lecture objective -...
TRANSCRIPT
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Lecture Objective *
• To understand the following:
a) European society on the eve of colonization
b) The impact religion had on European
society.
• The factors that made colonization possible.
• The impact colonization had on native
societies.
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Western European Society, 11th -
14th century (before Columbus)
• An agriculture society
a) most were peasant farmers
• Men: fieldwork
• Women: a) child care b) food preparation c) no
inheritance or divorce
• Feudal society (hundreds of small territories)
a) Lords ruled territories
1) Demanded peasant labor and tribute in crops
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Tres Riches
Heures, 15th
century
Lords accumulated great
wealth and power.
a) Lived in impressive castles
b) Peasants worked their
lands
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Technological Breakthroughs
(11th -14th century)
• Water mills, iron plows, and improved
devices for harnessing ox
• Impact
a) Increased food productivity
b) Population almost tripled
b) Economy stimulated
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Living Conditions for Most
Europeans
• Food sources for peasants:
a) bread
b) seasonal vegetables
• 1/3 children died by age 5
• ½ of population reached adulthood
• Black Death (1347-53): over ¼ of pop. died
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Religion
• Roman Catholic Church
a) Hierarchy
1) pope-parish priest
b) Social hierarchy also justified
c) Most powerful landowner
• Actively persecuted
a) Non-believers and pagan followers
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Merchant Class and Economic
Growth
• Economic growth resulted in commercial
expansion
• Impact
a) Growth markets and towns
• Commercial centers
a) Venice, Genoa, and Pisa
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Merchants and Military
Expeditions
• Merchants supported the Crusades (end 11th
century)
• After the Crusades, Asian trade routes
a) Controlled by Italian merchants
• During Crusades: Contact with ancient texts
a) Impact: Renaissance (14th-16th)
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Renaissance and Exploration
• Humanism celebrated:
a) Human possibility
b) Was human-centered
• Impact
a) Motivation to explore
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Monarchies Gained Control
• Why nobles weakened?
a) Disease led to violence
b) Peasant rebellions
c) Warfare among nobles
• Monarchs gain power
a) Domestic order
b) Est. armies and navies
c) Had merchant support (trade increased)
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Prince Henry The Navigator: Key
Role in Explorations
• Established institute of shipbuilders,
geographers, and instrument makers
• Where: Sagres, Portugal
• Innovations
a) The Caravel (new ship)
1) Incorporated Muslim/Asian ideas
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An astrolabe,
13th century by
a Syrian
craftsman
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Impact: Portuguese Explorations
• Trading forts
a) coasts of Africa
b) India
c) China
• Est. Atlantic slave trade
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Columbus Reaches the Americas
• Financial support for explorations
a) Monarchs: Isabel and Ferdinand
1) Why?: Monarchs eager for new lands
• Columbus leaves Palos, Spain (Aug. 1492)
a) Landed in Bahamas on Oct. 1492
1) Vessels: La Nina, La Pinta, and La Santa Maria
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La Nina
Incorporated
Arab and
Asian
designs
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Columbus’ Voyage
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Spanish in the Americas
• Colonization (early stages)
a) Extremely violent for native men and
women
• Puerto Rico and Jamaica invaded (1508)
• Cuba invaded (1511)
• Central America (1511)
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Hernan Cortes and the Aztec
Empire
• Aztecs overthrown (1521)
• Why Aztecs defeated?
a) Disease (smallpox)
1) Biggest factor, undermined Aztecs’ ability
to resist Cortes.
b) Spaniards had superior weapons
c) Indian alliances
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Florentine Codex (smallpox
victim)
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Tenochititlan by Albrecht Durer
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Impact on Native Societies
• Why the decline of native populations?
a) Spread of diseases in virgin soil (smallpox,
measles, and influenza)
b) Warfare
c) Famine
d) Birth rates down
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Native Control
• Control of natives
a) Small minority
1) Europeans and their offspring
b) Forced labor
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Other Explorers
• Alvares Nunez Cabeza de Vaca
• Golden cities (rumor)
• Francisco Vasques de Coronado
1) Searches golden cities
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Destruction of the Indies by Bartolome de las
Casas, 1599 ed.
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Europeans in the New World
• Late 1500s
a) European immigrants in New World
1) Mostly Spaniards
• 10% European women
• Male colonists: cohabited w/native women
• By 1600 Africans brought to New World
a) 125,000 (Caribbean and Brazil)
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The Spanish in North America
• Ponce de Leon
a) Lands in Florida (1513)
1) De Leon killed in 1521
• Hernan de Soto
a) Lands in Florida (1539)
1) Impact: spread of diseases to Natives
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French Explore North America
• Who: Giovanni da Verrazana
• When: 1524, Where: North American Coast
• Impact:
a) Jacques Cartier explores St. Lawrence
River
1) French imperial claim of Canada
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The French in the New World
• Fur trade (began 16th cent.)
• Native and French relationships:
a) commerce
a) Natives received: glass, ironware, textiles,
and glass, firearms, and metal knives
b) French gained: fur
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Fur Trade (negative impact)
• Disease
• Warfare
a) Among tribes
1) Why: fur hunting grounds
• Natives
a) Dependency on Europeon goods
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Friendly relations between French
and Timucuas, watercolor, 1564
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The Protestant Reformation (revolt
against Roman Catholic Church)
• Martin Luther
a) Revolted against Church (1517)
• John Calvin (Luther’s follower)
a) Very influential
• Huguenots (French Protestants)
a) Calvin’s followers
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First French Colonies In North
America
• 1st colony established in 1562
a) Who: Jean Ribault and 150 Huguenots
1) Goal: religious refuge
b) Where: Beaufort, South Carolina
• Second colony (1564)
a) Fort Caroline
1) St. Johns River (Florida)
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The French land at the mouth of
the St. Johns River
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England 16th Century (Change in
Economy)
• Prices of goods rose
a) Landlords needed more profits
b) solution: engage in woolen trade
1) Impact: sheep grazing displaced farmers
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Protestant Reformation (England)
• Began with King Henry VIII (1509-47)
a) Why?: His marriage not annulled by pope
• King Henry VIII’s reaction
a) Supports Protestant Reformation
b) Established
1) Navy and army
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Monarchy and Religion
(England)
• Edward IV (1547-1553): Protestant
• Mary I (1553-1558): Catholic and married
to Phillip II of Spain
• Elizabeth (1558-1603): moderate Protestant
a) Phillip II vowed to overthrow Elizabeth
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Ireland: First English Colony
• Elizabeth’s goal was to subdue the Irish
• 1560’s Walter Raleigh and Humphrey
Gilbert
a) Attacked Irish (Catholic)
1) English farmers placed on Irish land
b) Impact: Irish dislocated and their land
taken
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Irish Resistance
• Resisted occupation
• Emergence of
a) “wild/savage Irish”
• Seen as inferior
• Irish experiences carried/used
a) New World
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Phillip II’s Reaction
• Smash England (1588)
• Spanish Armada
a) 130 ships
b) 30,000 men
• Why was England victorious?
a) smaller/maneuverable ships
b) ill-timed storm complicated Spain’s efforts
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Columbian Exchange: Impact on
New World and Old World
• Exchange of foods, animals, diseases, crops,
and people
a) New World to Old World
b) Old World to New World