lecture 5 phases of parturition stages of labor mechanism of normal labor in occiput presentation
DESCRIPTION
Lecture 5 PHASES OF PARTURITION STAGES OF LABOR MECHANISM OF NORMAL LABOR IN OCCIPUT PRESENTATION. Prof. Vlad TICA, MD, PhD. PHASES OF PARTURITION. Labor : uterine contractions that effect dilatation of cervix and force fetus through birth canal - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Lecture 5Lecture 5PHASES OF PARTURITIONPHASES OF PARTURITION
STAGES OF LABORSTAGES OF LABOR
MECHANISM OF NORMAL LABOR IN MECHANISM OF NORMAL LABOR IN OCCIPUT PRESENTATIONOCCIPUT PRESENTATION
Prof. Vlad TICA, MD, PhDProf. Vlad TICA, MD, PhD
PHASES OF PARTURITIONLabor : uterine contractions that effect dilatation
of cervix and force fetus through birth canal
Parturition: bringing forth of young, encompass all physiological processes involved in birthing
Phase 0: Prelude to Parturition
Phase 1: Preparation for Labor
Phase 2: Process of Labor
Phase 3: Parturition Recovery
PHASES OF PARTURITION & ONSET OF LABOR
Divide 4 uterine phases: correspond to major physiological transient of myometrium and cervix during pregnancy
PHASE 0: UT QUIESCENCEUterine smooth m tranquility with maintenance
of cervical structural integrity
Unresponsive to natural stimuli, contractile paralysis
Myometrium : quiescent state
Cervix : firm unyielding
Successful anatomical structural integrity :essential for successful parturition
Some myometrial contraction occur not cause cervix dilation Braxton-Hicks contraction / false labor
Braxton – Hicks contraction or false labor
• myometrial contractions that do not cause cervical dilatation
• unpredictability in occurrence
• lack of intensity
• brevity of duration
• discomfort – confined to low abdomen & groin
PHASE 0: UT QUIESCENCE
PHASE 1: PREPARATION FOR LABOR
Uterine awakening or activation
Progression of change in uterus during last 6-8 weeks of pregnancy
Cervical change
Myometrial change
CERVICAL CHANGE
Initiation of parturition: Cx soften, yield, more readily dilatable
Fundus transformed to produce effective contraction that drive fetus through Cx & birth canal
Failure of coordinated interaction unfavorable preg outcome
PHASE 1: PREPARATION FOR LABOR
CERVICAL CHANGE
Change of state of bundles of collagen fiber Collagen breakdown & rearrangement of collagen
fiber bundles (number & size)
Chages in relative amount of glycosaminoglycans (hyaluronic acid, capacity of Cx to retain water) Dermatan sulfate (need for collagen fiber cross
linking)
Production of cytokine degrade collgen
Cx thinning, softening relaxation Cx initiate diatation
PHASE 1: PREPARATION FOR LABOR
CERVICAL CHANGE
PG E2 & F2a : modification of collagen & alteration in relative amount of glycosaminoglycans
Cx softening or ripenning to facilitate induction of labor
PHASE 1: PREPARATION FOR LABOR
MYOMETRIAL CHANGE
Increase Ut irritability & responsiveness to uterotonins
Alterations in expression of key enzyme CAP (contraction-associated proteins) - control myometrium contractility
Myometrial oxytocin R
Myometrial cell gap junction protein (ex connexin -43)
Formation lower Ut segment
PHASE 1: PREPARATION FOR LABOR
PHASE 2 : PROCESS OF LABORActive labor : Ut contrations bring about
progressive cervical dilatation & delivery3 stage of labor
1st STAGE OF LABORbegins when uterine contraction of sufficient
frequency, intensity & durationends when Cx is fully dilatated (10cm)stage of cervical effacement & dilatation
2nd STAGE OF LABORbegins when complete dilatation of Cxends with delivery of fetusstage of expulsion of fetus
PHASE 2: PROCESS OF LABOR
3rd STAGE OF LABOR
begins after delivery of fetus
ends with delivery of placenta and fetal membranes
stage of separation & expulsion of placenta
4th STAGE OF LABOR
begins after placenta and fetal membranes
ends after 2 hours
stage of immediate puerperium
PHASE 2: PROCESS OF LABOR
PHASE 2: PROCESS OF LABOR
PHASE 2: PROCESS OF LABOR
Formation of distinct lower & upper Ut segment:
• 2 distinct parts (anatomically & physiologically)
1. UPPER SEGMENT actively contracting becomes thicker as labor advances quite firm or hard
2. LOWER SEGMENT relatively passive develops into a much thinly walled passage for
the fetus much less firm
1st STAGE OF LABOR: CLINICAL ONSET OF LABOR
SEQUENCE OF DEVELOPMENT OF SEGMENT & RING IN UTERUS
IN PREGNANT WOMEN AT TERM & IN LABOR
Cx near end of pregnacy before labor
Beginning effacement of Cx
Cervical canal obliteratedFurther effacement of Cx
CERVICAL CHANGE INDUCED DURING 1st STAGE OF LABOR
2 phases of cervical dilatation:
1. LATENT PHASE• more variable• subject to sensitive changes by extraneous
factors & by sedation (prolongation) & myometrial
stimulation (shortening)
2. ACTIVE PHASE• acceleration phase - usually predictive of
outcome • phase of maximum slope• deceleration phase
CERVICAL CHANGE INDUCED DURING 1st STAGE OF LABOR
• In many nulliparas
• engagement accomplished before labor begins
• further descent not occur until late in labor
• increased rates of descent are ordinarily observed
during the phase of maximum slope
2nd STAGE OF LABOR: FETAL DESCENT
2nd STAGE OF LABOR: FETAL DESCENT
Labor course divided fuctionally on basis of expected evolution of dilatation & descent curves into 3 divisions:
PREPARATORY DIVISION - latent & acceleration phases
DILATATIONAL DIVISION - phase of maximum slope of cervical dilatation - most rapid rate of dilatation occur PELVIC DIVISION - deceleration phase & second stage while
concurrent with phase of maximum slope of fetal descent
2nd STAGE OF LABOR: FETAL DESCENT
3rd STAGE OF LABOR: DELIVERY OF PLACENTA & MEMBRANES
4th STAGE OF LABOR: IMMEDIATE PUERPERIUM
PHASE 3 OF PARTURITION: PROCESS OF LABOR
Immediately after delivery & for 2 hours or so thereafter, myometrium in state of rigid & persistent contraction & retraction
effect compression of large Ut vessels
Severe PPH prevented
Involution of Ut & reinstitution of ovulation
Complete Ut involution : 4~6 wks
Infertility persist as long as breast feeding is continued ( lactation anovulation & amenorrhea)
FETAL LIE
The relation of the long axis of the fetus to that of the mother
Longitudinal lie - found in 99% of labours at term
Transverse lie - multiparity, placenta praevia, hydramnios, uterine anomalies
Oblique lie: unstable (become logitudinal or transversal)
By abdominal palpation, vaginal examination, and auscultation, or by technical means (USG, X-ray)
LIE, PRESENTATION, ATTITUDE & POSITION
FETAL PRESENTATION
The presenting part is the portion of the body of the fetus that is foremost in the birth canal
The presenting part can be felt through the cervix on vaginal examination
Longitudinal lie cephalic presentation breech presentation
Transverse lie shoulder presentation
LIE, PRESENTATION, ATTITUDE & POSITION
CEPHALIC PRESENTATION
Head is flexed sharply vertex / occiput presentation
Head is extended sharply face presentation
Partially flexed bregma presenting (sinciput presentation)
Partially extended brow presentation
LIE, PRESENTATION, ATTITUDE & POSITION
BREECH PRESENTATION
Frank breech
Complete breech
Footling breech
LIE, PRESENTATION, ATTITUDE & POSITION
LIE, PRESENTATION, ATTITUDE & POSITION
ATTITUDE
Posture of the fetus folded on itself to accommodate the shape of the uterus
Flexed head, thighs, knees &feet
The arms crossed over the chest
Face presentation extended concave contour of the vertebral column
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11
A
B
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F
cD
Longitudinal lie. Cephalic presentation. Differences in attitude of fetal body,
Note changes in fetal attitude in relation to fetal vertex as the fetal head becomes less flexed
((AA ) )vertexvertex ((BB ) )sinciputsinciput ((CC ) )browbrow ((DD ) )faceface
Longitudinal lie. Frank breech presentation.
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Longitudinal lie. Complete breech presentation.
Longitudinal lie. Incomplete, or footling, breech presentation
POSITIONThe relation of an arbitrary chosen point of the
fetal presenting part to the Rt or Lt side of the maternal birth canal
The chosen point: Vertex presentation occiputFace presentation mentumBreech presentation sacrum
Each presentation has 2 positions: Rt or Lt
Each position has 3 varieties : anterior, transverse, posteriorOA
OP
LOTROT
LOAROA
LOPROP
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LONGITUDINAL LIE VERTEX PRESENTATIONLOALOA LOPLOP
s
A
Longitudinal lie. Vertex presentation
Right occiput posterior (ROP)Right occiput posterior (ROP) Right occiput transverse (ROT)Right occiput transverse (ROT)
(1 bJ 3~Sf a!w Ccht p(fit tb fe
w
c
al ta tb oj
Right occiput anterior (ROA)
FREQUENCY OF VARIOUS PRESENTATIONS & POSITIONS
AT TERMVertex 96% 2/3 Lt 1/3 Rt
Breech 3.5%
Face 0.3%
Shoulder 0.4%
Longitudinal lie. Face presentation. Left and right anterior and posterior positions.
Right mento-posteriorRight mento-posteriorRight mento-anteriorRight mento-anteriorLeft mento-anteriorLeft mento-anterior
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Longitudinal lie. Breech presentation LSP
Transverse lie. Right acromio-dorso-posterior position (RADP). The shoulder of the fetus is to the mother's right, and the back is posterior
MECHANISM OF LABOUR WITH OCCIPUT PRESENTATIONS
THE CARDINAL MOVEMENTS OF LABOUR1 - ENGAGEMENT
The greatest transverse diameter BPD passes through the pelvic inlet
It may occur in the last few weeks of pregnancy or only in labour especially in multipara
The fetus enters the pelvis in transverse or oblique diameter
LOT 40%ROT 20%OP 20% ROP > LOP ROA / LOA 20%
THE CARDINAL MOVEMENTS OF LABOURAsynclitism
The sagittal sutures of the head deflects ant towards the symphysis pubis or post towards the sacrum
2 - DESCENTIn nullipara engagement takes place before the
onset of labour & further descent may not occur till the 2nd stage
In multipara descent begins with engagement
It is gradually progressive till the fetus is delivered
It is affected by the uterine contractions & thinning of the lower segment
Anterior asynclitism Naegele's obliquity
Normal synclitism
Posterior asynclitism Litzmann's
obliquity Ear presentation
3-FLEXION
The descending head meets resistance of pelvic floor, Cx & walls of the pelvis flexion
The shorter suboccipito-begmatic is substituted for the longer occipito-frontal
Lever action producing flexion of the head; conversion from occipito-frontal to suboccipito-bregmatic diameter typically reduces
the anteroposterior diameter from nearly 12 to 9.5 cm
A
c
4 degrees of head flexion
Indicated by the solid line the occipitomental diameter; the broken line connects the center of the anterior fontanel with posterior fontanel:
A. Flexion poorB. Flexion moderateC. Flexion advancedD. Flexion complete
Note that with flexion complete the chin is on the chest, and the suboccipitobregmatic diameter, the shortest anteroposterior diameter of the fetal head, is passing through the pelvic inlet
A
c
D
4-INTERNAL ROTATIONTurning of the head from the OT position
anteriorly towards the symphysis pubis ie. Occiput moves from transverse to anterior 45º
Less commonly OT posteriorly towards the sacrum 135º
It is not accomplished till the head has reached the spines
The levator ani muscles form a V shaped sling that tend to rotate the vertex anteriorly
It is completed by the time the head reaches the pelvic floor 2/3 or shortly after ¼
EXTENSIONWhen the flexed head reaches the vulva it
undergoes extension the base of the occiput will be in direct contact with the inferior margin of the symphysis pubis
Crowning the largest diameter of the fetal head is encircled by the vulvar ring
The head is born by further extension as the occiput, bregma, forehead, nose, mouth & chin pass successively over the perineum
EXTERNAL ROTATION RESTITUTIONAfter delivery of the head it returns to the position it
occupied at engagement, the natural position relative to the shoulders (oblique position)
Then the fetal body will rotate to bring one shoulder anterior behind the symphysis pubis (biacromial diameter into the APD of the pelvic outlet)
Restitution is followed by complete external rotation to transverse position (occiput lies to next to left maternal thigh)
The anterior shoulder slips under the pubis
By lateral flexion of the fetal body the post shoulder will be delivered & the rest of the body will follow
302
2.Engagement;descent, flexion 6. Restitution (external rotation)
3. Further descent, internal rotation
4. Complete rotation, beginning extension
Cardinal movements in the mechanism of labor
and delivery, left occiput anterior
position
Mechanism of labor for the left occiput transverse position, lateral view. Posterior asynclitism (A) at the pelvic brim followed by lateral flexion, resulting in anterior asynclitism (B) after engagement, further descent
(C), rotation, and extension (D)
304
F
tl
v
ba f s
OCCIPUT POSTERIOR POSITION
Mechanism of labour is identical to OT & anterior varieties
The occiput rotate to the symphysis pubis
through 135º instead of 90º or 45º
If rotation does not occur direct occiput posterior orpartial rotation transverse arrest
Mechanism of labor for right occiput posterior position, anterior rotation
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