lecturer: shuki bruck information and logic 331 moore...
TRANSCRIPT
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Tuesday Thursday 2:30-4:00
Annenberg 105
Lecturer: Shuki Bruck 331 Moore Office hours: Tuesday, Thursday; 4-5pm
IST 4 Information and Logic
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Office hours at SFL study room, 2nd floor: - Monday: 4-5pm (or Friday); 9-10:30pm (or Sunday) - Wednesday: 4-5pm; 9-10:30pm For questions: [email protected] web site: paradise.caltech.edu/ist4/
Secretary: Michelle Chen; 304 Moore
Sidd Chris Hana Jin
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A request
• attend class and participate! • Sit in the front rows
Please give me your attention
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What is the most important goal
of your studies
at Caltech?
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What?
Who?
• best student in my high-school • High score on SAT • a student at Caltech • majoring in xxx • …
• discover your natural gifts • discover your passion • …
Inspired by James Baldwin, 1924-‐1987
What is the most important goal of your studies at Caltech?
reputa,on
happiness
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Who? happiness
How can IST4 help you with the WHO?
Teach IST4 in an ‘UFAMILAIR’ way
University Universal vs Disciplinary perspective
• discover your natural gifts • discover your passion • …
Discovery = know no boundaries and curiosity
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Escher 1898-1972
What do you see in the image?
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What do you see in the image?
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Escher 1898-1972
Familiar: sea shells Unfamiliar: sea shells
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Escher 1898-1972
Unfamiliar: fish and ships
Familiar: fish on a ship
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“If we start to examine the general laws of perception, we see that as perception becomes habitual, it becomes automatic”
Defamiliarize
1925 paper posted on class website
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“The purpose of art is to impart the sensation of things as they are perceived and not as they are known”
The purpose of IST4 is to impart the sensation of ideas as they are conceived and not as they are known
Defamiliarize
1925 paper posted on class website
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How? Teach about the historical innovation process
Process vs Snapshot
Make the subject of Information and Logic
unfamiliar...
The purpose of IST4 is to impart the sensation of ideas as they are conceived and not as they are known
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Teaching Information and Logic
Where should we start?
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Life on earth ~3.7 Billion ya
Earth ~4.5 Billion ya
The Universe ~14 Billion years ago (ya)
Source: Wikipedia
Information
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What is life?
Information
It is a natural
information system
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information capsules
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diversity and complexity
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replication
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extinction
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Mutation
Information Production and Accumulation
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Selection and learning
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Life: the first information system
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Question: What is special about information systems vs physical systems?
information science vs physical science? (not sufficient) precision in statistical behavior of a collection of a large number of atoms
Solution: encode the information in an aperiodic crystal crystalcrystalcrystalcrystalcrystalcrystalcrystalcrystal
Schrödinger 1887–1961
biological
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AGTC GGTA GGTC
Question: What is special about information systems vs physical systems?
information science vs physical science?
syntax
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Source: Wikipedia
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GGTA
Diversity: different species, cell types…
syntax enables a reliable memory
Innovation process: mutation, replication and selection
Continuity: robust replication process
memory system: diversity, innovation and continuity
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Source: Wikipedia
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Innovation process
Memory DNA
Selection Mutations
New species
syntax language
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Mutations Innovation process
Memory DNA
Selection
New species
syntax
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mutations Innovation process
“new words from old” syntax / language
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TCATGCA
Mutations - Simple
TCATGCA
point mutation
TGATGCA
TGCA
deletion
TCATGCA
insertion
TCAAGTTGCA
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Mutations -Duplications
TCATGCA
Duplication (tandem)
TCATCATGCA
TCATGCA
Duplication (interspersed)
TCATGCCATGA
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Duplications are Common
45%
3%3%
49%
Transposons-driven Tandem Other repeats Unique
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mutations a human example
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A Repeat Region from Human Chromosome 1
GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGGGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGGGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCTGCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCTGCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGGGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGGGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG !
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A Repeat Region from Human Chromosome 1
GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGGGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGGGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCTGCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCTGCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGGGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGGGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG !
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A Repeat Region from Human Chromosome 1
GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGGGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGGGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCTGCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCTGCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGGGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGGGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG !
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A Repeat Region from Human Chromosome 1
GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGGGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGGGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCTGCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCTGCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGGGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGGGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCGGCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG !
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A Repeat Region from Human Chromosome 1
GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGGGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGGGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCT GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCT GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGGGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGGGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG !
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GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGGGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGGGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCT GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCT GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGGGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGGGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG !
Point Mutations and Duplications
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GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGGGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGGGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCT GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCT GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGGGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGGGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG !
Point Mutations and Duplications
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GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGGGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGGGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCT GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCT GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGGGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGGGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCAGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTCCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG GCTGCGTTACAGGTGGGCGGGGGAGGCG !
Mutations – Questions???
How did we get here? Recovering the past:
The history of mutations?
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mutations recovering the past
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Evolution
ACGT
“The seed of life”
ACGT
ACGTACTTGCGTACTTGCGTACTT
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The History of Mutations ACGTACTTGCGTACTTGCGTACTT
ACGT
ACGT ACTT GCGT ACTT GCGT ACTT
ACGT ACGT ACGT ACGT ACGT ACGT
ACGT ACGT ACGT ACGT ACGT ACGT
ACGT ACGT ACGT
ACGT ACGT
ACGT“The seed”
t-‐duplica>on
5 p-‐muta>on
Each muta>on event consists of either: tandem-‐duplica>on (t-‐duplica,on) or point-‐muta>on (p-‐muta,on)
t-‐duplica>on
t-‐duplica>on
5 p-‐muta>on, 3 t-‐duplica>on
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The History of Mutations ACGTACTTGCGTACTTGCGTACTT
ACGT
ACGT ACTT GCGT ACTT GCGT ACTT
ACGT ACTT GCGT ACTT
ACGT ACTT GCGT ACTT
ACGT ACTT
ACGT ACTT
ACGT
p-‐muta>on + t-‐duplica>on
p-‐muta>on + t-‐duplica>on
t-‐duplica>on
Each muta>on event consists of either: tandem-‐duplica>on (t-‐duplica,on) or point-‐muta>on (p-‐muta,on)
“The seed”
2 p-‐muta>on, 3 t-‐duplica>on
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The History of Mutations ACGTACTTGCGTACTTGCGTACTT
ACGT
ACGT
Each muta>on event consists of either: tandem-‐duplica>on (t-‐duplica,on) or point-‐muta>on (p-‐muta,on) 2 p-‐muta>on, 3 t-‐duplica>on
Q: Which history is more plausible?
5 p-‐muta>on, 3 t-‐duplica>on
Suggestion: Pick the ‘simplest’ history - parsimony
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Simplifications • binary (0-1) • only tandem duplications
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A ‘Binary String’ View of Evolution
ACGT
“The seed of life”
01
0100110101100111Q: Generate any binary string from 01 with tandem duplications?
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A ‘Binary String’ View of Evolution
ACGT
01
0100110101100111
???
010011010110011101 01 0101 01
Q: Generate any binary string from 01 only with tandem duplications? Yes
idea
The target string has to start with 0 and end with 1
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Evolution with Tandem Duplication - Binary 010011010110011101
0101010101010101010101010010101010100110101010100110101101010011010110010100110101100110100110101100111
Proof: We have an algorithm! Generate the 01 blocks and then extend the 0s and 1s
Also: It is true if the duplication length is either 1 or 2.
Seed Thm: Any binary string can be generated from one of the 6 seeds {0,1,01,10,010,101} with tandem duplications
3 t-‐duplica>on
6 t-‐duplica>on
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ACGT
0100110101101
Thm: Any binary string can be generated from one of the 6 seeds {0,1,01,10,010,101} with tandem duplications
What is the seed?
0000000000000
1111111111111
11001101011000100110101100
1100110101101
10
0110
010
101
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ACGT
0100110101101
Thm: Any binary string can be generated from one of the 6 seeds {0,1,01,10,010,101} with tandem duplications
What is the seed?
0000000000000
1111111111111
11001101011000100110101100
1100110101101
10
0110
010
101
Seeds are unique!
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In the binary case, seeds are unique, however,
ACGT
The History of Mutations - Research Questions
There might be a number of possible histories?
An efficient algorithm for finding a ‘good history’?
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In Ternary (and higher alphabets) Seeds Are Not Unique
ACGT
012101212Find the seed of:
012101212
0121012
012101212
01212
01212
012
Irreducible
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Nonbinary alphabets • seeds are not unique • what is a good definition of a mutation history?
ACGT
Binary alphabets • seeds are unique • history: an algorithm for finding the simplest • no known algorithm (HW#1 and Prog Challenge)
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Metamorphosis
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Megamorphosis
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The appearance of life is the first Information Megamorphosis
What is the second Information Megamorphosis?
The appearance of the human brain is the second Information Megamorphosis
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What is special about the human brain?
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What is special about the human brain?
Telling fictional stories…
and believing in them…
What is necessary for telling stories?
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Three Dog 3
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Three Dog 3
??? Languages
Imagination
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Source: Wikipedia 2Mya
1.2Mya
Verbal languages ~75Kya
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Information system
syntax stored in
memory
DNA Life
evolution
innovation
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Information system
DNA Life
Human Brain
language memory
creativity imagination
evolution
innovation syntax stored in
memory
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We are “memory machines” However, our memory sense is
limited... We are doing well because we found a way to augment our memory?
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How do we augment our memory?
collective memory languages fictional stories
teaching /education external memory
managing our external memory
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How do we augment our memory?
IST 4: Explore the evolution of the expansion of our brain
external information and external logic
collective memory languages fictional stories
teaching /education external memory
managing our external memory
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IST 4: Explore the evolution of ideas in information and logic
1 Million years
augment our memory
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your first assignment...
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• discover your natural gifts • discover your passion • …
What is the most important goal of your
studies at Caltech?
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• You are invited to write short essay on the topic of the Magenta Question. Extra Credit of 3 points
Everyone has a gift! MQ Due Thursday 4/12/2018 at 10pm
someone you know
you
anyone...
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• You are invited to write short essay on the topic of the Magenta Question. • Recommended length is 3 pages (not more) • Submit the essay in PDF format to [email protected] file name lastname-firstname.pdf • No collaboration. No extensions Grading of MQ: 3 points (out of 108) 50% for content quality, 50% for writing quality Some students will be given an opportunity to give a short presentation for up to 3 additional points
Everyone has a gift! MQ Due Thursday 4/12/2018 at 10pm
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Christopher Haack - The gift of resilience
Joon Lee - Settling is not an option
Spencer Strumwasser - The gift of dyslexia
Richard Zhu - The gift of memory
Ashwin Hari: The gift of musical composition
Jessica Nassimi - Evolution—a gift in disguise
Serena Delgadillo - The gift of self-expression
Megan Keehan - Gift of motherliness
Zane Murphy - Grandmother and the piano
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May Chen - The Gift of a Bucket List
Rohan Doshi - Gifts Come in Threes
Nikhil Ghosh - The Gift of Not Being Number One
Joey Hong – The Gift of Imperfection
Suna Kim – The Gift of Playing the Piano
Rachel Morton - A Gift that I Hope I Have
Andrew Wang - Helping Another Realize His Gift
Bianca Yang –The Gift of Art and Two Languages
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Dessie DiMino - Another Byron but with a Different Gift Bhavana Jonnalagadda - The Gift of our Futures Changnan Peng - The Gift of Finding Out the Missing One Matt Kempster - The Ephemerality of Gifts Angelina Pan - Simple Gifts Dan Ilyin - The Gift of Improvisation Sakthi Vetrivel - A Long Overdue Thank You Note
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Organization and Policy
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Class Policy
Homework sets: There are 5 homework sets; all weighted equally. The total weight of the 5 homework sets is 90 points
There is no midterm and no final
Essays (MQs): There are two essays, 3 points each A selected set of students are given the opportunity to present their essay in class (3 points)
However, to be eligible to receive credit for quizzes/ MQs / presentations/ PCP/ extra credit, a student has to fully attend at least 17 lectures (out of 20), must attend the last three lectures (at least 14+3)
Quizzes: There are in-class pop quizzes, for a total credit of 6 points
Programming Challenge Problem (PCP): Can you solve a hard problem? (3 points)
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Class Policy Attendance When you attend a class, you should sign the attendance list provided by the TAs Final Grade The final grade is calculated based on the grades of the homeworks and the quizzes / essays / PCP / Presentations (if the student is eligible) and will be converted to a letter grade:
90+6+9+3 = 108
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Class Policy
Collaboration and Open-Book policy Collaboration, in the sense of discussing how to solve the homework problems, is allowed on some, but not all, homework problems. Every homework problem includes a specific statement whether collaboration is allowed or not For all homeworks: • Write the final solutions of the homeworks alone and understand them fully • Books, papers, notes can be consulted, but not copied from • The use of solutions from previous years is not allowed
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Class Policy - Homeworks • Homeworks are to be submitted in class They are due at the start of class on the due date
• A late homework submission should include only solutions to problems that were not attempted in the previous (on-time) submission • We are human... and occasionally make mistakes in grading; corrections of grades should be requested within a week from the time the graded homeworks were returned
• Late homeworks lose 20% of their value immediately and lose 100% of their value a week after the due date except in institute-established cases of illness or emergency
• Homeworks are returned in class. Keep your graded sets until you get the final grade. That’s your record
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There is no Text Reference Books
• The reference books are recommended as sources for extending your knowledge beyond what is covered in class • They are not a required reading
• The list is posted on the class web site • The books are reserved at the Caltech library (SFL)
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mon tue wed thr fri 2 M1 1 9 M1
16 1 2 M2
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30 M2 7 3 14 3 4 21 4 5 28
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x= hw#x out
x= hw#x due
Mx= MQx out
Mx= MQx due
midterms
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oh = office hours oh
T = today T oh
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