lecture one spf

7/27/2019 Lecture One Spf

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Lectures 1Y-4

Surface ProductionFacilities

Dr. Atef Abdelhady


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SPF Mission


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Key words:process engineering, dehydration, oil, NGL,

LPG and LNG, minor components,

distillation, contaminant removal, storage andevacuation, storage tanks, pipelines, subsea

production system,

distribution network and terminals.

SPF = surface production facilities


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Production technology topic


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Oil and gas processingOil and gas processing


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Objectives of SPF

To separate natural gas,

condensate, or oil and water

from a gas producing well and

condition these fluids for sales

or disposal


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Processing Plants

Recovery of condensable naturalgas liquids from conventional gas

(i.e, butane, propane, etc.)

Pumps, turbines, compressors,

dehydrators, flare etc.

POTENTIAL GHG EMISSIONS

Tank emissionsshould be minimal

Engine ExhaustCO2

Heater ExhaustCO2

Dehydration

None if dessicant system;Methane & CO2if glycol.

Pipeline LeaksMethane and CO2

FlareCO2

Compression Liquids Recovery Dehydration

FieldGas&CompressorStations

To Distribution Line

Turbines


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Treating Plants

Removal of entrained

CO2 from natural gas

Compressors,

dehydrators, heaters,etc.

POTENTIAL GHG EMISSIONS

Direct CO2 ventingCO2

Tank emissionsshould be minimal

Engine ExhaustCO2

Heater Exhaust

CO2

Pigging ActivitiesMethane and CO2

CompressionCO2 Removal Dehydration

FieldGas&CompressorStations

To Distribution Line

Natural Gas Treating Plant


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What is Gas Processing ?

Separation of oil and gas and removal of

impurities and NGLs from Natural gas

What is gas treatment ?

Removal of impurities, condensate, H2S and

NGLs from Natural Gas.


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What is the petroleum value chain ?

The petroleum value chain is divided into

three parts :-

1- Upstream2- Midstream

3- Downstream


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List petroleum products we use every day?

1- LNG, C1,C2

2- LPG, C3,C4

3- Sales gas, C1,2,3,4

4- Gasoline, C5


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What is Natural gas processing plant ?

A NATURAL GAS PROCESSING PLANT is afacility designed to clean raw NG BY

SEPARATING IMPURITIES and non- methane

hydrocarbons and fluids to produce what isknown as pipeline quality dry natural gas.

A gas processing plant is also used to recover

natural gas liquids, condensate, gasoline, LPGAND sometimes other substance such as CO2,

H2S, Sulfur.


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Introduction

What is the job or function of a production facility?

Is to separate the well stream into three components,

typically called phases (oil, gas, and water), and

process these phases into some marketable product(s)

or dispose of them in an environmentally acceptable

manner. In mechanical devices called separators, gas

is flashed from the liquids and free water is separated

from the oil. These steps remove enough light

hydrocarbons to produce a table crude oil with the

volatility (vapor pressure) to meet sales criteria.


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Production Facilities Issues

There are number of issues should be

considered surface production facilities:-

1- How to gather well fluids?

2- How to treat produced fluid?

3- Where to treat produced fluid?

4- How to transport products5- How to store products?


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Hydrocarbons

from reservoir

to SPF


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Surface Production Facilities

Location Types

1- Onshore or Land

2- Offshore3- Subsea


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Production Facilities

1- Land production facilities

a- Well sites, the first function is to accommodate drilling

operations, and also a well site must be designed to

allow access for future operation and maintenanceactivity.

b- Gathering stations

The term gathering station may describe anythingfrom a very simple gathering and pumping station to a

complex processing centre in which produced fluids

are treated and separated into gas, NGLs, and

stabilized crude.


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Offshore platforms

Offshore platforms can be split into two categories:-

1- Fixed production platforms.

2- Floating production platforms

Fixed platforms are generally classified by their

mechanical construction to four types:-

A- Steel jacket platforms

B- Gravity- based platformsC- Tension leg platforms, TLPs

D- Minimum facility systems


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2- Offshore production facilities

The functions of offshore production facilities are:-

1- Hydrocarbons have to be collected.

2- Processing and transportation .

Design and layout of the offshore facilities are very

different from those on land for the following

reasons:-


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1- A platform has to be installed above sea level

before drilling and process facilities

2- There are no utilities offshore such as light,

water, power, and living for manpower have to

installed to support operations.

3- Weight and space restrictions.


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Offshore platforms

Floating platforms can also be categorized into

three main types:-

1- Semi-submersible vessels

2- SHIP-shaped monohull vessels such as

floating production, storage and offloading

( FPSO).

3- spar platforms


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Subsea production systems

Subsea production systems are an alternativedevelopment option for an offshore field. They

are a very cost effective means for small field

which are close to existing production platformand pipelines. Subsea system would consist of

cluster of subsea X-TREES positioned on seabed

with produced fluids piped to the host facility.

Control of subsea facilities is maintained from

the host facility via control umbilical's and

subsea control modules


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Subsea production systems

Subsea production systems create large savings in

manpower's as they are unmanned facilities.

The most basic subsea satellite is a single subsea

wellhead with subsea tree, connected to a productionfacility by a series of pipelines and umbilical's.

A CONTROL MODULE FIXED ON THE SUBSEA TREE, allows

the production platform to remotely operate the

subsea facility via valves and chokes


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C- Evacuation and storage

Once oil and gas have been processed the

products have to be transported or evacuated

from the site. Stabilized crude is normally

stored in two types of oil storage tanks are

common used:-

1- Fixed roof tanks

2- Floating roof tanks


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Why it is difficult to classify Production

Facility by types ?Because they differ due to:-

1-Production rates

2- Fluid properties3-Sale requirements

4-Disposal requirements,5-location


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Production Operations

Gas, oil, and/or

condensate production

Unloading wellbore

fluids Crude Oil and Produced

Water Transport

Artificial Lift


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How Making the Equipment Work?

The main items of process equipment have automatic

instrumentation that :-

1-Controls the pressure and/or liquid level and

sometimes temperature within the equipment. Figurebelow shows a typical pressure controller and control

valve.

2- The controller is a device that sends a signal to the

actuator, which opens and closes the control valve to

control pressure.

3- Also another figure shows level controller to adjust

level inside separator.


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What are Twelve Steps?To Engineering Safe Oil and Gas

surface production facilities?


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1- Design-Standards Policy2- Site layout for safety

3- Design vessels and piping properly4- Select the proper tank5- Proper pressure vessel6- Specifying the rotating equipment

7- Choose Relief safety system8- Identify Control system9- Electrical area classification10- Personnel safety

11- Perform Process hazard analysis12- Procedures for start up and commissioning


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Summary

The purpose of the surface facilities is to deliver saleablehydrocarbons from the wellhead to the customer, on time,to specification, in a safe and environmentally acceptablemanner.

The main functions of the surface facilities are

Gathering (e.g. mani folding together producing wells)

Separation (e.g. gas from liquid, water from oil, sand from liquid)

Transport (e.g. from platform to terminal in a pipeline)

Storage (e.g. oil tanks to supply production to a tanker)

lecture one spf

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