lecture#2 hardware

Computer Basics

Sunday, October 31, 2010

Computer BasicsComputer Technology


The History of the Computer



Then



Then &



Then & Now


Computer Evolution


Computer Evolution

1642 Blaise Pascal – mechanical adding machine


Computer Evolution


Computer Evolution Early 1800’s

Jacquard – uses punch cards to control the pattern of the weaving loom.


Computer Evolution Early 1800’s

Jacquard – uses punch cards to control the pattern of the weaving loom.

1832 Charles Babbage - invents the Difference Engine


The Punch Card


The Punch Card 1890 Herman

Hollerith – invents a machine using punch card to tabulate info for the Census. He starts the company that would later be IBM.


Evolution (continued)


Evolution (continued)1946 – Mauchly and Eckert created the

ENIAC computer, first electronic computer is unveiled at University of Pennsylvania (shown on next slide)


ENIAC Computer


ENIAC Computer Miles of wiring


ENIAC Computer Miles of wiring 18,000 vacuum tubes


ENIAC Computer Miles of wiring 18,000 vacuum tubes Thousands of resistors and switches


ENIAC Computer Miles of wiring 18,000 vacuum tubes Thousands of resistors and switches No monitor


ENIAC Computer Miles of wiring 18,000 vacuum tubes Thousands of resistors and switches No monitor 3,000 blinking lights


ENIAC Computer Miles of wiring 18,000 vacuum tubes Thousands of resistors and switches No monitor 3,000 blinking lights Cost $486,000


ENIAC Computer Miles of wiring 18,000 vacuum tubes Thousands of resistors and switches No monitor 3,000 blinking lights Cost $486,000 100,000 additions per second


ENIAC Computer Miles of wiring 18,000 vacuum tubes Thousands of resistors and switches No monitor 3,000 blinking lights Cost $486,000 100,000 additions per second Weighed 30 tons


1943


1943 Base codes develop by Grace

Hopper while working on the Mark I programming project.


1943 Base codes develop by Grace

Hopper while working on the Mark I programming project.

She invented the phrase “bug” – an error in a program that causes a program to malfunction.


1950s


1950s Vacuum Tubes were the components

for the electronic circuitry



for the electronic circuitry Punch Cards main source of input



for the electronic circuitry Punch Cards main source of input Speeds in milliseconds (thousands/

sec)




sec) 100,000 additions/sec.




sec) 100,000 additions/sec. Used for scientific calculations




sec) 100,000 additions/sec. Used for scientific calculations New computers were the rule, cost

effectiveness wasn’t’


1960s


Transistors were electronic circuitry (smaller, faster, more reliable than vacuum tubes)

1960s



Speeds in microseconds (millionth/sec)

1960s



Speeds in microseconds (millionth/sec) 200,000 additions/sec.

1960s



Speeds in microseconds (millionth/sec) 200,000 additions/sec. Computers In Businesses: Emphasis on

marketing of computers to businesses

1960s




marketing of computers to businesses Data files stored on magnetic tape

1960s




marketing of computers to businesses Data files stored on magnetic tape Computer Scientists controlled

operations

1960s


Late 60’s Early 70’s


Late 60’s Early 70’s Integrated circuit boards


Late 60’s Early 70’s Integrated circuit boards New input methods such as plotters,

scanners



scanners Software became more important



scanners Software became more important Sophisticated operating systems



scanners Software became more important Sophisticated operating systems Improved programming languages



scanners Software became more important Sophisticated operating systems Improved programming languages Storage capabilities expanded (disks)


1970’s Integrated circuits


Late 80’s to Current



Improved circuitry – several thousand transistors placed on a tiny silicon chip.




Pentium chip named by Intel




Pentium chip named by Intel Modems – communication along telephone

wires





wires Portable computers: laptops





wires Portable computers: laptops Increased storage capabilities: gigabytes





wires Portable computers: laptops Increased storage capabilities: gigabytes Emphasis on information needed by the

decision maker.


The Information Processing Cycle



INPUT



INPUT PROCESSING



INPUT PROCESSING

MAIN MEMORY



INPUT OUTPUTPROCESSING

MAIN MEMORY



INPUT OUTPUT

AUXILIARYSTORAGE

PROCESSING

MAIN MEMORY


INPUT DEVICES (Hardware)


INPUT DEVICES (Hardware)INPUT



Keyboard

INPUT



Keyboard Mouse

INPUT



Keyboard Mouse Joystick

INPUT



Keyboard Mouse Joystick Trackball

INPUT



Keyboard Mouse Joystick Trackball Light pen

INPUT



Keyboard Mouse Joystick Trackball Light pen Image

scanner

INPUT




scanner

Touch tone telephone

INPUT




scanner

Touch tone telephone Touch screens

INPUT




scanner

Touch tone telephone Touch screens Bar code scanner

INPUT




scanner

Touch tone telephone Touch screens Bar code scanner Digitizer

INPUT




scanner

Touch tone telephone Touch screens Bar code scanner Digitizer Voice recognition

INPUT




scanner

Touch tone telephone Touch screens Bar code scanner Digitizer Voice recognition Auxiliary Storage

Device

INPUT


PROCESSING HARDWARE


PROCESSINGPROCESSING HARDWARE


Central Processing Unit: CPU



Central Processing Unit: CPU The Brains or Intelligence of the

computer. Controls input and output



Central Processing Unit: CPU The Brains or Intelligence of the

computer. Controls input and output

The part of the computer that interprets and executes instructions. Silicon chip: integrated circuit

board Pentium: name give to a particular

chip



What two numbers are used in Binary Code?



0 and 1



0 and 1 They are each called a BIT



0 and 1 They are each called a BIT 8 BITS make a BYTE



0 and 1 They are each called a BIT 8 BITS make a BYTE 1 BYTE makes a letter or

number




number KILOBYTE = 1,024 bytes




number KILOBYTE = 1,024 bytes MEGABYTE = 1,048,576 bytes




number KILOBYTE = 1,024 bytes MEGABYTE = 1,048,576 bytes GIGABYTE = 1,024 megabytes




number KILOBYTE = 1,024 bytes MEGABYTE = 1,048,576 bytes GIGABYTE = 1,024 megabytes TERABYTE = 1,024 gigabytes


MEMORY PROCESSING HARDWARE



MEMORY



ROM

MEMORY



ROMREAD ONLY MEMORY

MEMORY



ROMREAD ONLY MEMORY Small

MEMORY



ROMREAD ONLY MEMORY Small Instructions are

installed permanently at the factory

MEMORY





Cannot be changed

MEMORY





Cannot be changed These instructions

check the computer’s resources and looks for Operating System

MEMORY







RAM

MEMORY







RAM

RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY

MEMORY







RAM


Main Memory

MEMORY







RAM


Main Memory Temporary—it is erased

when turned off.

MEMORY







RAM


Main Memory Temporary—it is erased

when turned off. It is where programs and

data is stored while being processed

MEMORY


OUTPUT DEVICES


OUTPUT DEVICES

OUTPUTSunday, October 31, 2010

OUTPUT DEVICES Useful information that leaves the system


OUTPUT DEVICES Useful information that leaves the system Output Hardware includes:


OUTPUT DEVICES Useful information that leaves the system Output Hardware includes:

•Monitor: soft copy•Printers: hard copy•Flat Panel displays•Voice and music - speakers•Synthesizers•Plotters OUTPUT


AUXILIARY STORAGE DEVICES



AUXILIARYSTORAGE



Network Drive (H: drive)AUXILIARYSTORAGE



Network Drive (H: drive)

Hard Disk Drive (C:drive)AUXILIARYSTORAGE




Hard Disk Drive (C:drive)

Floppy Disk Drive with 3 ½” Floppy Disk (A:drive)

AUXILIARYSTORAGE






Smart card

AUXILIARYSTORAGE






Smart card CD Read/Write Drive

AUXILIARYSTORAGE






Smart card CD Read/Write Drive Zip Drive

AUXILIARYSTORAGE






Smart card CD Read/Write Drive Zip Drive Digital Audio Tape

AUXILIARYSTORAGE


Computer Hardware


Hardware


Hardware Includes the electronic and mechanical

devices that process the data; refers to the computer as well as peripheral devices


System Unit


System Unit Case that holds the power supply,

storage devices and the circuit boards (including the motherboard).


CPU (Central Processing Unit)


CPU (Central Processing Unit)

Where the processing in a computer takes place, often called the brain of the computer.


Circuits


Circuits The path from one

component of a computer to another that data uses to travel.


Circuits The path from one

component of a computer to another that data uses to travel.

Circuits run between RAM and the

microprocessor RAM and various

storage devices


Silicon Chip


Silicon Chip Silicon is melted

sand.


Silicon Chip Silicon is melted

sand. What the circuits

are embedded into to keep them together.


Peripheral Devices


Peripheral Devices Devices connected by cable to the

CPU.


Peripheral Devices Devices connected by cable to the

CPU. Used to expand the computer’s input,

output and storage capabilities.


Input Devices


Input Devices Units that gather

information and transform that information into a series of electronic signals for the computer.


Keyboard


Keyboard An arrangement of

letters, numbers, and special function keys that act as the primary input device to the computer.


Mouse


Mouse An input device that

allows the user to manipulate objects on the screen by moving the mouse along the surface of the desk.


Sound Card


Sound Card A circuit board that

gives the computer the ability to accept audio input, play sound files, and produce audio output through speakers or headphones.


Modem


Modem A device that sends

and receives data to and from computers over telephone lines.


Modem A device that sends

and receives data to and from computers over telephone lines.

Means (Modulate – Demodulate).


Output Devices


Output Devices Devices that display,

print or transmit the results of processing from the computers memory.


Monitor


Monitor Display device that forms an image by

converting electronic signals from the computer into points of colored light on the screen.


Resolution


Resolution The density of the grid used to display

or print text and graphics; the greater the horizontal and vertical density, the higher the resolution.


Resolution The density of the grid used to display

or print text and graphics; the greater the horizontal and vertical density, the higher the resolution.

The amount of Pixels on the screen. The more pixels the better the resolution.


Pixels


Pixels

The smallest unit in a graphic image; computer display devices use a matrix of pixels to display text and graphics.


Pixels

The smallest unit in a graphic image; computer display devices use a matrix of pixels to display text and graphics.

Basic unit of composition of an image on a TV screen, Computer monitor, or similar display


Printer


Printer Output device that

produces text or graphical images on paper.


Speakers


Speakers Output devices that receive signals

from the computer’s sound card to play music, narration, or sound effects.


Storage Devices


Storage Devices Used to keep data

when the power to the computer is turned off.


Storage Devices Used to keep data

when the power to the computer is turned off.

Different forms Hard disk Floppy or zip disks CD-Writer


Formatted


Formatted Arrangement of data for storage or

display.


Formatted Arrangement of data for storage or

display. All storage devices must be formatted.


Hard Disk


Hard Disk Rigid magnetic disk mounted for

permanent storage


Floppy Disk


Floppy Disk Small portable magnetic disk enclosed

in stiff envelope


Compact Discs


Compact Discs CD-ROM

Compact disk with read only memory



Compact disk with read only memory CD-R

Compact disk which you can write to only one time. It then becomes a read only disk.



Compact disk with read only memory CD-R

Compact disk which you can write to only one time. It then becomes a read only disk.

CD-RW Compact disk which you may rewrite to.


DVD


DVD DVD ROM

Digital Video Disk which is read only.


DVD DVD ROM

Digital Video Disk which is read only. DVD-R

Digital Video Disk which can be written to one time. It then becomes read only.


DVD DVD ROM

Digital Video Disk which is read only. DVD-R

Digital Video Disk which can be written to one time. It then becomes read only.

DVD-RW Digital Video Disk which can be rewritten

to.


Flash or Jump Drives


Flash or Jump Drives External storage devices that can be

used like a external hard drive.


Flash or Jump Drives External storage devices that can be

used like a external hard drive. They have the capability to be saved

to, deleted from, and files can be renamed just like with a normal hard drive.


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