Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 12186

Subseries of Lecture Notes in Computer Science

Series Editors

Randy GoebelUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada

Yuzuru TanakaHokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

Wolfgang WahlsterDFKI and Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany

Founding Editor

Jörg SiekmannDFKI and Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/1244

Don Harris • Wen-Chin Li (Eds.)

Engineering Psychologyand Cognitive ErgonomicsMental Workload, Human Physiology,and Human Energy17th International Conference, EPCE 2020Held as Part of the 22nd HCI International Conference, HCII 2020Copenhagen, Denmark, July 19–24, 2020Proceedings, Part I

123

EditorsDon HarrisCoventry UniversityCoventry, UK

Wen-Chin LiCranfield UniversityCranfield, UK

ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic)Lecture Notes in Artificial IntelligenceISBN 978-3-030-49043-0 ISBN 978-3-030-49044-7 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49044-7

LNCS Sublibrary: SL7 – Artificial Intelligence

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of thematerial is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or informationstorage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology nowknown or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoes not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevantprotective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book arebelieved to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editorsgive a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors oromissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims inpublished maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AGThe registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Foreword

The 22nd International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, HCI International2020 (HCII 2020), was planned to be held at the AC Bella Sky Hotel and Bella Center,Copenhagen, Denmark, during July 19–24, 2020. Due to the COVID-19 coronaviruspandemic and the resolution of the Danish government not to allow events larger than500 people to be hosted until September 1, 2020, HCII 2020 had to be held virtually. Itincorporated the 21 thematic areas and affiliated conferences listed on the followingpage.

A total of 6,326 individuals from academia, research institutes, industry, and gov-ernmental agencies from 97 countries submitted contributions, and 1,439 papers and238 posters were included in the conference proceedings. These contributions addressthe latest research and development efforts and highlight the human aspects of designand use of computing systems. The contributions thoroughly cover the entire field ofhuman-computer interaction, addressing major advances in knowledge and effectiveuse of computers in a variety of application areas. The volumes constituting the full setof the conference proceedings are listed in the following pages.

Τhe HCI International (HCII) conference also offers the option of “late-breakingwork” which applies both for papers and posters and the corresponding volume(s)of the proceedings will be published just after the conference. Full papers will beincluded in the “HCII 2020 - Late Breaking Papers” volume of the proceedings to bepublished in the Springer LNCS series, while poster extended abstracts will be includedas short papers in the “HCII 2020 - Late Breaking Posters” volume to be published inthe Springer CCIS series.

I would like to thank the program board chairs and the members of the programboards of all thematic areas and affiliated conferences for their contribution to thehighest scientific quality and the overall success of the HCI International 2020conference.

This conference would not have been possible without the continuous and unwa-vering support and advice of the founder, Conference General Chair Emeritus andConference Scientific Advisor Prof. Gavriel Salvendy. For his outstanding efforts,I would like to express my appreciation to the communications chair and editor ofHCI International News, Dr. Abbas Moallem.

July 2020 Constantine Stephanidis

HCI International 2020 Thematic Areasand Affiliated Conferences

Thematic areas:

• HCI 2020: Human-Computer Interaction• HIMI 2020: Human Interface and the Management of Information

Affiliated conferences:

• EPCE: 17th International Conference on Engineering Psychology and CognitiveErgonomics

• UAHCI: 14th International Conference on Universal Access in Human-ComputerInteraction

• VAMR: 12th International Conference on Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality• CCD: 12th International Conference on Cross-Cultural Design• SCSM: 12th International Conference on Social Computing and Social Media• AC: 14th International Conference on Augmented Cognition• DHM: 11th International Conference on Digital Human Modeling and Applications

in Health, Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management• DUXU: 9th International Conference on Design, User Experience and Usability• DAPI: 8th International Conference on Distributed, Ambient and Pervasive

Interactions• HCIBGO: 7th International Conference on HCI in Business, Government and

Organizations• LCT: 7th International Conference on Learning and Collaboration Technologies• ITAP: 6th International Conference on Human Aspects of IT for the Aged

Population• HCI-CPT: Second International Conference on HCI for Cybersecurity, Privacy and

Trust• HCI-Games: Second International Conference on HCI in Games• MobiTAS: Second International Conference on HCI in Mobility, Transport and

Automotive Systems• AIS: Second International Conference on Adaptive Instructional Systems• C&C: 8th International Conference on Culture and Computing• MOBILE: First International Conference on Design, Operation and Evaluation of

Mobile Communications• AI-HCI: First International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in HCI

Conference Proceedings Volumes Full List

1. LNCS 12181, Human-Computer Interaction: Design and User Experience (Part I),edited by Masaaki Kurosu

2. LNCS 12182, Human-Computer Interaction: Multimodal and Natural Interaction(Part II), edited by Masaaki Kurosu

3. LNCS 12183, Human-Computer Interaction: Human Values and Quality of Life(Part III), edited by Masaaki Kurosu

4. LNCS 12184, Human Interface and the Management of Information: DesigningInformation (Part I), edited by Sakae Yamamoto and Hirohiko Mori

5. LNCS 12185, Human Interface and the Management of Information: Interactingwith Information (Part II), edited by Sakae Yamamoto and Hirohiko Mori

6. LNAI 12186, Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics: MentalWorkload, Human Physiology, and Human Energy (Part I), edited by Don Harrisand Wen-Chin Li

7. LNAI 12187, Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics: Cognition andDesign (Part II), edited by Don Harris and Wen-Chin Li

8. LNCS 12188, Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction: DesignApproaches and Supporting Technologies (Part I), edited by Margherita Antonaand Constantine Stephanidis

9. LNCS 12189, Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction: Applications andPractice (Part II), edited by Margherita Antona and Constantine Stephanidis

10. LNCS 12190, Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality: Design and Interaction(Part I), edited by Jessie Y. C. Chen and Gino Fragomeni

11. LNCS 12191, Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality: Industrial and EverydayLife Applications (Part II), edited by Jessie Y. C. Chen and Gino Fragomeni

12. LNCS 12192, Cross-Cultural Design: User Experience of Products, Services, andIntelligent Environments (Part I), edited by P. L. Patrick Rau

13. LNCS 12193, Cross-Cultural Design: Applications in Health, Learning,Communication, and Creativity (Part II), edited by P. L. Patrick Rau

14. LNCS 12194, Social Computing and Social Media: Design, Ethics, User Behavior,and Social Network Analysis (Part I), edited by Gabriele Meiselwitz

15. LNCS 12195, Social Computing and Social Media: Participation, User Experience,Consumer Experience, and Applications of Social Computing (Part II), edited byGabriele Meiselwitz

16. LNAI 12196, Augmented Cognition: Theoretical and Technological Approaches(Part I), edited by Dylan D. Schmorrow and Cali M. Fidopiastis

17. LNAI 12197, Augmented Cognition: Human Cognition and Behaviour (Part II),edited by Dylan D. Schmorrow and Cali M. Fidopiastis

18. LNCS 12198, Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety,Ergonomics and Risk Management: Posture, Motion and Health (Part I), editedby Vincent G. Duffy

19. LNCS 12199, Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety,Ergonomics and Risk Management: Human Communication, Organization andWork (Part II), edited by Vincent G. Duffy

20. LNCS 12200, Design, User Experience, and Usability: Interaction Design (Part I),edited by Aaron Marcus and Elizabeth Rosenzweig

21. LNCS 12201, Design, User Experience, and Usability: Design for ContemporaryInteractive Environments (Part II), edited by Aaron Marcus and ElizabethRosenzweig

22. LNCS 12202, Design, User Experience, and Usability: Case Studies in Public andPersonal Interactive Systems (Part III), edited by Aaron Marcus and ElizabethRosenzweig

23. LNCS 12203, Distributed, Ambient and Pervasive Interactions, edited by NorbertStreitz and Shin’ichi Konomi

24. LNCS 12204, HCI in Business, Government and Organizations, edited by FionaFui-Hoon Nah and Keng Siau

25. LNCS 12205, Learning and Collaboration Technologies: Designing, Developingand Deploying Learning Experiences (Part I), edited by Panayiotis Zaphiris andAndri Ioannou

26. LNCS 12206, Learning and Collaboration Technologies: Human and TechnologyEcosystems (Part II), edited by Panayiotis Zaphiris and Andri Ioannou

27. LNCS 12207, Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population: Technologies,Design and User Experience (Part I), edited by Qin Gao and Jia Zhou

28. LNCS 12208, Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population: Healthy and ActiveAging (Part II), edited by Qin Gao and Jia Zhou

29. LNCS 12209, Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population: Technology andSociety (Part III), edited by Qin Gao and Jia Zhou

30. LNCS 12210, HCI for Cybersecurity, Privacy and Trust, edited by Abbas Moallem31. LNCS 12211, HCI in Games, edited by Xiaowen Fang32. LNCS 12212, HCI in Mobility, Transport and Automotive Systems: Automated

Driving and In-Vehicle Experience Design (Part I), edited by Heidi Krömker33. LNCS 12213, HCI in Mobility, Transport and Automotive Systems: Driving

Behavior, Urban and Smart Mobility (Part II), edited by Heidi Krömker34. LNCS 12214, Adaptive Instructional Systems, edited by Robert A. Sottilare and

Jessica Schwarz35. LNCS 12215, Culture and Computing, edited by Matthias Rauterberg36. LNCS 12216, Design, Operation and Evaluation of Mobile Communications,

edited by Gavriel Salvendy and June Wei37. LNCS 12217, Artificial Intelligence in HCI, edited by Helmut Degen and Lauren

Reinerman-Jones

x Conference Proceedings Volumes Full List

38. CCIS 1224, HCI International 2020 Posters - Part I, edited by ConstantineStephanidis and Margherita Antona

39. CCIS 1225, HCI International 2020 Posters - Part II, edited by ConstantineStephanidis and Margherita Antona

40. CCIS 1226, HCI International 2020 Posters - Part III, edited by ConstantineStephanidis and Margherita Antona

http://2020.hci.international/proceedings

Conference Proceedings Volumes Full List xi

17th International Conference on Engineering Psychologyand Cognitive Ergonomics (EPCE 2020)

Program Board Chairs: Don Harris, Coventry University, UK,and Wen-Chin Li, Cranfield University, UK

• Shan Fu, China• Crystal Ioannou, UAE• Peter Kearney, Ireland• Peng Liu, China• Heikki Mansikka, Finland

• Lothar Meyer, Sweden• Ling Rothrock, USA• Axel Schulte, Germany• Lei Wang, China• Jingyu Zhang, China

The full list with the Program Board Chairs and the members of the Program Boards ofall thematic areas and affiliated conferences is available online at:

http://www.hci.international/board-members-2020.php

HCI International 2021

The 23rd International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, HCI International2021 (HCII 2021), will be held jointly with the affiliated conferences inWashington DC, USA, at the Washington Hilton Hotel, July 24–29, 2021. It willcover a broad spectrum of themes related to Human-Computer Interaction (HCI),including theoretical issues, methods, tools, processes, and case studies in HCI design,as well as novel interaction techniques, interfaces, and applications. The proceedingswill be published by Springer. More information will be available on the conferencewebsite: http://2021.hci.international/.

General ChairProf. Constantine StephanidisUniversity of Crete and ICS-FORTHHeraklion, Crete, GreeceEmail: general_chair@hcii2021.org

http://2021.hci.international/

Contents – Part I

Mental Workload and Performance

Towards a Multimodal Measure for Physiological Behaviours to EstimateCognitive Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Muneeb Imtiaz Ahmad, David A. Robb, Ingo Keller, and Katrin Lohan

Mental Workload and Technostress at Work. Which Perspectivesand Theoretical Frameworks Can Help Us Understand BothPhenomena Together? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

José Manuel Castillo, Edith Galy, and Pierre Thérouanne

Handling Design Tasks: Effects of Music on Mood and Task Performance. . . 31Ying Fang, Ruiqian An, Junxia Wang, and Zhanxun Dong

Relationship Between Thermal Sensation and Human CognitivePerformance Based on PMV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Jiawei Fu, Rui Yan, Fulin Wang, and Liang Ma

The Effect and the Efficiency Balance of Font Size and Font Color Changeon the Human Memory in Chinese Vocabulary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Tse-Wei Fu and Jui-Wen Peng

A Study on Search Performance and Threshold Range of Icons . . . . . . . . . . 62Aiguo Lu and Chengqi Xue

Effects of Digitally Typesetting Mathematics on Working Memory . . . . . . . . 69Francis Quinby, Marco Pollanen, Michael G. Reynolds,and Wesley S. Burr

Ambiguous Goals During Human-Computer Interaction Induce HigherMental Workload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Thea Radüntz, Marion Freyer, and Beate Meffert

Research on Interface Complexity and Operator Fatiguein Visual Search Task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Keran Wang and Wenjun Hou

Assessment of Mental Workload Using Physiological Measureswith Random Forests in Maritime Teamwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Yu Zhang, Yijing Zhang, Xue Cui, Zhizhong Li, and Yuan Liu

The Effect of Time Pressure and Task Difficulty on Human Search. . . . . . . . 111Qianxiang Zhou, Chao Yin, and Zhongqi Liu

Human Physiology, Human Energy and Cognition

Human Energy in Organizations: Theoretical Foundationsand IT-Based Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Michael Fellmann, Fabienne Lambusch, and Oliver Weigelt

Computer-Based Neuropsychological Theory of Mind Assessment:A Validation Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

Gilberto Galindo-Aldana, Alberto L. Morán, Cynthia Torres-González,Lesdly Cabero, and Victoria Meza-Kubo

Augmented Energy for Locomotion: How Do Users Perceive EnergyDynamics in Prototypical Mobility Scenarios? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

Markus Gödker and Thomas Franke

An Exploratory Study on the Perception of Optical Illusions in RealWorld and Virtual Environments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Sophie Giesa, Manuel Heinzig, Robert Manthey, Christian Roschke,Rico Thomanek, and Marc Ritter

Application of a Pictorial Scale of Human Energy in Ecological MomentaryAssessment Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Fabienne Lambusch, Oliver Weigelt, Michael Fellmann,and Katja Siestrup

Using Guided Cognitive Illusions to Compensate for the Motion Limitsof 4D Seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

Zhejun Liu, Guodong Yu, Jing Lin, Tianrun Gu, and Qin Guo

Fostering Flow Experience in HCI to Enhance and AllocateHuman Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

Corinna Peifer, Annette Kluge, Nikol Rummel, and Dorothea Kolossa

New Production Development and Research Based on Interactive EvolutionDesign and Emotional Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

Tianxiong Wang and Meiyu Zhou

Shared Mental Model Processing in Visualization Technologies:A Review of Fundamental Concepts and a Guide to Future Researchin Human-Computer Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

Nor’ain Mohd Yusoff and Siti Salwah Salim

Whether Information Source Should Be Provided in the Responseof Voice Interaction System? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

Yaping Zhang, Ronggang Zhou, Yanyan Sun, Liming Zou,Huiwen Wang, and Min Zhao

xviii Contents – Part I

The Effects of Face Inversion and the Number of Feature Differenceson Eye-Movement Patterns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270

Min-Fang Zhao and Hubert D. Zimmer

A Visual-Based Approach for Manual Operation Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 281Yiyao Zhao, Zhen Wang, Yanyu Lu, and Shan Fu

Hand Movements Influence Time Perception of Visual Stimuliin Sub or Supra Seconds Duration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

Weiqi Zheng, Han Zhao, Yichen Zhang, Jiaxin Ma, and Ziyuan Ren

Managing Human Energy with Music? An Explorative Study of Users’Energy-Related Listening Behaviours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

Mourad Zoubir and Thomas Franke

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

Contents – Part I xix

Contents – Part II

Cognition and Design of Complex and Safety Critical Systems

Measuring Situation Awareness in Control Room Teams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Carolina Barzantny and Carmen Bruder

Exploring the Effects of Large Screen Overview Displaysin a Nuclear Control Room Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Alexandra Fernandes, Alf Ove Braseth, Robert McDonald,and Maren Eitrheim

Operator Actions Outside the Control Room: A Field Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Alexandra Fernandes, Rossella Bisio, and Claire Blackett

Promoting Operational Readiness Through Procedures in Nuclear Domain . . . 42Jari Laarni, Jatta Tomminen, Marja Liinasuo, Satu Pakarinen,and Kristian Lukander

Research on BIM and Mobile Equipment in Substation ConstructionSchedule Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Rui Liu and Fan Liu

Modeling Distributed Situational Awareness to Improve HandlingEmergency Calls in Operation Centres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Marcel Saager and Marie-Christin Harre

Multidimensional Risk Dynamics Modeling on Operator Errorsof Nuclear Power Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Guanyin Wu, Yi Lu, Ming Jia, Zhen Wang, Caifang Peng, Yanyu Lu,and Shan Fu

Using IDHEAS to Analyze Incident Reports in Nuclear Power PlantCommissioning: A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Zijian Yin, Zhaopeng Liu, Dongfang Yang, and Zhizhong Li

Cognitive-Based Severe Accident Information System Developmentin a Human Factors Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

Zheng Zhi, Qiuyu Wang, Haitao Lian, Yufan Wang, Fei Song,and Shuhui Zhang

Human Factors in Human Autonomy Teamingand Intelligent Systems

Mixed-Initiative Human-Automated Agents Teaming:Towards a Flexible Cooperation Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Caroline P. C. Chanel, Raphaëlle N. Roy, Nicolas Drougard,and Frédéric Dehais

A Framework for Human-Autonomy Team Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134Nancy Cooke, Mustafa Demir, and Lixiao Huang

Safety Challenges of AI in Autonomous Systems Design – Solutionsfrom Human Factors Perspective Emphasizing AI Awareness . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Hannu Karvonen, Eetu Heikkilä, and Mikael Wahlström

Human-Autonomy Teaming and Explainable AI Capabilitiesin RTS Games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Crisrael Lucero, Christianne Izumigawa, Kurt Frederiksen, Lena Nans,Rebecca Iden, and Douglas S. Lange

Rationality, Cognitive Bias, and Artificial Intelligence:A Structural Perspective on Quantum Cognitive Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Yoshihiro Maruyama

A Concept on the Shared Use of Unmanned Assets by Multiple Usersin a Manned-Unmanned-Teaming Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

Gunar Roth and Axel Schulte

Allocation of Moral Decision-Making in Human-Agent Teams:A Pattern Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

Jasper van der Waa, Jurriaan van Diggelen,Luciano Cavalcante Siebert, Mark Neerincx, and Catholijn Jonker

The Cueing Effect in Retrieval of Expertise: Designing for FutureIntelligent Knowledge Management System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

Liang Zhang, Xiaoqin Li, Ting Xiong, Xiaoyue Pang, and Jingyu Zhang

The Effect of Group Membership, System Reliability and AnthropomorphicAppearance on User’s Trust in Intelligent Decision Support System . . . . . . . 231

Xiangying Zou, Chunhui Lv, and Jingyu Zhang

Cognitive Psychology in Aviation and Automotive

Assessing Professional Cultural Differences Between Airline Pilotsand Air Traffic Controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

Wesley Tsz-Kin Chan and Wen-Chin Li

xxii Contents – Part II

Comparison of Pedestrians’ Gap Acceptance Behavior Towards Automatedand Human-Driven Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

Wenxiang Chen, Qianni Jiang, Xiangling Zhuang, and Guojie Ma

An Eye Catcher in the ATC Domain: Influence of Multiple Remote TowerOperations on Distribution of Eye Movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

Maik Friedrich, Anneke Hamann, and Jörn Jakobi

Effects of Mental Workload and Risk Perception on Pilots’ SafetyPerformance in Adverse Weather Contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

Shan Gao and Lei Wang

An Object Distance Detection Method for DrivingPerformance Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

Yang Gao, Zhen Wang, and Shan Fu

Understanding Human Behaviour in Flight OperationUsing Eye-Tracking Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

Wojciech Tomasz Korek, Arthur Mendez, Hafiz Ul Asad, Wen-Chin Li,and Mudassir Lone

Research on Eye Ellipse of Chinese Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321Ding Li, Ding Yi, and Shi Huijuan

Evaluating Pilot’s Perceived Workload on Interacting with AugmentedReality Device in Flight Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

Wen-Chin Li, Zepu Yan, Jingyi Zhang, Graham Braithwaite,Samuel Court, Mudassir Lone, and Bikram Thapa

Human-in-the-Loop Evaluation of a Manned-Unmanned System Approachto Derive Operational Requirements for Military Air Missions . . . . . . . . . . . 341

Sebastian Lindner and Axel Schulte

Establishment of National Safety Performance EvaluationIndicator System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

Min Luo, Yijie Sun, and Yanqiu Chen

The Application of Safety II in Commercial Aviation – The OperationalLearning Review (OLR). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368

Pete McCarthy

Spatial Knowledge Acquisition for Cognitive Mapsin Autonomous Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384

Yue Qin and Hassan A. Karimi

Contents – Part II xxiii

Good Boy Here or Bad Boy Far Away? Effects of Digital Nudgingon Booking Decisions in Car Sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398

Tim Schrills, Mourad Zoubir, Jacob Stahl, Katharina Drozniak,and Thomas Franke

Experimental Validation of an Eye-Tracking-Based Computational Methodfor Continuous Situation Awareness Assessment in an Aircraft Cockpit . . . . . 412

Simon Schwerd and Axel Schulte

Investigating the Effect of Conflicting Goals and Transparency on Trustand Collaboration in Multi-team Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426

Verena Vogelpohl, Carmen Bruder, Jana Schadow,and Dirk Schulze Kissing

Usability Evaluation of Car Cockpit Based on MultipleObjective Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441

Chuanxiang Wei, Zhen Wang, and Shan Fu

Design and Research of Civil Aircraft Flap/Flap Control LeverBased on Ergonomics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454

Fang Zhang, Xianchao Ma, Yinbo Zhang, and Ruijie Fan

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463

xxiv Contents – Part II