lecture 3, spring 2014

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Lecture 3 Coagula.on Assays 1

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Page 1: Lecture 3, spring 2014

Lecture  3  

Coagula.on  Assays  

1

Page 2: Lecture 3, spring 2014

XII  

XIIa  

XI  XIa  

IX  

X   X  

VII  

IIa  II  

Fibrin  Fibrinogen  

VIIa  TF  

TF  

IXa  VIIIa  

Xa  Va  

Intrinsic

Common

Extrinsic

Page 3: Lecture 3, spring 2014

Cell-­‐based  Model  of  Hemostasis    

•  Proposed  to  replace  the  tradi.onal  cascade  –  more  accurately  explains  coagula.on  in  vivo  

 •  Specific  cellular  surface  receptors  for  coagula.on  proteins  promote  hemostasis  

•  Platelets  and  Thrombin  are  central  

•  Occurs  in  3  phases  ▫  1.    Ini.a.on  ▫  2.  Amplifica.on  ▫  Propaga.on  

3

Page 4: Lecture 3, spring 2014

XII  

XIIa  

XI  XIa  

IX  

X   X  

VII  

IIa  II  

Fibrin  Fibrinogen  

VIIa  TF  

TF  

IXa  VIIIa  

Xa  Va  

Page 5: Lecture 3, spring 2014

Xa  Va  

XIa  

IIa  

Fibrin  Fibrinogen  

VIIa  TF  

IXa  VIIIa  

Xa  

IIa  

Fibrin  Fibrinogen  

XIa  

VIIa  TF  

IXa  VIIIa  

Page 6: Lecture 3, spring 2014

Plt  

Xa   IIa  VIIa  TF  

Xa  Va  

IIa  Plt  

Xa  

IXa  VIIIa  

Xa  Va  

IIa  

Plt  

Plt  

Fg  

Fb  

vWF  

Fb  

Plt  

Plt   Fb  

Fb  

Fb  

vWF  

Tissue factor bearing cell

Subendothelial collagen

Plt  

IIa  

Ini.a.on  

Amplifica.on  

Propaga.on  

Page 7: Lecture 3, spring 2014

Platelet  Ac.va.on  

•  Results  in  ▫  Greatly  increased  surface  area  ▫  Dense  granules  release  Ca2+,TXA2,  ADP,  Serotonin  ▫  Alpha  granules  release  FV,  fibrin,  vWF    

•  Platelet  phospholipid  bilayer  is  ac.vely  controlled  •  Res.ng  internal  surface  is  procoagulant  •  Bilayer  flips  outward  during  ac.va.on,  exposing  procoagulant  surface  

Page 8: Lecture 3, spring 2014

Plt  

Xa   IIa  VIIa  TF  

Xa  Va  

Plt  

XIa  

IIa  

IXa  

VIIIa  

Va  

Fg  vWF  

IIa  Plt  

Xa  

IXa  VIIIa  

Xa  Va  

Plt  

Plt  

Plt  IIa  

TXA2

5HT

Plt  

Plt  

Fg  

Fb  

vWF  

Fb  

Plt  

Plt   Fb  

Fb  

Fb  

vWF  

Tissue factor bearing cell

Subendothelial collagen

IIa  

IIa  

IIa  

Plt  

IIa  

IXa  VIIIa  

ADP

Propaga.on  

Page 9: Lecture 3, spring 2014

• PT/INR  • aPTT  • Fibrinogen  • Thrombin  • Rep.lase  Time  • D-­‐Dimer  • FSP      

9

Page 10: Lecture 3, spring 2014

Prothrombin  Time  (PT)  •  Armand  Quick  1935  •  Measures  the  .me  required  for  fibrin  clot  to  

form  when  plasma  is  added  to  [TF  +  Ca2+]  mixture  

•  TF  combines  with  FVII  to  form  the  “extrinsic” tenase  complex  

•  Measures    a.   FVII  of  the  extrinsic  pathway  b.  FX,  FV,  FII,  FI  of  the  common  pathway  c.  Measures  3  of  the  vitamin  K-­‐dependent  

factors  •  II,  VII,  X  –  does  not  measure  IX  

•  PT  is  prolonged  in  –  Deficiencies  of    I,  II,  V,  VII,  X  –  Liver  Disease,    –  Warfarin  (Coumadin)  –  OAT    –  High  dose  heparin  therapy  and  DTI’s  

•  PT  is  shortened  following  treatment  with  rVIIa  •  Most  common  use  of  PT  à  monitoring  OAT      

10

Pa.ent  Plasma  

Ca2+  +  

Thromboplas.n  (TF)  

Page 11: Lecture 3, spring 2014

Monitoring  OAT  

•  Problems  with  the  PT  ▫  Commercially  available  thromboplas.ns  

vary  in  their  sensi.vity  to  VKDF’s  ▫  PT  values  that  result  from  using  different  

thromboplas.ns  are  not  interchangeable  

•  INR  developed  by  WHO  using  an  IRP  to  which  all  other  thromboplas.ns  can  be  compared  ▫  Recommended  that  a  PT  value  be  expressed  

as  a  ra.o  by  normalizing  it  to  the  IRP  

 

▫  ISI  =  measure  of  the  sensi.vity  and  responsiveness  of  a  par.cular  thromboplas.n  reagent  to  warfarin-­‐induced  reduc;on  of  the  VKDF’s    

▫  ISI  of  the  IRP  =  1.0    Advantages:  INR  for  monitoring  pa.ents  on  OAT  1.  Minimizes  the  varia.on  in  the  PT  assay  2.  Allows  comparability  of  PT  results  among  

different  laboratories  

 

11

   Pa.ent’s  PT      GM  Normal  PT  

INR  =      (ISI)  

Reagent   PT  (sec)  

A   18  

B   20  

C   22  

D   18  

E   31  

ISI   INR  

3.2   2.6  

2.4   2.6  

3.0   2.6  

1.2   2.6  

1.0   2.6  

Page 12: Lecture 3, spring 2014

aPTT  •  PTT  –  Langdell,  Wagner  and  Brinkhous  1953  •  aPTT  –  Proctor  and  Rappaport    –  1961    

•  Measures  a.  Time  required  for  fibrin  clot  to  form  when  a  

plasma  is  incubated  with  an        [ac/vator  +  par/al  thromboplas/n  +  Ca2+  ]    

b.  Ac.va.on  of  the  contact  factors    � PK,  HMWK,  FXII,  FXI  

c.  Intrinsic  pathway  factors  � FXII,  XI,  IX,  VIII  

d.  Common  pathway  � FX,  V,  II,  I  

•  Prolonged  in  1.  Deficiencies  of  all  factors  except  VII  and  XIII  2.  Presence  of  inhibitors  

� Specific  inhibitors  –  FVIII  and  FIX  � Nonspecific  inhibitors—LA,  Heparin,  DTI’s    

•  Shortened  ▫  Elevated  FVIII    

 •  Monitor  Heparin  Therapy    

12

PL    +  

ac;vator  

Ca2+  

Plasma  

Page 13: Lecture 3, spring 2014

Fibrinogen  •  Clauss  Technique  ▫  Func.onal  assay  ▫  Fibrinogen  concentra.on  is  inversely  

propor.onal  to  the  thrombin  .me  of  diluted  plasma  

▫  A  reference  (standard)  curve  is  prepared  using  known  fibrinogen  concentra.ons  versus  their  respec.ve  thrombin  .mes  

•  Detects  ▫  Quan.ta.ve    

�  Hypofibrinogenemia  �  Hyperfibrinogenemia  

▫  Qualita.ve  deficiency  �  Dysfibrinogenemia  

•  Acute  phase  protein  à  elevated  in  ▫  Inflamma.on  ▫  Trauma  ▫  Infec.on  ▫  Increases  with  age  ▫  Associated  with  CVD  and  thrombosis  

13

High  conctr  thrombin  

1:10  dilu;on  plasma  

Page 14: Lecture 3, spring 2014

Fibrinogen  •  Low  levels  suggest  bleeding  ▫  DIC    ▫  Thromboly.c  therapy  

�  Results  in  increased  levels  of  FDP’s  (>190  ug/mL)  �  Interfere  with  fibrin  monomer  polymeriza.on  

▫  Liver  disease  �  Decreased  synthesis  of  fibrinogen  �  Abnormal  fibrinogen  may  be  seen  due  to  abnormal/increased  sialic  acid  content  

▫  Heparin  (UFH)  may  lead  to  underes.ma.on    

•  Increased  levels  ▫  Increasing  age  ▫  Pregnancy  ▫  OCT  ▫  Disseminated  malignancy    

14

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Thrombin  Time  /  Rep.lase  Time  Thrombin  Time  •  Measure  the  conversion  of  fibrinogen  to  fibrin  •  Cleaves  fibrinopep.des  A  and  B  •  Screen  for  heparin  contamina/on  •  Prolonged    ▫  Heparin  therapy  (UFH)  ▫  Hypofibrinogenemia,  Dysfibrinogenemia  ▫  Paraproteins  (Amyloidosis,  Myeloma)  ▫  Severe  LD  ▫  Elevated  FDP’s  ▫  DTI’s  ▫  Bovine  thrombin  glues  

Rep.lase  .me  •  Cleaves  fibrinopep.de  A  only  

•  Unaffected  by  Heparin  •  Unaffected  by  bovine  thrombin  glues  •  Same  as  above  

 

15

Page 16: Lecture 3, spring 2014

Fibrin(ogen)  Degrada.on  Products  

•  Pa.ent  plasma  mixed  with  latex  par.cles  coated  with  monoclonal  an.-­‐FDP  an.bodies  

•  Posi;ve  FDP  assay  indicates  ▫  Fibrin  and/or  fibrinogen  is  being  

degraded  by  plasmin  

•  Elevated  FDPs  ▫  Dysfibrinogenemia  ▫  LD,  DIC,  DVT,  PE,  MI  ▫  Thromboly.c  therapy  ▫  Primary  and  secondary  

fibrinogenolysis  

•  What  would  the  D-­‐dimer  and  FSP  levels  be  in  a  person  who  has  a  congenital  FXIII  deficiency?      

•  What  would  the  D-­‐dimer  and  FSP  levels  be  in  individuals  with  FXIII  deficiency  due  to  DIC?  

 

16

Page 17: Lecture 3, spring 2014

D-­‐Dimer  �  Specific  product  of  the  degrada.on  of  fibrin  

clots  that  results  from  the  ac.on  of    1.   Thrombin  

Ø  Converted  fibrinogen  into  fibrin  clots  2.   FXIIIa  

Ø  Cross-­‐linked  fibrin  monomers  clots    3.   Plasmin  

Ø  Cleaved  the  cross-­‐linked  fibrin  clot    

•  Monoclonal  an.body  raised  against  specific  epitopes  on  D-­‐dimer  that  react  with  cross-­‐linked  fibrin  ▫  Does  not  react  with  

�  Fibrinogen  degrada.on  products  �  Non-­‐cross-­‐linked  fibrin  degrada.on  

products  ▫  Ensures  high  specificity  for  D-­‐dimer  as  a  

biomarker  of  fibrin  forma.on  and  stabiliza.on  

 

17

Plasminogen  Ac.vators  

D-­‐Dimers  

Fibrin  (cross-­‐linked)  

Plasmin   Plasminogen  

Thrombin  

Fibrinogen   Soluble  Fibrin  +  FPA  +  FPB  

XIIIa  

Page 18: Lecture 3, spring 2014

D-­‐Dimer  

 

18

D D e D D

Page 19: Lecture 3, spring 2014

D-­‐Dimer  

•  Monoclonal  an.body  raised  against  specific  epitopes  on  D-­‐dimer  that  react  with  cross-­‐linked  fibrin  ▫  Does  not  react  with  

�  Fibrinogen  degrada.on  products  

�  Non-­‐cross-­‐linked  fibrin  degrada.on  products  

▫  Ensures  high  specificity  for  D-­‐dimer  as  a  biomarker  of  fibrin  forma.on  and  stabiliza.on  

 

19

Page 20: Lecture 3, spring 2014

Clinical  U.lity  

•  Diagnosis  of  VTE  in  combina.on  with  pretest  clinical  probability    ▫  High  nega;ve  predic;ve  value  for  exclusion  of  DVT  ▫  Poor  posi;ve  predic.ve  value  for  DVT  

�  Elevated  in  condi.ons  unrelated  to  thrombosis  �  Almost  all  pa.ents  with  acute  disease  will  have  elevated  D-­‐dimer  levels  

20

1.  A  posi.ve  D-­‐dimer  is  NOT  specific  for  VTE  2.  Nega.ve  D-­‐dimer  is  highly  unlikely  for  VTE  3.  The  greatest  u.lity  of  D-­‐dimer  is  its  nega.ve  predic.ve  value  for  VTE!  

Page 21: Lecture 3, spring 2014

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Page 22: Lecture 3, spring 2014

Let’s  go  to  the  Lab!  

22

Page 23: Lecture 3, spring 2014

Case  1  •  A  5-­‐y-­‐o  girls  is  seen  by  her  pediatrician.      She  is  an  otherwise  healthy  girls,  however  her  

parents  no.ce  some  easy  bruising.  •  Coagula.on  tests  were  ordered:  ▫  PT  =  15  sec  (9.0-­‐12.8)  ▫  aPTT  =  26.8  sec  (23.1  –  34.3)  ▫  Fibrinogen  =  291  mg/dL  (180  –  410)  ▫  Thrombin  Time  =  18  sec  (16  –  24)  

•  What  addi.onal  ques.ons  might  you  ask?    ▫  Repeat  the  test  

�  Possibly    ▫  Which  pathway  is  involved?  

�  Extrinsic  ▫  Mixing  study?  

�  PT  Mix  �  If  it  corrects?  

▫  Factor  assay    �  FVII  �  Name?    

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Page 24: Lecture 3, spring 2014

Case  2  •  A  15-­‐y-­‐o  boy  is  brought  to  the  ER  aner  playing  soccer  with  his  friends.    He  

explained  that  he  cut  himself  in  an  accident  during  the  game.    He  bled  ini.ally,  and  the  cut  stopped  bleeding  about  3  minutes  later.    Now  it  has  been  2  hours  since  the  accident  and  the  cut  has  started  bleeding  again.    

•  The  physician  ordered  the  following  coagula.on  tests:  ▫  PT  =  11.0  sec  (9.0-­‐12.8)  ▫  aPTT  =  72.4  sec  (23.1  –  34.3)  ▫  Fibrinogen  =  300  mg/dL  (180  –  410)  ▫  Thrombin  Time  =  18  sec  (16  –  24)  

•  What  addi.onal  ques.ons  might  you  ask?    ▫  Which  pathway  is  involved?  

�  Intrinsic    ▫  Mixing  study?  

�  aPTT  Mix  �  If  it  corrects?  

▫  Factor  assays    �  FVIII,  IX,  XI,  XIII  �  Name?    

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Case  3  •  A  35-­‐y-­‐o-­‐f  is  scheduled  for  surgery  and  comes  in  for  pre-­‐admission  tes.ng.    

•  Coagula.on  tests  ▫  PT  =  18.0  sec  (9.0-­‐12.8)  ▫  aPTT  =  72.4  sec  (23.1  –  34.3)  ▫  Fibrinogen  =  300  mg/dL  (180  –  410)  ▫  Thrombin  Time  =  18  sec  (16  –  24)  

▫  Which  pathway  is  involved?  �  Intrinsic  and  Extrinsic  

▫  Mixing  study?  �  PT  and  PTT  Mix  �  If  both  correct?  

▫  Factor  assays    �  FX,  FV,  FII  �  Name?    

25

Page 26: Lecture 3, spring 2014

Causes  of  Bleeding  •  Primary  Hemosta.c  Defects  ▫  Platelets    ▫  Blood  vessels    

•  Secondary  Hemosta.c  Defects  ▫  Factor  Deficiencies  �  <  50%  ac.vity  ▫  Inhibitor  

�  Specific    �  Lupus  An.coagulant  (global)  �  Heparin  (global)    

26

Page 27: Lecture 3, spring 2014

Algorithm  of  Mixing  Tests  

27

Mixing:    Pa.ent  Plasma  +  Normal  Plasma  

Correc.on   No  Correc.on  

Prolonga.on  of  the  Coagula.on  Time  of  the  Screening  Test  

Lupus  An.coagulant   Specific  Factor  Inhibitor    Factor  Deficiency  

Page 28: Lecture 3, spring 2014

Mixing  Studies  •  Look  for  the  presence  of:  ▫  Factor  Deficiency  versus  Inhibitor  

28

Step  1  Mix  and  Run                                                                                                                                                                      Step  2  Mix  and  Run                  

TUBE 1

1 mL PNP

TUBE 2 300 uL PNP

300 uL patient plasma

TUBE 3

1 mL patient plasma

TUBE 3

Patient plasma

TUBE 2 300 uL PNP

300 uL patient plasma

TUBE 1

PNP

Run  immediately  

Run  aner  1  hour  incuba.on  

Incubate  @  37oC  

PT  /  aPTT  are  normal  when  the  factor  levels  are  50%  

Page 29: Lecture 3, spring 2014

Interpre.ng  Mixing  Studies  

�  If  the  50/50  corrects  aner  the  immediate  and  remains  corrected  aner  the  60  minute  incuba.on    �  Factor  Deficiency  �  Follow-­‐up  with  specific  factor  assays  

�  If  the  50/50  corrects  aner  the  immediate,  but  prolongs  aner  the  60  minute  incuba.on  �  Time-­‐dependent  inhibitor  –  usually  a  specific  factor  inhibitor  �  ~  15%  of  LA’s  may  be  .me-­‐and-­‐temperature  dependent  �  Follow-­‐up  with  a  specific  factor  assay  and  specific  factor  inhibitor  assay  

 �  If  the  50/50  prolongs  aner  the  immediate  and  remains  prolonged  aner  the  60  

minute  incuba.on  �  Nonspecific  inhibitor  such  as  a  lupus  an;coagulant  �  Follow-­‐up  with  Lupus  an.coagulant  assay  

 

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Lupus  An.coagulant/APAs  

•  Lupus  An.coagulant  ▫  Auto-­‐an.bodies  directed  against  phospholipid-­‐binding  proteins  ▫  Targets  

�  β2GPI—thrombosis    �  Prothrombin—bleeding  �   PC,  PS,  Annexin  V—thrombosis    

•  Paradox  ▫  Prolonged  cloung  .me  in  vitro    ▫  Thrombosis  in  vivo    

YY

Y β2GPI orProthrombin

Membrane

YAntibody:lupus anticoagulantanticardiolipinantiphosphatidylserineanti β2GPIanti Annexin V

ANTIBODY-MEDIATED THROMBOSIS

YY

Y

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Page 31: Lecture 3, spring 2014

dRVVT  Screen  (Normal  plasma)  

31

Xa  

X  

Va  Xa  

Prothrombin  

dRVVT  

Thrombin  Ca2+  

Fibrinogen   Fibrin  

Phospholipid  (PF3)      

Page 32: Lecture 3, spring 2014

dRVVT  Screen  (Lupus  An.coagulant)  

32

Xa  

X  

Va  Xa  

Prothrombin  

dRVVT  

Thrombin  Ca2+  

Fibrinogen   Fibrin  

Low  Phospholipid  

Content  

Page 33: Lecture 3, spring 2014

dRVVT  Confirm  (LA)  

33

Xa  

X  

Va  Xa  

Prothrombin  

dRVVT  

Thrombin  Ca2+  

Fibrinogen   Fibrin  

High  Phospholipid  

Content  

Page 34: Lecture 3, spring 2014

Mixing  Studies  

•  1                                                                                                              

•  2  

•  3  

34

Pa;ent   50/50  Mix   PNP  

50.1   30.2   32.0      immediate  

51.0   31.1   31.9      60  minutes  

Pa;ent   50:50  Mix   PNP  

45.0   44.0   30.1      immediate  

45.9   51.1   31.2      60  minutes  

Pa;ent   50/50  Mix   PNP  

42.0   31.1   31.1      immediate  

43.0   49.8   30.8    60  minutes  

Page 35: Lecture 3, spring 2014

35

Mixing  Studies  

PT-pre PT-post

Patient 18.0 18.9

50/50 mix 11.9 12.1

PNP 12.0 12.5

aPTT aPTT

Patient 45.0 45.0

50/50 mix 32.1 33.1

PNP 32.1 32.9

aPTT aPTT

Patient 45.0 45.3

50/50 mix 45.0 62.3

PNP 32.0 33.0

Page 36: Lecture 3, spring 2014

The  End  

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