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Lecture Notes in PhysicsEditorial Board
R. Beig, Wien, AustriaW. Beiglböck, Heidelberg, GermanyW. Domcke, Garching, GermanyB.-G. Englert, SingaporeU. Frisch, Nice, FranceP. Hänggi, Augsburg, GermanyG. Hasinger, Garching, GermanyK. Hepp, Zürich, SwitzerlandW. Hillebrandt, Garching, GermanyD. Imboden, Zürich, SwitzerlandR. L. Jaffe, Cambridge, MA, USAR. Lipowsky, Golm, GermanyH. v. Löhneysen, Karlsruhe, GermanyI. Ojima, Kyoto, JapanD. Sornette, Nice, France, and Zürich, SwitzerlandS. Theisen, Golm, GermanyW. Weise, Garching, GermanyJ. Wess, München, GermanyJ. Zittartz, Köln, Germany
The Lecture Notes in PhysicsThe series Lecture Notes in Physics (LNP), founded in 1969, reports new developmentsin physics research and teaching – quickly and informally, but with a high quality andthe explicit aim to summarize and communicate current knowledge in an accessible way.Books published in this series are conceived as bridging material between advanced grad-uate textbooks and the forefront of research to serve the following purposes:• to be a compact and modern up-to-date source of reference on a well-defined topic;• to serve as an accessible introduction to the field to postgraduate students and nonspe-cialist researchers from related areas;• to be a source of advanced teaching material for specialized seminars, courses andschools.Both monographs and multi-author volumes will be considered for publication. Editedvolumes should, however, consist of a very limited number of contributions only. Pro-ceedings will not be considered for LNP.
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Dr. Christian CaronSpringer HeidelbergPhysics Editorial Department ITiergartenstrasse 1769121 Heidelberg/[email protected]
J. Dolinšek M. Vilfan S. Žumer (Eds.)
Novel NMRand EPR Techniques
ABC
Editors
Professor Dr. Janez Dolinšek+∗Professor Dr. Marija Vilfan∗Professor Dr. Slobodan Žumer+∗
E-mails:
[email protected]@[email protected]
+Physics DepartmentFaculty of Mathematics and PhysicsUniversity LjubljanaJadranska 191000 LjubljanaSlovenia
∗Jozef Stefan InstituteJamova 391000 LjubljanaSlovenia
J. Dolinšek et al., Novel NMR and EPR Techniques,Lect. Notes Phys. 684 (Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2006), DOI 10.1007/b11540830
Library of Congress Control Number: 2006921047
ISSN 0075-8450ISBN-10 3-540-32626-X Springer Berlin Heidelberg New YorkISBN-13 978-3-540-32626-7 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
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This book is dedicated toProfessor Robert Blinc,
with respect and kind regards
Professor Robert Blinc
Preface
This book is a collection of scientific articles on current developments of NMRand ESR techniques and their applications in physics and chemistry. It isdedicated to Professor Robert Blinc, on the occasion of his seventieth birthday,in appreciation of his remarkable scientific accomplishments in the NMR ofcondensed matter. He is a physicist commanding deep respect and affectionfrom those who had the opportunity to work with him.
Robert Blinc was born on October 31, 1933, in Ljubljana, Slovenia. Hegraduated in 1958 and completed his Ph.D in 1959 in physics at the Univer-sity of Ljubljana. His doctoral research on proton tunneling in ferroelectricswith short hydrogen bonds was supervised by Professor Dusan Hadzi. Aftera postdoctoral year spent in the group of Professor John Waugh at M.I.T.,Cambridge, Mass., Robert Blinc was appointed as a professor of physics at theUniversity of Ljubljana at a time when there was scarce research in the fieldof condensed matter in Slovenia. With his far-sighted mind, Robert Blinc,together with Ivan Zupancic, started the NMR laboratory at the Jozef Ste-fan Institute in Ljubljana. He immediately realized the enormous potentialof NMR methods in the research of structure, dynamics, and phase tran-sitions in solids. In the subsequent years he made significant contributionsin applying magnetic resonance to the research of ice, ferroelectric materi-als, liquid crystals, incommensurate systems, spin glasses, relaxors, fullerenes,and fullerene nanomagnets. His work led to the detailed understanding ofthe microscopic nature and properties of those materials. To mention only afew: Robert Blinc and coworkers elucidated the isotopic effect in ferroelec-tric crystals, predicted the Goldstone mode in ferroelectric liquid crystals,studied the impact of collective orientational fluctuations on spin relaxation,detected solitons and phasons in incommensurate systems using NMR, anddetermined the Edwards-Anderson order parameter in glasses and relaxors.He also pioneered the application of NMR to the nondestructive oil-contentmeasurements in seeds and the development of the NMR measurements ofthe self-diffusion coefficient in broad-line materials. In the early stage of thedouble resonance technique, he succeeded in obtaining the first nitrogen NMR
VIII Preface
spectra in nucleic acids and peptides. An important achievement of ProfessorRobert Blinc, which attracted considerable attention in the broad scientificcommunity, is the book Soft Modes in Ferroelectrics and Antiferroelectrics(North Holland), written by him and Bostjan Zeks in 1974. The book wastranslated into Russian (1975) and Chinese (1982) and belongs to the 600most-cited scientific books in the world. Another of his books, written to-gether with Igor Musevic and Bostjan Zeks, The Physics of Ferroelectric andAntiferroelectric Liquid Crystals, was published by World Scientific in 2000.
Apart from being professor of physics at the University of Ljubljana, thehead of the Condensed Matter Physics Department at Jozef Stefan Instituteand a member (and vice-president in the years 1980–1999) of Academy ofScience and Arts of Slovenia, Robert Blinc maintained a wide range of contactswith scientists worldwide. There is an amazingly long list of his internationalscientific activities. To mention only a few of them, he was a visiting professorat the University of Washington in Seattle; ETH Zurich; Federal Universityof Minas Gerais in Belo Horizonte, Brazil; University of Vienna in Austria;University of Utah in Salt Lake City; Kent State University in Ohio, ArgonNational Laboratory, and several others. In the years 1988–1994 he was thepresident of the Groupement AMPERE (Atomes et Molecules Par EtudesRadio Electrique), and president of the European Steering Committee onFerroelectrics (1990–1999). He is a member of seven foreign Academies ofSciences and has received several national and international scientific prizesand medals.
As the head of the Condensed Matter Physics Department at the JozefStefan Institute for more than 40 years, Robert Blinc promoted, in addition toNMR, other experimental techniques: ESR, dielectric measurements, opticalspectroscopy. He also atomic force microscopy. He also took active part insolving theoretical problems related to the systems under study. He was thesupervisor of 67 diploma works and 35 Ph. D. theses in the field of condensedmatter physics in Ljubljana. He can therefore be recognized as the founderand tireless promoter of the condensed matter physics research in Slovenia.
Most of Robert Blinc’s research is tightly related to nuclear magnetic res-onance. Therefore we invited a number of prominent researchers in this fieldto write chapters on the recent condensed matter physics research based onnew NMR and ESR techniques. The book covers:
• Adiabatic and nonadiabatic magnetization caused by rotation of solidswith dipole-dipole coupled spins.
• Magnetic resonance techniques for studying spin-to-spin pair correlationin multi-spin systems.
• Studies of selectively deuterated semisolid materials and anisotropic liquidsby deuterium NMR.
• Initial steps toward quantum computing with electron and nuclear spinsin crystalline solids.
Preface IX
• Laser radiation-induced increase of the spin polarization in various mag-netic resonance experiments.
• Multiple-photon processes in cw and pulse electron paramagnetice reso-nance spectroscopy.
• NMR and EPR for the determination of ion localization and charge trans-fer in metallo-endofullerenes.
• NMR shifts in metal nanoparticles of silver, platinum, and rhodium.• NMR relaxation studies of different superconducting systems.• Investigations of static and dynamic properties of low dimensional mag-
netic systems by NMR.• NMR-NQR relaxation studies of spin fluctuations in two-dimensional
quantum Heisenberg antiferromagnets.• The dynamics of the deuteron glass in KDP type crystals studied by var-
ious one-dimensional and two-dimensional NMR techniques.• Nuclear Magnetic Resonance cryoporometry based on depression of the
melting temperature of liquids confined in pores.
We congratulate Professor Robert Blinc on his great scientific achieve-ments and also express our deep gratitude for his continuous efforts in stim-ulating and supporting the NMR and condensed matter physics community.
Ljubljana Janez DolinsekJune 2005 Marija Vilfan
Slobodan Zumer
Contents
Nuclear Spin Analogues of Gyromagnetism:Case of the Zero-Field Barnett EffectE.L. Hahn, B.K. Tenn, M.P. Augustine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Personal Tribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Parameter Rules for Interpretation of Gyromagnetic Experiments . . 34 Nuclear Spin Analogues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Homonuclear Dipole-Dipole Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Adiabatic Demagnetization and Remagnetization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Sample Spinning Non-axial with DC Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Lattice Structure Dependence of the Barnett Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Distance Measurements in Solid-State NMRand EPR SpectroscopyG. Jeschke, H.W. Spiess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Dipole-Dipole Interaction in a Two-Spin System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Measurement Techniques for Isolated Spin Pairs in Solids . . . . . . . . . . 334 Complications in Multi-Spin Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 Application Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58A Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
NMR Studies of Disordered SolidsJ. Villanueva-Garibay, K. Muller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652 Theoretical Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663 Simulation Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
XII Contents
4 Model Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755 Applications for Guest-Host Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
En Route to Solid State SpinQuantum ComputingM. Mehring, J. Mende, W. Scherer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871 Brief Introduction to Quantum Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 872 Combined Electron Nuclear Spin States in Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923 Entanglement of an Electron and a Nuclear Spin 1
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 944 Entangling an Electron Spin 3
2 with a Nuclear Spin 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5 The S-Bus Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Laser-Assisted Magnetic Resonance: Principlesand ApplicationsD. Suter, J. Gutschank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1151 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1152 Optical Polarization of Spin Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1173 Optical Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1204 Applications to NMR and NQR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1255 EPR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1306 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Multiple-Photon Transitionsin EPR SpectroscopyM. Kalin, M. Fedin, I. Gromov, A. Schweiger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1431 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1432 Different Types of Multiple-Photon Transitions
in EPR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1453 Effects of Oscillating Longitudinal Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158A Second Quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Multi-Frequency EPR Studyof Metallo-EndofullerenesK.-P. Dinse, T. Kato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1851 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1852 La@C82 – a Case Study of Ion Localization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1893 La2@C−
80 Radical Anion – Evidence for Reductionof the Encased Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
4 Gd@C82 – Determination of Exchange Coupling Between Ionand Cage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Contents XIII
Beyond Electrons in a Box:Nanoparticles of Silver, Platinum and RhodiumJ.J. van der Klink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2091 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2092 Bulk Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2113 Small Silver Particles: Bardeen-Friedel Oscillations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2184 Small Platinum Particles: Exponential Healing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2235 Small Rhodium Particles:
Incipient Antiferromagnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
The Study of Mechanisms of Superconductivityby NMR RelaxationD.F. Smith, C.P. Slichter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2431 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2432 Normal Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2443 Development and Verification of the BCS Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2464 Type I and II Superconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2565 The Alkali Fullerides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2586 The Cuprate Superconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2647 The Organic Superconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2808 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
NMR in Magnetic Molecular Rings and ClustersF. Borsa, A. Lascialfari, Y. Furukawa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2971 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2982 Challenges of NMR in Molecular Nanomagnets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3003 NMR at High Temperature (kBT � J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3024 NMR at Intermediate Temperatures (kBT ≈ J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3065 NMR at Low Temperatures (kBT � J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3186 Miscellaneous NMR Studies of Molecular Clusters:
Fe2, Fe4, Fe30, Ferritin Core, Cr4, Cu6, V6, V15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3387 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Correlated Spin Dynamics and Phase Transitions in Pureand in Disordered 2D S = 1/2 Antiferromagnets:Insights from NMR-NQRA. Rigamonti, P. Carretta, N. Papinutto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3511 Introduction and Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3512 The Phase Diagram of 2DQHAF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3543 Basic Aspects of the Experimental Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3564 NMR-NQR Relaxation Rates:
Amplitude and Decay Rates of Spin Fluctuationsand Critical Behaviour in 2D Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
XIV Contents
5 Pure 2DQHAF: Temperature Dependenceof the Correlation Length (in La2CuO4 and in CFTD,within Scaling Arguments) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
6 Spin and Charge Lightly-Doped La2CuO4:Effects on the Correlation Length and on the Spin Stiffness . . . . . . . . 363
7 Spin and Charge Doped La2CuO4 Nearthe AF Percolation Thresholds:Spin Stiffness, Correlation Length at the Transitionand Staggered Magnetic Moment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
8 The Cluster Spin-Glass Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3729 The Quantum Critical Point in an Itinerant 2DAF – Effect
of Magnetic Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37410 Summarizing Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Two-Dimensional Exchange NMRand Relaxation Study of the Takagi Group Dynamicsin Deuteron GlassesR. Kind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3831 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3832 Model of the Glass Phase Dynamics in DRADP-50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3853 87Rb 2D Exchange-Difference NMR Reveals
a Correlated Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3884 Distinction of the Six Slater Configurations
by the Anisotropic 31P Chemical Shift Tensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3915 Slow Polarization Fluctuations of the PO4 Groups Observed
by 31P 2D Exchange NMR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3966 Interpretation of the 87Rb T1 Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3997 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Characterising Porous MediaJ.H. Strange, J. Mitchell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4071 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4072 Measurement of Liquid Fraction Using NMR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4103 The NMR Cryoporometry Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4114 Determining the Melting Point Depression Constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4135 Cryoporometry Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4156 Applications of NMR Cryoporometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4197 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
List of Contributors
M.P. AugustineDepartment of ChemistryOne Shields AvenueUniversity of CaliforniaDavis, CA [email protected]
F. BorsaDipartimento di Fisica “A.Volta”e Unita’ INFM, Universita’di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, ItalyandDepartment of Physicsand Astronomy and AmesLaboratoryIowa State UniversityAmes, IA [email protected]
P. CarrettaDepartment of Physics“A.Volta” and Unita INFMUniversity of PaviaVia Bassi n◦6I-27100, Pavia (Italy)
K.-P. DinsePhysical Chemistry IIIDarmstadt University of TechnologyPetersenstrasse 20D-64287 Darmstadt, [email protected]
M. FedinLaboratory for Physical ChemistryETH Zurich, CH-8093 ZurichSwitzerland
Y. FurukawaDivision of PhysicsGraduate School of ScienceHokkaido UniversitySapporo 060-0810, Japan
I. GromovLaboratory for Physical ChemistryETH Zurich, CH-8093 ZurichSwitzerland
J. GutschankUniversitat DortmundFachbereich Physik44221 Dortmund, Germany
E.L. HahnDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeley, CA [email protected]
G. JeschkeMax Planck Institutefor Polymer ResearchPostfach 3148
XVI List of Contributors
55021 Mainz, [email protected]
T. KatoInstitute for MolecularScienceMyodaiji Okazaki 444-8585, Japanpresent address: Department ofChemistryJosai University, 1-1 KeyakidaiSakado 350-0295, [email protected]
M. KalinLaboratory for Physical ChemistryETH Zurich, CH-8093 ZurichSwitzerland
R. KindInstitute of Quantum ElectronicsETH-Hoenggerberg, CH-8093 [email protected]
J.J. van der KlinkInstitut de Physiquedes NanostructuresEPFL, CH-1015Lausanne, [email protected]
A. LascialfariDipartimento di Fisica “A.Volta”e Unita’ INFM, Universita’di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, [email protected]
M. MehringPhysikalisches InstitutUniversity StuttgartD-70550 Stuttgart, [email protected]
J. MendePhysikalisches InstitutUniversity StuttgartD-70550 Stuttgart, Germany
J. MitchellDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of SurreySurrey, UK, GU2 [email protected]
K. MullerInstitut fur Physikalische ChemieUniversitat StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 55D-70569 Stuttgart, [email protected]
N. PapinuttoDepartment of Physics“A.Volta” and Unita INFMUniversity of PaviaVia Bassi n◦6I-27100, Pavia (Italy)
A. RigamontiDepartment of Physics“A.Volta” and Unita INFMUniversity of PaviaVia Bassi n◦6I-27100, Pavia (Italy)[email protected]
W. SchererPhysikalisches InstitutUniversity StuttgartD-70550 Stuttgart, Germany
A. SchweigerLaboratory for Physical ChemistryETH Zurich, CH-8093 [email protected]
List of Contributors XVII
C.P. SlichterDepartment of Physicsand Frederick Seitz MaterialsResearch LaboratoryUniversity of IllinoisUrbana, IL [email protected]
D.F. SmithDepartment of Physicsand Frederick Seitz MaterialsResearch LaboratoryUniversity of IllinoisUrbana, IL 61801
H.W. SpiessMax Planck Institutefor Polymer ResearchPostfach 314855021 Mainz, [email protected]
J.H. StrangeSchool of Physical SciencesUniversity of KentCanterbury, KentUK, CT2 7NR,[email protected]
D. SuterUniversitat DortmundFachbereich Physik44221 Dortmund, [email protected]
B.K. TennDepartment of ChemistryOne Shields AvenueUniversity of CaliforniaDavis, CA 95616
J. Villanueva-GaribayInstitut fur Physikalische ChemieUniversitat StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 55D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany