lecture notes

Lecture Notes

Classroom Activity to Accompany Medical Terminology Systems, Sixth EditionBarbara A. Gylys ∙ Mary Ellen Wedding

9Blood, Lymph,

Immune Systems

2

Structure •Blood

• Composed of a liquid called plasma and solid components of cells• Three main types of

cells: erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

9 BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS

3

Function •Blood• Transports oxygen and nutrients to cells.•Removes CO2 and metabolic waste products from cells.


4

Structure •Lymphatic system• Lymph nodes• Lymph vessels and lymph fluid• Tonsils, thymus, and spleen.


5

Function•Lymphatic System•Network of vessels that depends on pumping action of the heart to circulate its substances throughout the body.•Defends the body against disease-causing agents, such as bacteria, viruses, and cancerous cells.


6

Structure and Function ExerciseQ: What are the three main elements in blood?A: Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.Q: What is the main function of leukocytes?A: Provides body defense against infection and aids in tissue repair.Q: What is the main function of platelets (thrombocytes)?A: Initiates blood clotting when injuries occur.Q: What is the purpose of the lymphatic system?A: Transports excess fluid from interstitial spaces in tissues and returns it to the blood. Q: Besides circulating lymphatic substances, what is another primary function of the lymphatic system?A: Defends the body against foreign invaders and harmful agents.

BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS9

7

LeukemiaSigns and Symptoms• Proliferation of white blood cells in circulation.• Fatigue, malaise, easy bruising, and exercise intolerance.• Some chronic forms are asymptomatic.• Splenomegaly and hepatomegaly.


8

LeukemiaTreatment• Depends on type and stage of leukemia.• Variety of chemotherapeutic agents.• Bone marrow transplants.• Blood transfusions.• Stem cell transplantation.• Use of antibiotics to prevent secondary infection.


9

Clinically Related ExerciseQ: Mrs. J is diagnosed with leukemia and asks the nurse to

explain this disease.A: Nurse explains it is a malignancy of blood-forming cells

of the bone marrow.Q: Mary presents with complaints of fatigue, bruising, and

tiring easily during exercise. While examining Mary, the physician discovers an enlargement of the liver and charts her Dx as ________________.

A: hepatomegalyQ: Mr. Z is diagnosed with leukemia and his blood test

reveals a low white blood cell count. The physician advises him to undergo an infusion of blood to ward off possibility of infection. This infusion is known as a blood (collection, purifier, transfusion).

A: transfusion


10

Clinically Related Exercise(continued)Q: The physician charts his findings of an

enlarged spleen as _____________.A: splenomegalyQ: John R suffers from leukemia and presents

to the hospital for a bone marrow transplant. The procedure will reinfuse John’s own bone marrow and is known as a/an (autologous, cadaveric, indirect) transfusion.

A: autologous


11

LymphedemaSigns and Symptoms• Abnormal accumulation of lymph, usually in the extremities.• Symptoms eventually include pallor, weakness, lymph node enlargement, fatigue, fever, and weight loss.• As disease progresses, tachycardia, palpitations, and an increased incidence of infections are common.


12

LymphedemaTreatment• When a person exhibits signs or symptoms

or has anemia or thrombocytopenia, treatment with chemotherapy is usually initiated.• Radiation therapy or corticosteroids may

also be tried.• Complications such as anemia,

hemorrhage, or secondary infections must be treated promptly.


13

Clinically Related Exercise Q: Mr. G presents with swelling and excessive accumulation of lymph in his

right leg. The physician diagnoses this condition as (lymphoma, lymphomegaly, lymphedema).

A: lymphedemaQ: Dr. J detects lymphedema as he examines Mrs. L after her surgery. Dr. J

explains that this condition is due to a blockage in the lymphatic system which prevents drainage of lymph fluid. It is also a common complication following removal of the breast, a surgical procedure called _______.

A: mastectomy Q: The patient has a history of lymphedema and presents with a swollen,

red area of skin that feels hot and tender in the right arm. The physician diagnoses this as skin infection, which is called (cellulitis, hepatitis, lymphadenitis).

A: cellulitis


14

Kaposi SarcomaSigns and Symptoms • Purplish brown papules or plaques on skin and mucous membranes.


15

Kaposi SarcomaSigns and Symptoms (continued)• First appear on lower extremities but spread to upper body, face, mucous membranes of throat, and internal organs.• Closely associated with HIV infection and is considered an “AIDS-defining condition.”


16

Kaposi SarcomaSigns and Symptoms (continued)Treatment • Depends on stage of HIV infection and degree of metastasis.• Common treatment modalities include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, surgery, and immunotherapy.• Palliative treatment and good oral hygiene are essential.


17

Clinically Related ExerciseQ: John is diagnosed with Kaposi sarcoma (KS) and

asks the medical assistant to explain this disease. A: He explains it’s a malignancy of connective tissues,

especially the tissue found under the skin, mucous membranes, and in the lining of lymph vessels; usually associated with HIV.

Q: Mr. M is scheduled for a treatment that uses natural immune substances produced in a laboratory that are administered to destroy cancer cells. This type of treatment is charted as (hormone therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy).

A: immunotherapy


18

Clinically Related Exercise(continued)Q: Mr. Z with a history of HIV+ presents with purplish

brown papules on both arms and legs. The doctor suspects he has a CA that is associated with AIDs. This type of cancer is known as Kaposi ____________.

A: sarcomaQ: A recent liver transplant patient presents with purplish

brown discoloration on her face. The doctor explains she may have a cancer caused from the drugs she is taking to prevent her liver from being rejected by her body. The drugs she is taking to suppress her immune system and prevent organ rejection are known as (hormone therapy, chemotherapy, immunosuppressives).

A: immunosuppressives


19

Medical Vocabulary•anemia•anticoagulants•antigen•erythrocytes•hematologist•hematopoiesis•hemophilia•hemostasis


20

Medical Vocabulary(continued)• immunodeficiency• lymphangioma• lymphocytes• lymphoma• macrocyte• mononucleosis• oncology


21

Medical Vocabulary(continued)• pathogen• pernicious• phagocyte• Pneumocystis• thalassemia• thrombocytes• transfusion


22

Diagnostic Procedures•Bone marrow aspiration•Bone marrow fluid is withdrawn for microscopic evaluation (usually from pelvic bone and rarely the sternum)


23

Diagnostic Procedures (continued)• ELISA• Western blot• Tissue typing


24

Word Building ExerciseQ: Disease of a lymph gland:A: lymphadenopathyQ: Tumor of lymph that is fleshy (cancerous):A: lymphosarcomaQ: Study of serum:A: serologyQ: Process of recording lymph vessel(s):A: lymphangiographyQ: Process of recording lymph gland(s):A: lymphadenographyQ: Cell that is red (red blood cell):A: erythrocyte


25

Medical and Surgical Procedures• Blood transfusion• Bone marrow transplant• Lymphangiectomy


26

Clinically Related ExerciseQ: An MRI reveals a lymphangioma. The physician explains that the tumor needs to be

excised. The term for excision of a lymph vessel is __________________.A: lymphangiectomyQ: Tom is diagnosed with leukemia and referred to a specialist in blood cell diseases.

She prescribes a chemotherapy regimen. A physician who specializes in treatment of blood disorders is called a _____________________.

A: hematologistQ: Bill is diagnosed with leukemia. His physician recommends irradiation and

chemotherapy of the bone marrow followed by replacement of healthy blood cells. This type of treatment is called (bone marrow aspiration, bone marrow biopsy, bone marrow transplant).

A: bone marrow transplantQ: Jason undergoes magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that reveals a tumor composed

of lymph vessels. This tumor is known as a ______________________.A: lymphangioma


27

Pharmacology•Anticoagulants• Immunizations• Immunosuppressants•Thrombolytics


28

Clinically Related ExerciseQ: Mr. B is diagnosed with a thrombus. To dissolve the blood clot the doctor

prescribes a/an (immunization, immunosuppressant, thrombolytic).A: thrombolyticQ: To prevent the formation of a postsurgical blood clot, the physician

prescribes a/an (anticoagulant, immunization, immunosuppressant).A: anticoagulantQ: To prevent rejection of Mary’s recently transplanted kidney, the physician

prescribed a/an (anticoagulant, immunosuppressant, thrombolytic).A: immunosuppressantQ: The American Medical Association (AMA) recommends vaccination of

immune globulins to induce immunity to certain infectious diseases. These vaccinations are known as (anticoagulants, immunizations, immunosuppressants)

A: immunizations


lecture notes

Documents

infusion of blood

blood transfusions

blood test

blood collection

malignancy of blood

immune systems9

lymph fluidtonsils

initiates blood clotting