lecture 4 outline (ch. 9) i.cell signaling overview ii.signal transduction iii. general cell...
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Lecture 4 Outline (Ch. 9)
I. Cell Signaling Overview
II. Signal Transduction
III. General Cell Responses
IV. Reception in Detail
V. Transduction in Detail
VI. Exam Review
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Cell Signaling = Signal Transduction
Signal Transduction – receiving a signal & relaying the response
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Reception Transduction Response
Receptor
Relay molecules
Signalingmolecule
Activationof cellularresponse
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Signal Transduction
Cell phone rings You listen to your friend
You drive somewhere
Response variable
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Sending the Signal
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Reception – receptors for hydrophilic molecules
Signal called a ligand
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Reception – receptors for hydrophobic molecules
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Transduction – relay the signal
• Phosphorylation: adding a phosphate group
• Used to activate proteins already in the cell
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Signaling molecule
ReceptorActivated relaymolecule
Inactiveprotein kinase
1 Activeproteinkinase
1
Inactiveprotein kinase
2
ATPADP Active
proteinkinase
2
P
PPP
Inactiveprotein kinase
3
ATPADP Active
proteinkinase
3
P
PPP
i
ATPADP P
ActiveproteinPP
P i
Inactiveprotein
Cellularresponse
Phosphorylation cascadei
• hydrophilic signals
Receptor alerts molecules inside the cell = phosphorylation
Transduction – relay the signal
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First messenger
G proteinAdenylylcyclase
GTP
ATPcAMP
Secondmessenger
Proteinkinase A
G protein-coupledreceptor
Cellular responses
Transduction – relay the signal
• Or use second messengers
= small molecules inside cell
• examples: cAMP, ATP, Ca++
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Interdigital tissue
1 mm
Response – cell does something
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protein (active)Inhibits activity
Mitochondrion
Receptorfor death-signalingmolecule
Inactive proteins
(a) No death signal
Response – ex. No death signal, cell lives
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(b) Death signal
Death-signalingmolecule
(inactive)Cellformsblebs
Active Active
Activationcascade
Otherproteases
Nucleases
Response – ex. Death signal, cell undergoes apoptosis
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Growth factor
Receptor
Phosphorylationcascade
Reception
Transduction
Activetranscriptionfactor
ResponseP
Inactivetranscriptionfactor
CYTOPLASM
DNA
NUCLEUS mRNA
Gene
Signal transduction = reception, transduction, response
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Lecture 4 Summary
1. Cell Signaling Overview (Ch. 9)- Reception- Transduction- Response
2. Sending the signal (Ch. 9)- Contact, paracrine, endocrine, synaptic- Hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic ligands
3. Signal Reception (Ch. 9)
4. Transduction (Ch. 9)- Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation- Cascades/amplification- Second messengers
5. Cellular Response (Ch. 9)
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Exam I Review
Actually write down info – I may collect some of this….
For each of the following images, discuss with your partner briefly and agree what the image is showing.
THEN, each person write their own question about this topic – avoid simple questions such as “what is this image” in favor of concepts about the image.
THEN, exchange questions with your neighbor and solve/answer.
Discuss your answers and grade each other.
I may call on specific teams to provide examples of their questions (remember, if I like them, they may appear on the test!)
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Photosynthesis:(Endergonic)
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Activeproteinkinase
1
Inactiveprotein kinase
2ATP
ADP
Activeproteinkinase
2
P
P
PP
i
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