g. Industrial Development Vs

Environmentalism

Vertical + Horizontal Relationship:The New Rule of the World?

Horizontal Rule of Neo-Realism still Dominates the States

Vertical Rules of Non-state Actors: To Advance its Ideological Goa

ls (e.g. Anti-capitalism/ Environmentalism)

By Whatever Means (from Peace to Terror)

No Realism at all Unpredictable by the States

New Rule of the States in the 3D World

“Pre-emptive Realism” Bush Doctrine II (Turbo) State Actions Governed by Maximization of S

ecurity through Overtaking the Non-state Actors Pre-emptively

Focus: Virtual-politics + Sub-conscious-politics National Boundary No Longer Important Enemies are Perceived in the Virtual Commu

nity + Sub-consciousness

A Wiser Doctrine of Bush…

“Al-Qaeda is to terror what the Mafia is to crime.

But its goal is not making money;

its goal is remaking the world.”

– George W Bush

Conclusion – Post-911 as a

Systematic Fight Back from the State Actors?

Reassessing the Anti-Terror Coalition

Why did Virtually Almost All States Join the Anti-Terror Coalition? Why did Libya Support USA? In Support of USA Vs Afghanistan? A Concerted Effort of the States Vs Non-state

Actors?

Reassessing the List of “Foreign Terrorist Organizations” By US Office of Counterterrorism (Aug 2002) “Terrorism”: against the people, or against the

very identity of the states? The Black-list of the World of States?

Current Condition of Non-state Actors

With the Existing Advantages of NSAs Over its Sluggish Adva

ncement in the Past Centuries

With the Mutual-understanding of States of the World To Suppress the Over-

development of NSAs

Future of Non-state Actors (I)

Possibility #1: Rule of NSAs No States are Able to Counter-balance the US Hegemony But the people Within the States are Discontent towards the Heg

emony State-actors are Hopeless to Help them Rise of NSAs

Possibility #2: Deaths of NSAs All States and People are Happy to be Ruled by a Single Hegemon,

with the Same Set of Identity, Culture and Economy People are Subordinate to their States States are Subordinate to the Hegemony NSAs = Irrelevant, with Few Support from People

Future of Non-state Actors (II)

Possibility #3: “Balance of Power” States are Inter-balancing Against One

Another Different States Need Assistance fr

om Different NSAs States (as a group) also Balance Ag

ainst the NSAs (as another group) The World System is Inter-balancin

g Between Different States, as well as Between State-actors and Non-state Actors

~~The End~~

Thank you for attending