Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering

Volume 347

Board of Series editors

Leopoldo Angrisani, Napoli, ItalyMarco Arteaga, Coyoacán, MéxicoSamarjit Chakraborty, München, GermanyJiming Chen, Hangzhou, P.R. ChinaTan Kay Chen, Singapore, SingaporeRüdiger Dillmann, Karlsruhe, GermanyHaibin Duan, Beijing, ChinaGianluigi Ferrari, Parma, ItalyManuel Ferre, Madrid, SpainSandra Hirche, München, GermanyFaryar Jabbari, Irvine, USAJanusz Kacprzyk, Warsaw, PolandAlaa Khamis, New Cairo City, EgyptTorsten Kroeger, Stanford, USATan Cher Ming, Singapore, SingaporeWolfgang Minker, Ulm, GermanyPradeep Misra, Dayton, USASebastian Möller, Berlin, GermanySubhas Mukhopadyay, Palmerston, New ZealandCun-Zheng Ning, Tempe, USAToyoaki Nishida, Sakyo-ku, JapanBijaya Ketan Panigrahi, New Delhi, IndiaFederica Pascucci, Roma, ItalyTariq Samad, Minneapolis, USAGan Woon Seng, Nanyang Avenue, SingaporeGermano Veiga, Porto, PortugalHaitao Wu, Beijing, ChinaJunjie James Zhang, Charlotte, USA

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7818

About this Series

“Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering (LNEE)” is a book series which reports thelatest research and developments in Electrical Engineering, namely:

• Communication, Networks, and Information Theory• Computer Engineering• Signal, Image, Speech and Information Processing• Circuits and Systems• Bioengineering

LNEE publishes authored monographs and contributed volumes which presentcutting edge research information as well as new perspectives on classical fields,while maintaining Springer’s high standards of academic excellence. Alsoconsidered for publication are lecture materials, proceedings, and other relatedmaterials of exceptionally high quality and interest. The subject matter should beoriginal and timely, reporting the latest research and developments in all areas ofelectrical engineering.

The audience for the books in LNEE consists of advanced level students,researchers, and industry professionals working at the forefront of their fields. Muchlike Springer’s other Lecture Notes series, LNEE will be distributed throughSpringer’s print and electronic publishing channels.

Prabin Kumar Bora • S.R. Mahadeva PrasannaKandarpa Kumar Sarma • Navajit SaikiaEditors

Advances in Communicationand Computing

123

EditorsPrabin Kumar BoraDepartment of Electronics and ElectricalEngineering

Indian Institute of Technology GuwahatiGuwahati, AssamIndia

S.R. Mahadeva PrasannaDepartment of Electronics and ElectricalEngineering

Indian Institute of Technology GuwahatiGuwahati, AssamIndia

Kandarpa Kumar SarmaDepartment of Electronics andCommunication Technology

Gauhati UniversityGuwahati, AssamIndia

Navajit SaikiaDepartment of Electronics andTelecommunication Engineering

Assam Engineering CollegeGuwahati, AssamIndia

ISSN 1876-1100 ISSN 1876-1119 (electronic)Lecture Notes in Electrical EngineeringISBN 978-81-322-2463-1 ISBN 978-81-322-2464-8 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2464-8

Library of Congress Control Number: 2015939666

Springer New Delhi Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London© Springer India 2015This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or partof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmissionor information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt fromthe relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in thisbook are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor theauthors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein orfor any errors or omissions that may have been made.

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer (India) Pvt. Ltd. is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

The volume is dedicated to everyoneassociated with communication andcomputing.

Preface

The volume Advances in Communication and Computing is a compilation of paperspresented in the 2014 National Workshop on Advances in Communication andComputing (WACC) held at Assam Engineering College, Guwahati, India duringSeptember 26–27, 2014. This volume presents three invited chapters, one each onNetwork Security, Biomedical Signal Processing, and Nanotechnology. These areashave great significance in the current engineering practices. The rest of the chapterscomprise of papers in the areas of Communication System Engineering, SignalProcessing, VLSI & Embedded System, and Computer Engineering & InformationTheory.

The editors offer sincere gratitude to IEEE Kolkata Section, The Institution ofEngineers (India) Assam State Centre, IETE Guwahati Centre, SoftwareTechnology Parks of India, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, IBM,National Instruments, and SpeecHWareNet for their technical support. We alsoextend our gratitude to Oil India Limited, Assam Electronics DevelopmentCorporation Limited, North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited, Indian OilCorporation Limited, Numaligarh Refinery Limited, State Bank of India, and DSSystems for sponsoring the workshop. The editors are thankful to Mr. ManasjyotiBhuyan and Mr. Manash Pratim Bhuyan, and also to the editing and printingsupport staff of Springer for making the compilation possible.

We sincerely hope that this volume will inspire researchers.

Guwahati, India Prabin Kumar BoraSeptember 2014 S.R. Mahadeva Prasanna

Kandarpa Kumar SarmaNavajit Saikia

vii

Acknowledgments

The editors acknowledge the contributions by the authors, reviewers, and everyonewho has contributed directly or indirectly to this book volume.

ix

Committees

Technical Committee

Chair

Prof. Prabin Kumar Bora, IIT Guwahati

Area Chairs

Prof. Diganta Goswami, IIT GuwahatiArea: Computer Science & EngineeringProf. Ratnajit Bhattacharjee, IIT GuwahatiArea: Electronics & Communication Engineering

Members

Dr. A. Rajesh, IIT GuwahatiDr. Aditya B. Kandali, JECDr. Amrita Ganguly, AECDr. Amarendra K. Sarma, IIT GuwahatiDr. Amitabh Chatterjee, IIT GuwahatiProf. Anjana Kakoti Mahanta, Gauhati UniversityDr. Arijit Sur, IIT GuwahatiDr. Bani Kanta Talukdar, AECDr. Bhabesh Deka, Tezpur UniversityMr. Bijuphukan Bhagabati, AMTRONDr. Bubu Bhuyan, NEHUProf. Chitralekha Mahanta, IIT GuwahatiDr. Debadatta Pati, BCETMr. Diganta Kumar Gogoi, Oil India Ltd.Mr. Dipak Das, Gauhati UniversityMr. Dipjyoti Sharma, DBCET GuwahatiProf. Dhruba K. Bhattacharyya, Tezpur University

xi

Prof. Durlav Hazarika, AECMr. Gautam Chakraborty, NERIM GuwahatiMr. Gayadhar Pradhan, NIT PatnaDr. Guruprasad Khataniar, KKHSOUProf. Harshal B. Nemade, IIT GuwahatiDr. Hemanta Kumar Kalita, NEHUDr. Hitesh Tahbildar, AEIDr. Indrani Dakua, DBCETProf. Indrajit Chakraborty, IIT KharagpurProf. Indranil Sengupta, IIT KharagpurProf. Kanak Ch. Sarma, Gauhati UniversityDr. Kandarpa Kumar Sarma, Gauhati UniversityDr. Kannan Karthik, IIT GuwahatiMr. Kaustav Bhattacharya, DBCET GuwahatiDr. K. Manglem Singh, NIT ManipurDr. K. Rakesh Singh, IIT GuwahatiMr. Kumaresh Sarma, Gauhati UniversityDr. L. Joyprakash Singh, NEHUDr. L.N. Sharma, IIT GuwahatiDr. Manas K. Bhuyan, IIT GuwahatiMr. Manasjyoti Bhuyan, Gauhati UniversityProf. M. Bhuyan, Tezpur UniversityMs. Moushumi Baruah, AECMs. Mousmita Sarma, SpeecHWareNetDr. Nalin Behari Dev Choudhury, NIT SilcharMs. Nandini BhattacharyaProf. Nityananda Sarma, Tezpur UniversityDr. Prithwijit Guha, IIT GuwahatiMr. Prabir Kr. Das, STPIDr. Prasanta Gogoi, NMIT BangaloreDr. Rohit Sinha, IIT GuwahatiProf. Roy P. Paily, IIT GuwahatiDr. Rubul Hussain Laskar, NIT SilcharDr. Rupaban Subadar, NEHUProf. Samarendra Dandapat, IIT GuwahatiMr. Samir Kumar Borgohain, NIT SilcharDr. Sarat Saharia, Tezpur UniversityDr. Shaik Rafi Ahamed, IIT GuwahatiProf. Shakuntala Laskar, DBCET GuwahatiProf. Shyamanta M. Hazarika, Tezpur UniversityDr. Subhash C. Arya, NEHUProf. Sukumar Nandi, IIT GuwahatiDr. Sunandan Baruah, DBCET GuwahatiDr. Swarup Roy, NEHUProf. S.R. Mahadeva Prasanna, IIT Guwahati

xii Committees

Dr. S.R. Nirmala, Gauhati UniversityDr. Tony Jacob, IIT GuwahatiMr. Vaskar Deka, Gauhati University

Editorial Committee

Advisors

Prof. Indrajit Chakraborty, IIT KharagpurProf. Indranil Sengupta, IIT KharagpurDr. Jatindra Kr. Deka, IIT GauhatiProf. Kanak Ch. Sarma, Gauhati UniversityMr. Prabir Kr. Das, Software Technology Parks of IndiaDr. Pradeep Kumar Sinha, C-DACProf. Samarendra Dandapat, IIT GuwahatiProf. Sukumar Nandi, IIT GuwahatiProf. Anup Kr. Gogoi, IIT Guwahati

Chief Editor

Prof. Prabin Kumar Bora, IIT Guwahati

Deputy Chief Editor

Prof. S.R. Mahadeva Prasanna, IIT Guwahati

Editors

Dr. Kandarpa Kumar Sarma, Gauhati UniversityDr. Navajit Saikia, Assam Engineering College

Members

Mr. Manasjyoti Bhuyan, Gauhati UniversityMr. Manash Pratim Bhuyan, Assam Engineering College

Organizing Committee

Chief Patron

Dr. Atul BoraDirector of Technical Education, AssamPrincipal, Assam Engineering College

Committees xiii

Patron

Prof. Apurba Kr. Kalita, Assam Engineering College

Chief Convener

Dr. Navajit Saikia, Assam Engineering College

Conveners

Mr. Gunajit Kalita, Assam Engineering CollegeMs. Rashi Borgohain, Assam Engineering College

Advisors

Prof. Ashok Baruah, Assam Engineering CollegeDr. Bichitra Kalita, Assam Engineering CollegeDr. Damodar Agarwal, Assam Engineering CollegeDr. Palash Jyoti Hazarika, Assam Engineering CollegeDr. Ranjit Kumar Dutta, Assam Engineering College

Organizing Secretaries

Mr. Bijoy Goswami, Assam Engineering CollegeMr. Partha Bhowmik, Assam Engineering College

Technical Secretaries

Mr. Mridul Jyoti Roy, Assam Engineering CollegeMs. Riju Kalita, Assam Engineering College

Publicity Secretaries

Mr. Manash Pratim Bhuyan, Assam Engineering CollegeMs. Rajashree Konwar, Assam Engineering College

Members

Mr. Apurba Kalita, Assam Engineering CollegeMr. Gagan Kalita, Assam Engineering CollegeMr. Gokul Ch. Sarma, Assam Engineering CollegeMr. Jogananda Goswami, Assam Engineering CollegeMs. Dharitri Talukdar, Assam Engineering CollegeMs. Pankhi Das, Assam Engineering CollegeMr. Pradip Baishya, Assam Engineering CollegeMs. Ruchira Mazumder, Assam Engineering CollegeMr. Suresh Ch. Haloi, Assam Engineering CollegeMr. Utpal Sarma, Assam Engineering College

xiv Committees

Student Members

Mr. Pallab Nath, Assam Engineering CollegeMr. Pulak Jyoti Roy, Assam Engineering CollegeMr. Pallav Jyoti Bora, Assam Engineering College

Committees xv

Contents

Part I Invited Papers

1 A Discrete Event System Based Approach for ObfuscatedMalware Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Chinmaya K. Patanaik, Ferdous A. Barbhuiya,Santosh Biswas and Sukumar Nandi

2 Quantification of Diagnostic Informationfrom Electrocardiogram Signal: A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17S. Dandapat, L.N. Sharma and R.K. Tripathy

3 ZnO Nanostructures for Alternate Energy Generation . . . . . . . . . 41Sunandan Baruah

Part II Accepted Papers

4 Wavelet and Learning Based Image Compression Systems . . . . . . 61Mayuri Kalita and Kandarpa Kumar Sarma

5 Quantifying Clinical Information in MECG Using Sampleand Channel Convolution Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73R.K. Tripathy and S. Dandapat

6 Application of SHAZAM-Based Audio Fingerprintingfor Multilingual Indian Song Retrieval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81S. Sri Ranjani, V. Abdulkareem, K. Karthik and P.K. Bora

7 Multilevel-DWT-Based Image Denoising Using AdaptiveNeuro-Fuzzy Inference System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Torali Saikia and Kandarpa Kumar Sarma

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8 Active Learning Using Fuzzy k-NN for Cancer Classificationfrom Microarray Gene Expression Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103Anindya Halder, Samrat Dey and Ansuman Kumar

9 A Practical Under-Sampling Pattern for CompressedSensing MRI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Bhabesh Deka and Sumit Datta

10 Semi-automatic Segmentation and Marking of PitchContours for Prosodic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127Biswajit Dev Sarma, Meghamallika Sarma and S.R.M. Prasanna

11 Semi-automatic Syllable Labelling for Assamese LanguageUsing HMM and Vowel Onset-Offset Points. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139Biswajit Dev Sarma, Mousmita Sarma and S.R.M. Prasanna

12 Block Matching Algorithms for Motion Estimation:A Performance-Based Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149Hussain Ahmed Choudhury and Monjul Saikia

13 Stressed Speech Recognition Using Similarity Measurementon Inner Product Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Bhanu Priya and S. Dandapat

14 An Analysis of Indoor Power Line Networkas a Communication Medium Using ABCDMatrices Effect of Loads on the TransferFunction of Power Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Banty Tiru, Rubi Baishya and Utpal Sarma

15 Online and Offline Handwriting Recognition of AssameseLanguage—A Preliminary Idea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183Keshab Nath and Subhash Basishtha

16 Speaker Verification for Variable Duration Segmentsand the Effect of Session Variability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Rohan Kumar Das and S.R.M. Prasanna

17 Two-Dimensional Processing of Multichannel ECGSignals for Efficient Exploitation of Interand Intra-Channel Correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201Anurag Singh and S. Dandapat

xviii Contents

18 DCT-Based Linear Regression Approach for 12-LeadECG Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211Jiss J. Nallikuzhy and S. Dandapat

19 Design, Simulation, and Performance Evaluationof a High Temperature and Low Power ConsumptionMicroheater Structure for MOS Gas Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221Kaushik Das and Priyanka Kakoty

20 Experimental Analysis on the Performance of a NewPreprocessing Method Used in Data Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . 231P. Khanikar, M.P. Bhuyan, R.R. Baruah and H. Sarma

21 Modeling a Nano Cylindrical MOSFET ConsideringParabolic Potential Well Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241Jyotisikha Deka and Santanu Sharma

22 SVD Analysis on Reduced 3-Lead ECG Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253Sibasankar Padhy and S. Dandapat

23 Large Library-Based Regression Test Cases Minimizationfor Object-Oriented Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261Swapan Kumar Mondal and Hitesh Tahbildar

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

Contents xix

Editors and Contributors

About the Editors

Prof. Prabin Kumar Bora (Ph.D., Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore) iscurrently a Professor in the Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering,IIT Guwahati, India. His research interests include image processing, computervision, and application of signal processing techniques to process physiological andcommunication signals. He has guided 7 Ph.D. students and over 50 Master’sstudents. He has co-authored over 100 research papers in journals and conferenceproceedings.

Dr. S.R. Mahadeva Prasanna is currently a Professor in the Department ofElectronics and Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology(IIT) Guwahati, India. He was Associate Professor from August 2007 to April 2012and Assistant Professor from August 2004 to August 2007 in the same department.He obtained Ph.D. from IIT Madras, M.Tech. from NITK Surathkal, and B.E. fromSSIT Tumkur (Bangalore University) in 2004, 1997, and 1994, respectively. Histeaching interests include signal processing and speech processing, and researchinterests include speech and handwriting processing. He has supervised 5 Ph.D.theses in the speech processing area. He has over 100 publications to his credit indifferent conferences and journals. He successfully executed several funded projectsin the speech processing area.

Dr. Kandarpa Kumar Sarma currently an Associate Professor in the Departmentof Electronics and Communication Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati,Assam, India, has over 17 years of professional experience. He has been intoteaching UG/PG level electronics courses including soft computing, mobile com-munication, pattern recognition, digital signal, and image processing. He obtainedM.Tech. in Signal Processing in 2005 and subsequently completed Ph.D. in the areaof Mobile Communication both from Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati,Guwahati, Assam, India. He has authored seven books, several book chapters, andseveral peer-reviewed research papers in international conference proceedings and

xxi

journals. His areas of interest are soft-computation and its applications,knowledge-aided system design, MIMO, mobile communication, antenna design,speech processing, document image analysis and signal processing applications inhigh energy physics, neurocomputing and computational models for social-scienceapplications. He is senior member IEEE (USA), Fellow IETE (India), MemberInternational Neural Network Society (INNS, USA), Life Member ISTE (India),and Life Member CSI (India). He serves as an Editor-in-Chief of InternationalJournal of Intelligent System Design and Computing (IJISDC, UK), guest editor ofseveral international journals, reviewer of over 30 international journals andreviewer/TPC member of over 100 international conferences.

Dr. Navajit Saikia is presently an Assistant Professor in the Department ofElectronics and Telecommunication Engineering at Assam Engineering College,Guwahati, India. He completed his M.Tech. and Ph.D. from IIT Guwahati.Communications and signal processing are the two areas of his teaching interests.He is also looking after the training and placement activities of the college. Hisresearch interests include signal processing, image processing, speech processing,information security, etc. He has published several research papers in journals andconference proceedings.

Contributors

V. Abdulkareem College of Engineering, Cherthala, Malappuram, India

Rubi Baishya Gauhati University, Guwahati, India

Ferdous A. Barbhuiya Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India

R.R. Baruah Gauhati University, Guwahati, India

Sunandan Baruah Assam Don Bosco University, Guwahati, India

Subhash Basishtha Assam University, Silchar, India

M.P. Bhuyan Assam Engineering College, Guwahati, India

Santosh Biswas Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India

P.K. Bora Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India

Hussain Ahmed Choudhury NERIST, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh, India

S. Dandapat Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India

Kaushik Das Tezpur University, Tezpur, India

Rohan Kumar Das Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India

Sumit Datta Tezpur University, Tezpur, India

Bhabesh Deka Tezpur University, Tezpur, India

xxii Editors and Contributors

Jyotisikha Deka Assam Down Town University, Guwahati, India

Samrat Dey Department of Computer Science, Don Bosco College, Tura, India

Anindya Halder Department of Computer Application, North-Eastern HillUniversity, Tura Campus, Tura, India

Priyanka Kakoty Tezpur University, Tezpur, India

Mayuri Kalita Gauhati University, Guwahati, India

K. Karthik Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India

P. Khanikar Assam Engineering College, Guwahati, India

Ansuman Kumar Department of Computer Application, North-Eastern HillUniversity, Tura Campus, Tura, India

Swapan Kumar Mondal University of Science and Technology, Meghalaya,India

Jiss J. Nallikuzhy Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India

Sukumar Nandi Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India

Keshab Nath Assam University, Silchar, India

Sibasankar Padhy Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India

Chinmaya K. Patanaik Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati,India

S.R.M. Prasanna Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India

Bhanu Priya Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India

Monjul Saikia NERIST, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh, India

Torali Saikia Gauhati University, Guwahati, India

Biswajit Dev Sarma Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India

H. Sarma Assam Engineering College, Guwahati, India

Kandarpa Kumar Sarma Gauhati University, Guwahati, India

Meghamallika Sarma Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India

Mousmita Sarma Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India

Utpal Sarma Gauhati University, Guwahati, India

L.N. Sharma Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India

Santanu Sharma Tezpur University, Tezpur, India

Anurag Singh Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India

Editors and Contributors xxiii

S. Sri Ranjani Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India

Hitesh Tahbildar Assam Engineering Institute, Guwahati, India

Banty Tiru Gauhati University, Guwahati, India

R.K. Tripathy Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India

xxiv Editors and Contributors

Acronyms

ANN Artificial Neural Network: Artificial neural networks are non-parametric models inspired by animal central nervous systems.These are particularly the brain that are capable of machine learningand pattern recognition and usually presented as systems ofinterconnected “neurons” that can compute values from inputs byfeeding information through the network

ANFIS Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System: Adaptive neuro fuzzyinference system is a kind of fuzzy and artificial neural network thatis based on Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy inference system

ASR Automatic Speech Recognition: Automatic speech recognition is atechnology by which a computer or a machine is made to recognizethe speech of a human being

AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise: Additive white Gaussian noise is achannel impairment to communication which is additive and showsa constant spectral density and a Gaussian distribution of amplitude

BPA Back Propagation Algorithm: Back propagation algorithm is acommon supervised method of training ANN where from a desiredoutput, the network learns from many inputs

DCT Discrete Cosine Transform: Discrete cosine transform expresses afinite sequence of data points in terms of a sum of cosine functionsoscillating at different frequencies

DWT Discrete Wavelet Transform: Discrete wavelet transform is anywavelet transform for which the wavelets are discretely sampled

ECG Electrocardiography: Electrocardiography is the recording of theelectrical activity of the heart

GDALMBP Gradient Descent with Adaptive Learning Rate and MomentumBack Propagation

GDALRBP Gradient Descent with Adaptive Learning Rate Back PropagationGDBP Gradient Descent Back Propagation: Gradient descent back

propagation is form of ANN training methodGDLMBP Gradient Descent with Levenberg-Marquardt Backpropagation

xxv

GDMBP Gradient Descent with Momentum Back PropagationGMM Gaussian Mixture Model: Gaussian mixture model is a probabilistic

model for representing the presence of subpopulations within anoverall population, without requiring that an observed data-setshould identify the sub-population to which an individualobservation belongs where mixture distribution is Gaussian

GPPC General-Purpose Personal Computer: General-purpose personalcomputers ia a computer built around a microprocessor for use by anindividual having capabilities to perform wide range of tasks

HMM Hidden Markov Model: Hidden Markov models is a statisticalMarkov model in which the system being modeled is assumed to bea Markov process with unobserved or hidden states. It can beconsidered to be the simplest dynamic Bayesian network

HTK Hidden Markov Model Toolkit: Hidden Markov model toolkit is aportable toolkit for building and manipulating hidden Markovmodels. HTK is primarily used for speech recognition researchalthough it has been used for numerous other applications includingresearch into speech synthesis, character recognition and DNAsequencing. HTK is in use at hundreds of sites worldwide

IC Integrated Circuit: Integrated circuit is a set of electronic circuitsembedded on one small chip of semiconductor material, normallysilicon

IEEE Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineering: Institute ofElectronics and Electrical Engineering is a professional associationheadquartered in New York City that is dedicated to advancingtechnological innovation and excellence

LPC Linear Predictive Coding: Linear predictive coding is a tool usedmostly in audio signal processing and speech processing forrepresenting the spectral envelope of digital signal of speech incompressed form, using the information of a linear predictive model

LPCC Linear Prediction Cepstral Coefficients: Linear prediction cepstralcoefficients are the coefficients that can be found by converting theLinear Prediction coefficients into cepstral coefficients

LTI Linear Time Invariant: Linear time invariant refers to the behavior ofa system whose response varies linearly with time

LVQ Learning Vector Quantization: Learning vector quantization is aprototype-based supervised classification algorithm and is thesupervised counterpart of vector quantization systems

MFCC Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficient: Mel frequency cepstralcoefficients are coefficients that collectively make up an MelFrequency Cepstrum which is a representation of the short-termpower spectrum of a sound, based on a linear cosine transform of alog power spectrum on a nonlinear mel scale of frequency

xxvi Acronyms

MIDI Musical Instrument Digital Interface: Musical instrument digitalinterface is a technical standard that describes a protocol, digitalinterface and connectors and allows a wide variety of electronicmusical instruments, computers and other related devices to connectand communicate with one another

MLP Multi-Layer Perceptron: Multi-layer perceptron is a feed-forwardartificial neural network model that maps sets of input data onto a setof appropriate outputs

MP3 MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III: MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 AudioLayer III, more commonly referred to as MP3, is an audio codingformat for digital audio which uses a form of lossy datacompression. It is a common audio format for consumer audiostreaming or storage, as well as a de facto standard of digital audiocompression for the transfer and playback of music on most digitalaudio players

MPEG Moving Pictures Experts Group: Moving Pictures Experts Group isa working group of ISO/IEC with the mission to develop standardsfor coded representation of digital audio and video and related data

MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Magnetic resonance imaging is amedical imaging technique used in radiology to investigate theanatomy and physiology of the body in both health and disease.MRI scanners use strong magnetic fields and radiowaves to formimages of the body

MSB Most Significant Bit: Most significant bit is the bit position in abinary number having the greatest value

MSE Mean Square Error: Mean square error is one of many ways toquantify the difference between values implied by an estimator andthe true values of the quantity being estimated

NOC Network on Chip: Network on chip is a communication subsystemon an integrated circuit (commonly called a “chip”), typicallybetween IP cores in a system on a chip (SoC)

PCA Principal Component Analysis: Principal component analysis is astatistical procedure that uses an orthogonal transformation toconvert a set of observations of possibly correlated variables into aset of values of linearly uncorrelated variables called principalcomponents

PLP Perceptual Linear PredictionPNN Probabilistic Neural Network: Probabilistic neural network is a feed-

forward neural network, which was derived from the Bayesiannetwork and a statistical algorithm called Kernel Fisher discriminantanalysis

Acronyms xxvii

PSNR Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio: Peak signal-to-noise ratio is anengineering term for the ratio between the maximum possible powerof a signal and the power of corrupting noise that affects the fidelityof its representation. Because many signals have a very widedynamic range, PSNR is usually expressed in terms of thelogarithmic decibel scale

RF Radio FrequencyRLE Run-Length Encoding: Run-length encoding is a very simple form

of data compression in which runs of data (that is, sequences inwhich the same data value occurs in many consecutive dataelements) are stored as a single data value and count, rather than asthe original run

RLS Recursive Least Square: Recursive least square is an algorithm usedin adaptive filter which recursively finds the filter coefficients thatminimize a weighted linear least squares cost function relating to theinput signals

ROI Region of Interest: Region of interest is a selected subset of sampleswithin a dataset identified for a particular purpose

SINR Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio: Signal to interference andnoise Ratio is the ratio of signal power to noise power plusinterference power

SNR Signal to Noise Ratio: Signal to noise ratio is the ratio of receivedsignal power to the noise power

SOM Self-Organizing Map: Self-Organizing Map is a type of ANN that istrained using unsupervised learning to produce a low-dimensional(typically two-dimensional), discretized representation of the inputspace of the training samples, called a map

SSE Sum of Squares of Errors: Sum of squares of error is the sum of thesquared differences between each observation and its group’s mean

STFT Short-Time Fourier Transform: Short-Time Fourier Transform oralternatively Short-Term Fourier Transform, is a Fourier-relatedtransform used to determine the sinusoidal frequency and phasecontent of local sections of a signal as it changes over time

SVD Singular Value Decomposition: Singular value decomposition is afactorization of a real or complex matrix, with many usefulapplications in signal processing and statistics

SVM Support Vector Machine: Support vector machine are supervisedlearning models with associated learning algorithms that analyzedata and recognize patterns, used for classification and regressionanalysis

UML Unified Modeling Language: Unified modeling language is ageneral-purpose modeling language in the field of softwareengineering, which is designed to provide a standard way tovisualize the design of a system

xxviii Acronyms

VLSI Very Large Scale Integration: Very large scale integration is theprocess of creating integrated circuits by combining thousands oftransistors into a single chip

WPD Wavelet Packet Decomposition: Wavelet packet decomposition is awavelet transform where the discrete-time (sampled) signal is passedthrough more filters than the discrete wavelet transform (DWT)

WT Wavelet Transform: Wavelet transform is a form of spectraltransformation method used for analysis of signals with time andfrequency content

Acronyms xxix