leed 2009 definitions

8/6/2019 LEED 2009 Definitions

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LEEDDefinitions

www.BuildingGreen.com

2year,24hourDesignStormA2year,24hourdesignstormisanationallyacceptedratethatrepresentsthelargestamountof

rainfallexpectedovera24hourperiodduringa2yearinterval.Therateisthebasisforplanninganddesigningstormwater

managementfacilitiesandfeatures.

AccountClassificationThemethodinwhichsuppliersofelectricity,naturalgas,orfueloilclassifyandbilltheircustomers.

Commonlyusedaccountclassificationsare"Commercial,""Industrial,"and"Residential."Suppliers'definitionsoftheseterms

varyfromsuppliertosupplierandfromthedefinitionsusedinCBECS.Inaddition,thesamecustomermaybeclassified

differentlybyeachofitsenergysuppliers.

ACHThenumberoftimesperhouravolumeofair,equivalenttothevolumeofspace,entersthatspace.

AcidRainTheprecipitationofdilutesolutionsofstrongmineralacids,formedbythemixingintheatmosphereofvariousindustrial

pollutants(primarilysulfurdioxideandnitrogenoxides)withnaturallyoccurringoxygenandwatervapor.

AcidificationBuildupofacidityinsoilandwaterbodiesfromacidprecipitation,whichgainsacidityasitfallsthroughan

atmospherecontainingcertainpollutants,especiallysulfurdioxidefromcoalburningpowerplants.

AdaptedvegetationAdapted(orintroduced)plantsreliablygrowwellinagivenhabitatwithminimalwinterprotection,pest

control,fertilization,orirrigationoncetheirrootsystemsareestablished.Adaptedplantsareconsideredlowmaintenanceand

notinvasive.

AdaptiveReuseAdaptedreuseistherenovationofaspaceforapurposedifferentfromtheoriginal.

AdequateTransitServiceDuringweekdaypeakperiods,atleastfourbuses(includingbusrapidtransit),streetcarsorlightrail

trainsperhourORatleast5heavypassengerrailorferriesperweekdaypeakperiod.

AdjacentSiteAsitehavingatleast25%ofitsperimeterborderingsitesthathasbeenpreviouslydeveloped.Anyfractionofthe

perimeterthatborderswaterfrontwillbeexcludedfromthecalculation.Forthepurposesofthisdefinition,astreetorroadwaydoesnotconstitutepreviouslydevelopedland.

AdsorptionThepropertyofmanysolidsurfaces,especiallyporousoneslikecarpetorceilingtile,toattractandretainmolecules

fromtheair,forexample,volatileorganiccompounds(VOCs).

AerosolAdhesiveAerosoladhesiveisanaerosolproductinwhichthespraymechanismispermanentlyhousedinanonrefillable

can.Designedforhandheldapplication,theseproductsdonotneedancillaryhosesorsprayequipment.Aerosoladhesivesinclude

specialpurposesprayadhesives,mistsprayadhesives,andwebsprayadhesives.(SCAQMDRule1168)

AggregateBuildingAstreamliningmethod.USGBCoffersthismethodonlyforafewselectLEEDcreditsthatareoften

implementedandtheresultstrackedforgroupsofbuildings,i.e.,theLEEDEBmaterialspurchasingcredits.Thevolumecustomer

reportsthesustainableperformanceforthewholegrouporfordefinedsubgroups,alongwithitsmethodofverifyingthatthe

performanceofeachbuildingwithinthegroupissimilar(thoughnotnecessarilyidentical)tothatofthegroupasawhole.

Similarperformanceacrossthebuildingsisrequired;thisisNOTintendedasamethodofsimplyaveragingwidelydifferent

performancewithinthegroup.

AgrifiberBoardAcompositepanelproductderivedfromrecoveredagriculturalwastefiberfromsourcesincluding,butnot

limitedto,cerealstraw,sugarcanebagasse,sunflowerhusk,walnutshells,coconuthusks,andagriculturalprunings.Theraw

fibersareprocessedandmixedwithresinstoproducepanelproductswithcharacteristicssimilartothosederivedfromwood

fiber.


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AgrifiberProductsAgrifiberproductsaremadefromagriculturalfiber.Examplesincludeparticleboard,mediumdensityfiberboard

(MDF),plywood,orientedstrandboard(OSB),wheatboard,andstrawboard.

AHU:

1.Airhandlingunits(AHUs)aremechanicalindirectheating,ventilating,orairconditioningsystemsinwhichtheairistreatedor

handledbyequipmentlocatedoutsidetheroomsserved,usuallyatacentrallocation,andconveyedtoandfromtheroomsbya

fanandasystemofdistributingducts.(NEEB,1997edition)

2.Atypeofheatingand/orcoolingdistributionequipmentthatchannelswarmorcoolairtodifferentpartsofabuilding.This

processofchannelingtheconditionedairofteninvolvesdrawingairoverheatingorcoolingcoilsandforcingitfromacentral

locationthroughductsorairhandlingunits.Airhandlingunitsarehiddeninthewallsorceilings,wheretheyusesteamorhot

watertoheat,orchilledwatertocooltheairinsidetheductwork.

AirQualityStandardsThelevelofpollutantsprescribedbyregulationsthatarenottobeexceededduringagiventimeina

definedarea.(EPA)

AirSourceHeatPump Atypeofheatpumpthatextractsheatfromtheoutsideairandbringsitinsidethebuilding.Most

heatpumpsinusetodayareairsource.

AirborneParticulatesTotalsuspendedparticulatematterfoundintheatmosphereassolidparticlesorliquiddroplets.Chemical

compositionofparticulatesvarieswidely,dependingonlocationandtimeofyear.Sourcesofairborneparticulatesinclude:dust,

emissionsfromindustrialprocesses,combustionproductsfromtheburningofwoodandcoal,combustionproductsassociated

withmotorvehicleornonroadengineexhausts,andreactionstogasesintheatmosphere.(EPA)

AlbedoAlbedoissynonymouswithsolarreflectance.

AlternativeDailyCoverAlternativedailycoverismaterial(otherthanearthenmaterial)thatisplacedonthesurfaceoftheactive

faceofamunicipalsolidwastelandfillattheendofeachoperatingdaytocontrolvectors,fires,odors,blowinglitter,and

scavenging.

AlternativefuelVehiclesAlternativefuelvehiclesuselowpolluting,nongasolinefuelssuchaselectricity,hydrogen,propane,

compressednaturalgas,liquidnaturalgas,methanol,andethanol.InLEED,efficientgaselectrichybridvehiclesareincludedinthis

group.

AmbientLightingLightinginaspacethatprovidesforgeneralwayfindingandvisualcomfort,incontrasttotasklighting,which

illuminatesadefinedareatofacilitatespecificvisualwork.

AmbientTemperatureTemperatureofthesurroundingairorothermedium.(EPA)

AncillaryLearningSpacesSpacesforinformallearning.Thesespacesinclude,butarenotlimitedto,corridors,cafeterias,

gymnasiaandindoorswimmingpools.

AngleofMaximumCandelaThedirectioninwhichtheluminaireemitsthegreatestluminousintensity.

AnticorrosivePaintsAnticorrosivepaintsarecoatingsformulatedandrecommendedforuseinpreventingthecorrosionofferrous

metalsubstrates.

AreaMedianIncomeThemedian,ormiddle,incomeofacountyasdefinedandavailablefromtheU.S.DepartmentofHousing

andUrbanDevelopment.

AreaweightedSRI AnareaweightedSRIisaweightedaveragecalculationthatmaybeperformedforbuildingswithmultiple

roofsurfacestodemonstratethatthetotalroofareahasanaveragesolarreflectanceindexequaltoorgreaterthanthatofa

theoreticalroof75%ofwhosesurfaceshaveanSRIof78and25%haveanSRIof30.


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AridWatershedWatershedthatreceiveslessthan20inchesofrainfallperyear.

AssemblyRecycledContent Assemblyrecycledcontentisthepercentageofmaterialinaproductthatiseither

postconsumerorpreconsumerrecycledcontent.Itisdeterminedbydividingtheweightoftherecycledcontentbytheoverall

weightoftheassembly.

ASTMVoluntarystandardsdevelopmentorganizationwhichcreatessourcetechnicalstandardsformaterials,products,systems,

andservices

AttendanceBoundaryTheattendanceboundaryisusedbyschooldistrictstodeterminewhichstudentsattendwhatschoolbased

onwheretheylive.

AudioFrequencyAsoundwavenormallyaudibletohumans.Audiofrequenciesrangeroughlyfrom15

Hzto20kHz.

AutomaticFixtureSensorsAutomaticfixturesensorsaremotiondetectorsthatautomaticallyturnonandturnofflavatories,sinks,

waterclosets,andurinals.Sensorscanbehardwiredorbatteryoperated.

BaselineBuildingPerformanceBaselinebuildingperformanceistheannualenergycostforabuildingdesignintendedforuseasa

baselineforratingabovestandarddesign,asdefinedinANSI/ASHRAE/IESNAStandard90.12007,InformativeAppendixG.

BaselineIrrigationWaterUseBaselineirrigationwateruseistheamountofwaterusedbyconventionalirrigationintheregion.

BikingNetworkAcontinuousnetworkconsistingofoneormoreofthefollowing:bicyclelanesortrailsatleast5feetwideor

roadsdesignedforaspeedof10milesperhourorslower.

BinderGlueusedinmanufacturingwoodproducts,suchasmediumdensityfiberboard(MDF),particleboard,andengineered

lumber.Mostbindersaremadewithformaldehyde.

BioaccumulationProcessbywhichtoxinscanbuildupprogressivelythroughthefoodchain;smallorganismsoftenstoretoxins

infattissue,andwhenlargerorganismseatthem,thosetoxinsbecamemoreconcentrated.

BiobasedGenerally,classificationofproductsandmaterialsderivedfromplantandanimalsourcesasopposedtominerals.TheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculturehasaprogramtopromotetheuseofemergingbiobasedproductsthatdefinesthemmore

narrowly,toexcludeproductsthatalreadyhaveestablishedmarkets,suchasfood,animalfeed,andlumber.

BiochemicalOxygenDemandBiochemicaloxygendemandisameasureofhowfastbiologicalorganismsuseupoxygeninabodyof

water.Itisusedinwaterqualitymanagementandassessment,ecology,andenvironmentalscience.

BiologicalControlBiologicalcontrolistheuseofchemicalorphysicalwatertreatmentstoinhibitbacterialgrowthincoolingtowers.

BioremediationTheuseofmicroorganismsandvegetationtoremovecontaminantsfromwaterandsoils.Bioremediationis

generallyaformofinsituremediationandcanbeaviablealternativetolandfillingorincineration

Bisphenol

A

An

ingredient

in

the

production

of

polycarbonate

plastics

that

is

a

suspected

endocrine

disrupter.

Also

known

as

BPA.

BlackwaterBlackwaterdefinitionsvary,butwastewaterfromtoiletsandurinalsisalwaysconsideredblackwater.Wastewaterfrom

kitchensinks(perhapsdifferentiatedbytheuseofagarbagedisposal),showers,orbathtubsisconsideredblackwaterundersome

stateorlocalcodes.

BleedoffBleedoff,orblowdown,isthereleaseofaportionoftherecirculatingwaterfromacoolingtower;thiswatercarries

dissolvedsolidsthatcancausemineralbuildup.


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BleedoffRateThefrequencywithwhichthedissolvedmineralsanddirtareremovedfromthecoolingtower.Itvaries

dependingonthemineralcontentandscalingtendencyoftheenteringwater.

BlowdownBleedoff,orblowdown,isthereleaseofaportionoftherecirculatingwaterfromacoolingtower;thiswatercarries

dissolvedsolidsthatcancausemineralbuildup.

BlowerdoortestAblowerdoortestgivesanoverallvalueforairtightnessofaspace,andcanhelpidentifyairleaks.Thetestingunit

consistsofacalibratedfanthatissealedontotheunitentrance.Thefancreatesacontinuousflowofpressureintotheunit(orout

oftheunitwhenusingtheatricalfogtolocateleaks).Devicesdetecttherateofpressureretentionandlossduetopossibleairleaks

intheconstruction.

BMPBestManagementPractice

BODBasisofdesign(BOD)includesdesigninformationnecessarytoaccomplishtheowner'sprojectrequirements,including

systemdescriptions,indoorenvironmentalqualitycriteria,designassumptions,andreferencestoapplicablecodes,standards,

regulations,andguidelines.

BreathingZoneThebreathingzoneistheregionwithinanoccupiedspacebetween3and6feetabovethefloorandmorethan2

feetfromwallsorfixedairconditioningequipment.(ASHRAE62.12007)

BREEAMBuildingResearchEstablishmentEnvironmentalAssessmentMethod,thefirstwidelyusedgreenbuildingratingsystem,developedintheU.K.intheearly1990s,currentlyusedprimarilyintheU.K.andinHongKong.

BrownfieldsAbandoned,idled,orunderusedindustrialandcommercialfacilities/siteswhereexpansionorredevelopmentis

complicatedbyrealorperceivedenvironmentalcontamination(mayincludehazardoussubstances,pollutants,orcontaminants).

Theycanbeinurban,suburban,orruralareas.EPA'sBrownfieldsinitiativehelpscommunitiesmitigatepotentialhealthrisksand

restoretheeconomicvitalityofsuchareasorproperties.(EPA)

BtuAunitofenergyconsumedbyordeliveredtoabuilding.ABtuisanacronymforBritishthermalunitandisdefinedasthe

amountofenergyrequiredtoincreasethetemperatureof1poundofwaterby1degreeFahrenheit,atnormalatmospheric

pressure.EnergyconsumptionisexpressedinBtutoallowforconsumptioncomparisonsamongfuelsthataremeasuredin

differentunits.

BuildableLandTheportionofthesitewhereconstructioncanoccur.Whenusedindensitycalculations,thecalculationfor

buildablelandexcludes:publicstreetsandotherpublicrightsofway,andlandexcludedfromdevelopmentbylaworother

prerequisitesofLEEDforNeighborhoodDevelopment.

BuildingAutomationSystem(BAS)Abuildingautomationsystem(BAS)usescomputerbasedmonitoringtocoordinate,organize,

andoptimizebuildingcontrolsubsystems,includinglighting,equipmentscheduling,andalarmreporting.

BuildingDensityBuildingdensityisthefloorareaofthebuildingdividedbythetotalareaofthesite(squarefeetperacre).

BuildingEngineerAqualifiedengineeringprofessionalwithrelevantandsufficientexpertisewhooverseesandisresponsiblefor

theoperationandmaintenanceofmechanical,electricalandplumbingsystemsintheprojectbuilding.

BuildingFloorspaceAlltheareaenclosedbytheexteriorwallsofabuilding,bothfinishedandunfinished,includingindoor

parkingfacilities,basements,hallways,lobbies,stairways,andelevatorshafts.Foraggregatefloorspacestatistics,floorspacewas

summedoraggregatedoverallbuildingsinacategory(suchasallofficebuildingsintheUnitedStates).

BuildingFootprint Buildingfootprintistheareaonaprojectsiteusedbythebuildingstructure,definedbytheperimeterof

thebuildingplan.Parkinglots,landscapes,andothernonbuildingfacilitiesarenotincludedinthebuildingfootprint.

BuildingOperatingPlanAgeneraldocumentationsummarizingtheintendedoperationofeachbasebuildingsystemdescribed

inthesystemsnarrative;thebuildingoperatingplanmayalsobeknownas"Owner'sOperatingRequirements"orsimilar.The


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operatingplanincludesthetimeofdayschedulesforeachsystemforeachoftheeightdaytypes(MondaytoSundayplus

holidays),themodeofoperationforeachsystemwhenitisrunning(occupiedvs.unoccupied;dayvs.night,etc.),andthe

desiredindoorconditionsorsetpointsforeachscheduleormode.Theoperatingplanaccountsforanydifferencesinneedsor

desiredconditionsfordifferentportionsoftheprojectbuilding,aswellasanyseasonalvariationsinoperationspatterns.The

planaccountsforallthemonitoredspaceconditionsusedtocontrolthebasesystems,i.e.,airtemperature,relativehumidity,

occupancy,lightlevel,CO2levels,roompressurization,ductstaticpressure,etc.

BuildingShell Theexteriorwalls,roof,andlowestfloorofabuilding,whichservetoseparateandprotecttheinteriorfrom

theelements(precipitation,sunlight,wind,temperaturevariations).

BuildingRelatedIllnessDiagnosableillnesswhosecauseandsymptomscanbedirectlyattributedtoaspecificpollutantsource

withinabuilding.(EPA)

BuildoutThetimeatwhichallhabitablebuildingsontheprojectarecompleteandreadyforoccupancy.

BuiltUpRoofAroofcoveringconsistingofseveralsuccessivelayers(eachofwhichiscalleda"ply"),usuallyofroofingfelt,with

moppingofhotasphaltbetweenlayersandtoppedbyamineralsurfacedlayerorbygravelembeddedinaheavycoatof

asphalt.

C&DConstructionanddemolition

C2CAprotocoldevelopedbyMcDonoughBraungartDesignChemistrythatestablishesguidelinesforthemanufactureof

productsinwaysthatharmonizewithnaturalsystems.Theseguidelinesrequire,forexample,thatproductsberecyclable

indefinitely,containnohazardousingredients,andbemanufacturedusingrenewableenergy.

CadmiumAnaturallyoccurringelementandsourceofpigmentsthatwereonceastapleinpaints,butnowislargelyphasedoutin

architecturalcoatingsexceptforcertainspecialtyproducts.Highexposuretocadmiumcancauseavarietyofhealthproblems,

includingkidneydamage.

CampusBusAcampusorprivatebusisabusorshuttleservicethatisprivatelyoperatedandnotavailabletothegeneralpublic.

InLEED,acampusorprivatebuslinethatfallswithin1/4mileoftheprojectsiteandprovidestransportationservicetothe

publiccancontributetoearningcredits.

CarSharingAsystemunderwhichmultiplehouseholdsshareapoolofautomobiles,eitherthroughcooperativeownershipor

throughsomeothermechanism.

CARBTheCaliforniaAirResourcesBoard,partofthestategovernment,ischargedwithmaintainingcleanair.Thisagencyis

uniqueatthestatelevel:CaliforniawastheonlystatethathadsuchanagencybeforethepassageofthefederalCleanAirAct,

andwasallowedtokeepit.

CarbonoffsetAfiscalunitmeasuredinmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(CO2e)representingsixmaincategoriesof

greenhousegases.Aimedatreducinggreenhousegasemissions,onecarbonoffsetrepresentsthereductionofonemetrictonof

carbondioxide(oritsequivalentinothergreenhousegases).Carbonoffsetsaretypicallypurchasedbyconsumersoffossilfuels

orproductsusingfossilfuels,asawayto"offset"ornegatetheirnegativeenvironmentalimpact.

CasesorCabinetsRefrigerationinopenorclosedunitsforthepurposeofselling,displaying,orstoringperishablematerials.

"Open"referstocasesorcabinetswithnocoversorwithflexiblecoversmadeofplasticorsomeothermaterial,hunginstripsor

curtainstostoptheflowofwarmairintotherefrigeratedspace.Examplesofopencasesareproduce,dairy,anddelicases,salad

bars,andsandwichpreparationunits."Closed"referstounitswithdoorsthatshut,suchasbeveragedisplaycoolers,grocery

coolersorfreezers,dessertdisplays,undercountercoolers,floraldisplaycoolers,andicemachines.

CBECSTheCommercialBuildingsEnergyConsumptionSurvey(CBECS)isanationalsamplesurveythatcollectsinformationonthe

stockofU.S.commercialbuildings,theirenergyrelatedbuildingcharacteristics,andtheirenergyconsumptionandexpenditures.

Commercialbuildingsincludeallbuildingsinwhichatleasthalfofthefloorspaceisusedforapurposethatisnotresidential,


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Churn1.Churnisthemovementofworkstationsandpeoplewithinaspace.2.Thereorganizationofofficespaceduetorelocation

ofanemployeefromoneworkstationtoanother,employeeturnover,orreorganizationofanentireoffice.

CIRCreditInterpretationRuling.UsedbydesignteammembersexperiencingdifficultiesintheapplicationofaLEEDprerequisite

orcredittoaproject.Typically,difficultiesarisewhenspecificissuesarenotdirectlyaddressedbyLEEDinformation/guide

CircadianRhythmTherhythmofanorganism'svitalfunctionswithrelationtothedailycycleofthenaturalenvironment.

ClassIBikewayBicycleormultiusefacilitiesthatarecompletelyseparatefromthevehicularrightofway.ThestandardClassI

bikewayhaspavementthatis8feetwidehowevertheexactdesignrequirementsforClassIbikewaysdifferfromjurisdictionto

jurisdiction.

ClerestoryWindowsPronouncedandsometimesspelled"clearstory,"thesearevertical,orclosetovertical,windowshighin

thewallofabuildingthatbringdaylightdeeplyintothebuildingand,ifoperable,canhelpventilatethespace.

ClimateChange1.Climatechangereferstoanysignificantchangeinmeasuresofclimate(suchastemperature,precipitation,or

wind)lastingforanextendedperiod(decadesorlonger).(U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,2008)2.Theincreaseinglobal

averagetemperaturesbeingcausedbyabuildupofCO2andothergreenhousegasesintheatmosphere.Thistemperaturechangeis

leadingtochangesincirculationpatternsintheairandintheoceans,whichareaffectingclimatesdifferentlyindifferentplaces.

AmongthepredictedeffectsareasignificantcoolinginWesternEuropeduetochangesinthejetstream,andrisingsealevelsdueto

themeltingofpolariceandglaciers.

ClimateZoneOneoffiveclimaticallydistinctareas,definedbylongtermweatherconditionswhichaffecttheheatingand

coolingloadsinbuildings.Thezonesweredeterminedaccordingtothe45yearaverage(19311975)oftheannualheatingand

coolingdegreedays(base65degreesFahrenheit).Anindividualbuildingwasassignedtoaclimatezoneaccordingtothe45year

averageannualdegreedaysforitsNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration(NOAA)Division.

CO2Carbondioxide

CogenerationThesimultaneousproductionofelectricandthermalenergyinonsite,distributedenergysystems;typically,waste

heatfromtheelectricitygenerationprocessisrecoveredandusedtoheat,cool,ordehumidifybuildingspace.Neither

generationofelectricitywithoutuseofthebyproductheat,norwasteheatrecoveryfromprocessesotherthanelectricity

generationisincludedinthedefinitionofcogeneration.

ColorrenderingIndex(CRI)Ascaleof0to100,usedbymanufacturersoffluorescent,metalhalide,andothernonincandescent

lightingequipmenttodescribethevisualeffectofthelightoncoloredsurfaces.NaturaldaylightisassignedaCRIof100.

ComfortCriteriaComfortcriteriaarespecificdesignconditionsthattakeintoaccounttemperature,humidity,airspeed,outdoor

temperature,outdoorhumidity,seasonalclothing,andexpectedactivity.(ASHRAE552004)

CominglingRecyclingAprocessofrecyclingmaterialsthatallowsconsumerstodisposeofvariousmaterials(suchaspaper,

cardboard,plastic,andmetal)inonecontainerthatisseparatefromwaste.Therecyclablematerialsarenotsorteduntiltheyare

collectedandbroughttoasortingfacility.

CompletedDesignAreaCompleteddesignareaisthetotalareaoffinishedceilings,floors,fullheightwallsanddemountable

partitions,interiordoors,andbuiltincasegoodsinthecompletedproject.Itdoesnotincludeexteriorwindowsanddoors.

CompositeWoodCompositewoodconsistsofwoodorplantparticlesorfibersbondedbyasyntheticresinorbinder.Examples

includeparticleboard,mediumdensityfiberboard(MDF),plywood,orientedstrandboard(OSB),wheatboard,andstrawboard.

CompositingToiletSystemsComposting(orNonwater)toiletsystemsaredryplumbingfixturesandfittingsthatcontainand

treathumanwasteviamicrobiologicalprocesses.


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CompressedWorkweekAcompressedworkweekrearrangesthestandardworkweek(5consecutive8hourdaysinaweek),

increasingthedailyhoursanddecreasingthenumberofdaysintheworkcycle.Forexample,insteadofworking8hourdays

MondaythroughFriday,employeeswork10hourdaysfor4daysperweek,or9hourdaysfor9of10consecutivedays.

ConcentrationRatioConcentrationratioistheratioofthelevelofdissolvedsolidsintherecirculatingwatertothelevelfoundinthe

enteringmakeupwater.Ahigherconcentrationratioresultsfromalowerbleedoffrate;increasingtheratioaboveacertainpoint,

however,leadstoscaling,andwatersavingsdiminishafteracertainlevel.Thisratioisalsocalledthecyclesofconcentration.Cycles

referstothenumberoftimesdissolvedmineralsinthewaterareconcentratedcomparedwithmakeupwater,nottowaterflow

overthetowerortoonoffcycles.

ConditionalEnergyIntensityTotalconsumptionofaparticularenergysource(s)orfuel(s)dividedbythetotalfloorspaceof

buildingsthatusetheenergysource(s)orfuel(s),i.e.,theratioofconsumptiontoenergysourcespecificfloorspace.This

measureisusedinthefuelspecificdetailedtables.

ConductivityMeterAdevicethatmeasurestheamountofnutrientsandsaltinwater.AlsoknowasaECmeter.

ConstructionGeneralPermitEPA'sConstructionGeneralPermit.OutlinestheprovisionsnecessarytocomplywithPhaseIandPhase

IIoftheNationalPollutantDischargeEliminationSystem(NPDES)program.

ConstructionIAQManagementPlanAconstructionIAQmanagementplanoutlinesmeasurestominimizecontaminationina

specificprojectbuildingduringconstructionanddescribesprocedurestoflushthebuildingofcontaminantspriortooccupancy.

ConstructionWasteManagementPlan(CWMP)Aplanthatdivertsconstructiondebrisfromlandfillsthroughtheprocessesof

recycling,salvagingandreusing.

ConversionFactorsEstimatesarepresentedincustomaryU.S.units.Floorspaceestimatesmaybeconvertedtometricunitsby

usingtherelationship:1squarefootisapproximatelyequalto0.0929squaremeters.Energyestimatesmaybeconvertedto

metricunitsbyusingtherelationship:1Btuisapproximatelyequalto1,055joules;onekilowatthourisexactlyequalto

3,600,000joules;andonegigajoule(109joules)isapproximately278kilowatthours(kWh).

ConversionLossesTheamountofenergylostduringgeneration,transmission,anddistributionofenergysources,particularly

electricity,includingplantandunaccountedforuses.

CoolingEquipmentTheequipmentusedforcoolingroomairinabuildingforhumancomfort.

Cx1.Commissioning(Cx)istheprocessofverifyinganddocumentingthatabuildingandallofitssystemsandassembliesare

planned,designed,installed,tested,operated,andmaintainedtomeettheowner'sprojectrequirements.

2.Theprocessofcheckingtheperformanceofabuildingagainsttheowner'sgoalsduringdesign,construction,andoccupancy.

Ataminimum,mechanicalandelectricalequipmentaretested,althoughmuchmoreextensivetestingmayalsobeincluded.

CxAThecommissioningauthority(CxA)istheindividualdesignatedtoorganize,lead,andreviewthecompletionof

commissioningprocessactivities.TheCxAfacilitatescommunicationamongtheowner,designer,andcontractortoensurethat

complexsystemsareinstalledandfunctioninaccordancewiththeowner'sprojectrequirements.

CyclesofConcentrationConcentrationratioistheratioofthelevelofdissolvedsolidsintherecirculatingwatertothelevelfoundin

theenteringmakeupwater.Ahigherconcentrationratioresultsfromalowerbleedoffrate;increasingtheratioaboveacertain

point,however,leadstoscaling,andwatersavingsdiminishafteracertainlevel.Thisratioisalsocalledthecyclesofconcentration.

Cyclesreferstothenumberoftimesdissolvedmineralsinthewaterareconcentratedcomparedwithmakeupwater,nottowater

flowoverthetowerortoonoffcycles.


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DaylightFactorTheratioofexteriorilluminationtointeriorillumination,expressedasapercentage.Thevariablesusedto

determinethedaylightfactorincludethefloorarea,windowarea,windowgeometry,visibletransmittance(Tvis),andwindow

height.

DaylightGlazingAverticalwindowarealocated7'6"abovethefloor.Glazingatthisheightisthemosteffectiveatdistributing

daylightdeepintotheinteriorspace.

DaylightResponsiveLightingControlsDaylightresponsivelightingcontrolsarephotosensorsusedinconjunctionwithother

switchinganddimmingdevicestocontroltheamountofartificiallightinginrelationshiptotheamountandqualityofnatural

daylight.

DaylightingSensorsAlightingfeaturethattakesadvantageofsunlighttocuttheamountofelectriclightingusedinabuildingby

varyingoutputofthelightingsysteminresponsetovariationsinavailabledaylight.Theyaresometimesreferredtoas"natural

lightingcontrolsensors"or"photocells."

dBAAdecibel(dBA)isasoundpressurelevelmeasuredwithaconventionalfrequencyweightingthatroughlyapproximateshow

thehumanearhearsdifferentfrequencycomponentsofsoundsattypicallisteninglevelsforspeech.(ANSIS12.602002)

DeclarantALEEDprojectteammemberwhoistechnicallyqualifiedtoverifythecontentofaLEEDcreditsubmittaltemplate,

andisauthorizedbytheprojectadministratortosignthetemplateanduploadittoLEEDOnline.TheDeclarantmusthavehada

significant

degree

of

responsibility

for

the

credit,

such

as

participation

in

or

oversight

of

the

implementation

or

verification.

The

declarantforcreditsmayberestrictedornonrestricted.Forexample,forSustainableSitesCredit4,onlythepropertymanager

orfacilitymanagermaysubmitverification;forothers,anyteammember,includingcontractorsorconsultants,canpreparethe

submittaldocumentation.

DedicatedServerAserverisusuallyjusttheCPUor"case"portionofacomputerthatisusedtomanagenetworkresourcessuch

ascomputerfiles,printers,databases,ornetworktraffic;itdoesnotrequiremuchhumanoperation,somostdonothave

keyboardsormonitors."Dedicated"meansthattheserverperformsnoothertasksbesidesservertasks.

DegreeDays45YearAverageTheaverageofthetotalannualheatingandcoolingdegreedays(base,65DegreesFahrenheit)in

eachNOAADivision,forthe45years,1931through1975.ComputedfromtheDivision'sdailytemperatureaveragesforeach

yearinquestionandusedtoassignindividualbuildingstoclimatezones.

DenselyOccupiedSpace Denselyoccupiedspaceisanareawithadesignoccupantdensityof25peopleormoreper1,000

squarefeet(40squarefeetorlessperperson).

DensityTheamountofbuildingstructuresconstructedontheprojectsite,measuredforresidentialbuildingsasdwellingunits

peracreofbuildablelandavailableforresidentialuses,andfornonresidentialbuildingsasthefloorarearatiopernetacreof

buildablelandareaavailablefornonresidentialuses.

DensityFactorDensityfactor(kd)isacoefficientusedincalculatingthelandscapecoefficient.Itmodifiestheevapotranspiration

ratetoreflectthewateruseofaplantorgroupofplants,particularlywithreferencetothedensityoftheplantmaterial.

DesignIntentAwrittendocumentthatdetailstheideas,concepts,andcriteriathataredeterminedbytheownertobe

important

to

the

success

of

the

project.

DesignLightOutputDesignlightoutputisthelightoutputoflampsat40%oftheirusefullife.

DevelopmentFootprintThedevelopmentfootprintistheareaaffectedbydevelopmentorbyprojectsiteactivity.Hardscape,

accessroads,parkinglots,nonbuildingfacilities,andthebuildingitselfareallincludedinthedevelopmentfootprint.

DHWDomestichotwater(DHW)iswaterusedforfoodpreparation,cleaningandsanitationandpersonalhygiene,butnot

heating.


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DifferentialairpressureThedifferenceinairpressurebetweentwospaces,potentiallyleading,inthecaseofapressure

difference,tothemigrationofcontaminantsfromonespacetoanother.Whenusingadesignatedsmokingroomror

environmentaltobaccosmokecontrol,youmayneedtotestthedifferentialairpressureinthesmokingroomwithrespectto

eachadjacentareaandineachadjacentverticalchasewiththedoorstothesmokingroomclosed.Thetestingwillbeconducted

witheachspaceconfiguredforworstcaseconditionsoftransportofairfromthesmokingroomstoadjacentspaceswiththe

smokingrooms'doorsclosedtotheadjacentspaces.Thetestcanbeconductedbyamechanicalengineer.Thetestshould

involve15minutesofmeasurement, withaminimumofonemeasurementevery10seconds.Withthedoorstothesmoking

roomclosed,operateexhaustsufficienttocreateanegativepressurewithrespecttotheadjacentspacesofatleastanaverage

of5Pa(0.02inchesofwatergauge)andwithaminimumof1Pa(0.004inchesofwatergauge).

DiffusersInanHVACcontext,diffusersdisperseheating,cooling,orventilationairasitentersaroom,ideallypreventing

uncomfortabledirectcurrentsandinmanycases,reducingenergycostsandimprovingindoorairquality(IAQ).Inlightfixtures,

diffusersfilteranddisperselight.

DirectLineofSighttoPerimeterVisionGlazingTheapproachusedtodeterminethecalculatedareaofregularlyoccupiedareas

withdirectlineofsighttoperimetervisionglazing.Theareadeterminationincludesfullheightpartitionsandotherfixed

constructionpriortoinstallationoffurniture.

DisplacementVentilationAsysteminwhichairslightlycoolerthanthedesiredroomtemperatureisintroducedatfloorlevel

andisliftedupbywarmerairtoexhaustoutletsattheceiling,increasingaircirculationandremovalofpollutants.

DistributedWaterHeatingSystemAtypeofsystemforheatingwater(forpurposesotherthanspaceheating)thatheatswateras

neededforimmediateusenearthelocationwherethiswaterisused.Itisoftencalleda"pointofuse"waterheatingsystem,andis

usuallylocatedinmorethanoneplacewithinabuilding.Becausewaterisnotheateduntilitisrequired,thisequipmentismore

energyefficient.

DownstreamEquipmentDownstreamequipmentconsistsofallheatingorcoolingsystems,equipment,andcontrolslocatedwithin

theprojectbuildingandsiteassociatedwithtransportingthermalenergyintoheatedorcooledspaces.Thisincludesthethermal

connectionorinterfacewiththedistrictenergysystem,secondarydistributionsystemsinthebuilding,andterminalunits.

DripIrrigationDripirrigationdeliverswateratlowpressurethroughburiedmainsandsubmains.Fromthesubmains,wateris

distributedtothesoilthroughanetworkofperforatedtubesoremitters.Dripirrigationisahighefficiencytypeofmicroirrigation.

DualflushAtypeofwatersavingtoiletthatgivesachoiceofflushesdependingonthetypeofwastesolidorliquid.

DurableGoodsDurablegoodshaveausefullifeof2yearsormoreandarereplacedinfrequentlyormayrequirecapitalprogram

outlays.Examplesincludefurniture,officeequipment,appliances,externalpoweradapters,televisions,andaudiovisualequipment.

DurableGoodsWasteStreamThedurablegoodswastestreamconsistsofdurablegoodsleavingtheprojectsitethatarefully

depreciatedandhavereachedtheendoftheirusefullivesfornormalbusinessoperations.

EBOMEBOMisanacronymforExistingBuildings:Operations&Maintenance,oneoftheLEED2009ratingsystems.

ECMEnergyconservationmeasuresareinstallationsormodificationsofequipmentorsystemsintendedtoreduceenergyuse

and

costs.

EcologicalRestorationEcologicalrestorationistheprocessofassistingintherecoveryandmanagementofecologicalintegrityand

includesbiodiversity,ecologicalprocessesandstructures,regionalandhistoricalcontext,andsustainableculturalpractices.

EcologicallyAppropriateSiteFeaturesEcologicallyappropriatesitefeaturesarenaturalsiteelementsthatmaintainorrestorethe

ecologicalintegrityofthesite.Examplesincludenativeoradaptedvegetation,waterbodies,exposedrock,unvegetatedground,and

otherfeaturesthatprovidehabitatvalueandarepartofthehistoricnaturallandscape.


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EconomizerAneconomizerisadeviceusedtomakebuildingsystemsmoreenergyefficient.ExamplesincludeHVACenthalpy

controls,whicharebasedonhumidityandtemperature.

EconomizerCycleAheating,ventilation,andairconditioning(HVAC)conservationfeatureconsistingofindoorandoutdoor

temperatureandhumiditysensors,dampers,motors,andmotorcontrolsfortheventilationsystemtoreducetheair

conditioningload.Whereverthetemperatureandhumidityoftheoutdoorairaremorefavorable(lowerheatcontent)thanthe

temperatureandhumidityofthereturnair,moreoutdoorairisbroughtintothebuilding.

EcotoxicityGenerally,harmfuleffectsproducedintheenvironmentbychemicalresidues,leachate,orvolatilegasesduring

productionordegradationofmanufacturedmaterials.Specifically,themeasuredlevelsatwhichtoxinscauseharmtoorganisms.

EfficacyInlighting,theratiooflightoutput(inlumens)toinputpower(inwatts).Higherefficacyindicateshigherefficiency.

ElectricalConductivity(EC)MeterAnelectricalconductivity(EC)metermeasurestheamountofnutrientsandsaltinwater.

ElectricalEngineeringElectricalandelectronicsengineeringisthepracticalapplicationofelectricity.Electricalengineersare

concernedwithelectricaldevicesandsystemsandwiththeuseofelectricalenergy.

EmbodiedEnergy1.Embodiedenergyistheenergyusedduringtheentirelifecycleofaproduct,includingitsmanufacture,

transportation,anddisposal,aswellastheinherentenergycapturedwithintheproductitself.2.Theenergyexpendedinthe

process

of

creating

a

product,

often

including

the

fuel

value

of

its

constituent

parts

as

well

as

transportation

to

its

point

of

use.

EMCSEnergyManagementandControlSystem(EMCS)isanenergymanagementfeaturethatusesmini/microcomputers,

instrumentation,controlequipment,andsoftwaretomanageabuilding'suseofenergyforheating,ventilation,airconditioning,

lighting,and/orbusinessrelatedprocesses.Thesesystemsmayalsomanagefirecontrol,safety,andsecurity.Notincludedasan

EMCSaretimeclockthermostats.

EmissivityEmissivityistheratiooftheradiationemittedbyasurfacetotheradiationemittedbyablackbodyatthesame

temperature.

EndocrineDisrupterChemicalthatmimicsnaturalhormones,suchasestrogen,andmayinterferewithreproductive

developmentoralterbehaviorinoffspring.Amongcommonchemicalsbelievedtobeendocrinedisruptersarephthalate

plasticizersusedinPVCplasticandbisphenolA,whichisusedinthemanufactureofepoxiesandpolycarbonateplastic.

EnergyIntensityTheratioofconsumptiontounitofmeasurement(floorspace,numberofworkers,etc.)Energyintensityis

usuallygivenonanaggregatebasis,astheratioofthetotalconsumptionforasetofbuildingstothetotalfloorspaceinthose

buildings.Conditionalenergyintensityandgrossenergyintensityarepresented.Theenergyintensitycanalsobecomputedfor

individualbuildings.

EnergySourceSpecificFloorspaceTotalfloorspaceofthosebuildingsthatuseaparticularfuel,forexample,totalfloorspacein

buildingsthatusenaturalgas.

EnergyRelatedSpaceFunctions Theuseofspaceinthebuildingforoneormoreofthreespecificfunctions:commercialfood

preparation,activitiesrequiringlargeamountsofhotwater,andseparatecomputerareas.

EnvironmentallyPreferablePurchasingAUnitedStatesfederalwideprogram(ExecutiveOrder13101)thatencouragesand

assistsExecutiveagenciesinthepurchasingofEnvironmentallyPreferableProductsandservices.

EPPEnvironmentallypreferableproducts(EPP)arethoseidentifiedashavingalesserorreducedeffectonhealthandthe

environmentwhencomparedwithcompetingproductsthatservethesamepurpose.

ESCAnErosionandSedimentationControl(ESC)planisacollectionofmeasuresdesignedtoreducepollutionfromconstruction

activitiesbycontrollingsoilerosion,waterwaysedimentationandairbornedustgeneration


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ETEvapotranspiration(ET)isthelossofwaterbyevaporationfromthesoilandbytranspirationfromplants.Itisexpressedin

millimetersperunitoftime.

ETSEnvironmentaltobaccosmoke(ETS),orsecondhandsmoke,consistsofairborneparticlesemittedfromtheburningendof

cigarettes,pipes,andcigars,andisexhaledbysmokers.Theseparticlescontainabout4,000compounds,upto50ofwhichare

knowntocausecancer.

Eutrophication1.Eutrophicationistheincreaseinchemicalnutrients,suchasthenitrogenandphosphorusoftenfoundin

fertilizers,inanecosystem.Theaddednutrientsstimulateexcessiveplantgrowth,promotingalgalbloomsorweeds.The

enhancedplantgrowthreducesoxygeninthelandandwater,reducingwaterqualityandfishandotheranimalpopulations.

2.Theprocessbywhichbodiesofwaterarestarvedofoxygenandlightbyalgaeandotherplantsthatmultiplyduetoexcessive

concentrationsofnutrientssuchasnitrogenandphosphorous.Typicalsourcesincludefertilizerrunoffandpoorlymanaged

wastewatertreatmentsystems,frequentlyincludinghomesepticsystems.

ExsituRemediationTheremovalandtreatmentofcontaminatedsoilandgroundwater.Treatmentofthecontaminatedmedia

occursinanotherlocation,typicallyatreatmentfacility.Atraditionalmethodofexsituremediationispumpandtreat

technologythatusescarbonfiltersandincineration.Moreadvancedmethodsofexsituremediationincludechemicaltreatment

orbiologicalreactors.

ExemplaryperformanceInLEED,certaincreditshaveestablishedthresholdsbeyondbasiccreditachievement.Meetingthese

thresholdscanearnadditionalpointsthroughInnovationinDesign(ID)orInnovationinOperations(IO)points.Asageneralrule

ofthumb,IDcreditsforexemplaryperformanceareawardedfordoublingthecreditrequirementsand/orachievingthenext

incrementalpercentagethreshold.However,thisrulevariesonacasebycasebasis,socheckthecreditrequirements.

ExfiltrationExfiltrationisairleakagethroughcracksandintersticesandthroughtheceilings,floors,andwalls.

ExternalOverhangsorAwningsAconservationfeaturedesignedtoreducethetransmissionoflightintoabuilding.Theseinclude

anytypeofoverhang(includingarchitectural)orawningontheoutsideofthebuildingdesignedtolimitsolarpenetration.

FaucetaeratorAdevicedesignedtosavewaterandreducesplashingbyaddingairtoastreamofwater;usuallyfoundatthetip

ofafaucet.

fc1.Afootcandle(fc)isameasureoflightfallingonagivensurface.Onefootcandleisdefinedasthequantityoflightfallingona

1squarefootareafroma1candelalightsourceatadistanceof1foot(whichequals1lumenpersquarefoot).Footcandlescan

bemeasuredbothhorizontallyandverticallybyafootcandlemeterorlightmeter.

2.Thenonmetricmeasurementoflumenspersquarefoot,onefootcandleistheamountoflightthatisreceivedonefootfrom

alightsourcecalledacandela,whichisbasedonthelightoutputofastandardizedcandle.Acommonrangeforinteriorlighting

is10to100footcandles,whileexteriordaytimelevelscanrangefrom100toover10,000footcandles.Footcandlesdecrease

withdistancefromthelightsource.Themetricequivalentofafootcandleis10.76lux,orlumenspersquaremeter.

FlatCoatingsCoatingsthatregisteraglossoflessthan15onan85degreemeterorlessthan5ona60degreemeter.

FloorAreaRatioFloorAreaRatio(FAR)isthemeasureofthedensityofnonresidentiallanduse.Itisthetotalnonresidential

buildingfloorareadividedbythetotalbuildablelandareaavailablefornonresidentialuses. Forexample,onasitewith10,000

squarefeetofbuildablelandarea,anFARof1.0wouldbe10,000squarefeetofbuiltbuildingfloorarea. Onthesamesite,anFAR

of1.5wouldbe15,000squarefeetofbuiltfloorarea;anFARof2.0wouldbe20,000builtsquarefeetandanFARof0.5wouldbe

5,000builtsquarefeet.

FluoropolymerApolymer(compoundmadeupofmanyidenticalmoleculeslinkedbychemicalbonds)containingtheelement

fluorine;themostrecognizedfluoropolymerispolytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE),soldunderDuPont'sTeflontrademark.Akey

constituentinmakingsomefluoropolymers,perfluorooctanoicacid(PFOA),hascomeunderscrutinyasa"likelycarcinogen."


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FlushometerAdevicethatutilizespressurefromthewatersupplysystem,ratherthantheforceofgravity,todischargewater

intothebowlofatoiletorurinal.Itisdesignedtouselesswaterthanconventionalflushtoilets.

Formaldehyde1.FormaldehydeisanaturallyoccurringVOCfoundinsmallamountsinanimalsandplantsbutiscarcinogenicandan

irritanttomostpeoplewhenpresentinhighconcentrations,causingheadaches,dizziness,mentalimpairment,andothersymptoms

Whenpresentintheairatlevelsabove0.1ppm,itcancausewateryeyes;burningsensationsintheeyes,nose,andthroat;nausea;

coughing;chesttightness;wheezing;skinrashes;andasthmaticandallergicreactions.2.Aknowncarcinogenwithnoknownsafe

exposurelevel.Formaldehydeoccursnaturally,butappearsinunnaturallyhighconcentrationsinmanybuildingsbecauseitisan

ingredientinbindersusedinmanybuildingmaterialsandfurnishings.

FSCIndependent,thirdpartyverificationthatforestproductsareproducedandsoldbasedonasetofcriteriaforforest

managementandchainofcustodycontrolsdevelopedbytheForestStewardshipCouncil(FSC),aninternationalnonprofit

organization.FSCcriteriaforcertifyingforestsaroundtheworldaddressforestmanagement,legalissues,indigenousrights,

laborrights,multiplebenefits,andenvironmentalimpacts.

FTEFulltimeequivalent(FTE)representsaregularbuildingoccupantwhospends40hoursperweekintheprojectbuilding.Part

timeorovertimeoccupantshaveFTEvaluesbasedontheirhoursperweekdividedby40.Multipleshiftsareincludedorexcluded

dependingontheintentandrequirementsofthecredit.

FuelEfficientVehiclesFuelefficientvehicleshaveachievedaminimumgreenscoreof40accordingtotheannualvehiclerating

guideoftheAmericanCouncilforanEnergyEfficientEconomy.

FullCutoffLuminaireAfullcutoffluminairehaszerocandelaintensityatanangleof90degreesabovetheverticalaxis(nadiror

straightdown)andatallanglesgreaterthan90degreesfromstraightdown.Additionally,thecandelaper1,000lamplumensdoes

notnumericallyexceed100(10%)atanangleof80degreesabovenadir.Thisappliestoalllateralanglesaroundtheluminaire.

FullCostAccountingAmethodofmonetizingtheenvironmentalandsocialimpacts,aswellasfinancialcosts,associatedwitha

productorprocess.

FullTimeEquivalentFulltimeequivalent(FTE)representsaregularbuildingoccupantwhospends40hoursperweekintheproject

building.ParttimeorovertimeoccupantshaveFTEvaluesbasedontheirhoursperweekdividedby40.Multipleshiftsareincluded

orexcludeddependingontheintentandrequirementsofthecredit.

FullyShieldedInafullyshieldedexteriorlightfixture,theloweredgeoftheshieldisatorbelowthelowestedgeofthelamp,

suchthatalllightshinesdown.

FunctionalEntryAnentrywaythatisdesignedtobeusedbypedestriansandisopenduringregularbusinesshours.Thisdoesnot

includeanydoorthatisexclusivelydesignatedasanemergencyexit,oragaragedoorthatisnotdesignedasanentrancefor

pedestrians.

FunctionalPerformanceTestingTheprocessofdeterminingtheabilityofthecommissionedsystemstoperforminaccordance

withtheowner'sprojectrequirements,basisofdesign(BOD),andconstructiondocuments.

GlazingFactorTheratioofinteriorilluminanceatagivenpointonagivenplane(usuallytheworkplane)totheexterior

illuminanceunderknownovercastskyconditions.LEEDusesasimplifiedapproachforitscreditcompliancecalculations.The

variablesusedtodeterminethedaylightfactorincludethefloorarea,windowarea,windowgeometry,visibletransmittance

(Tvis)andwindowheight.

Graywater:

1.DefinedbytheUniformPlumbingCode(UPC)initsAppendixG,titled"GraywaterSystemsforSingleFamilyDwellings,"as

"untreatedhouseholdwastewaterwhichhasnotcomeintocontactwithtoiletwaste.Greywaterincludesusedwaterfrom

bathtubs,showers,bathroomwashbasins,andwaterfromclotheswasherandlaundrytubs.Itshallnotincludewastewater

fromkitchensinksordishwashers."


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2.TheInternationalPlumbingCode(IPC)definesgraywaterinitsAppendixC,titled"GraywaterRecyclingSystems,"as

"wastewaterdischargedfromlavatories,bathtubs,showers,clotheswashers,andlaundrysinks."Somestatesandlocal

authoritiesallowkitchensinkwastewatertobeincludedingraywater.OtherdifferenceswiththeUPCandIPCdefinitionscan

probablybefoundinstateandlocalcodes.Projectteamsshouldcomplywiththegraywaterdefinitionsasestablishedbythe

authorityhavingjurisdictionintheirareas.

GreeneGreeneisaprogramestablishedbytheCenterforResourceSolutionstobothpromotegreenelectricityproductsand

provideconsumerswitharigorousandnationallyrecognizedmethodtoidentifythoseproducts.

GrossEnergyIntensityTotalconsumptionofaparticularenergysource(s)orfuel(s)byagroupofbuildings,dividedbythetotal

floorspaceofthosebuildings,includingbuildingsandfloorspacewheretheenergysourceorfuelisnotused,i.e.,theratioof

consumptiontogrossfloorspace.

GrossFloorspaceTotalfloorspaceofagroupofbuildings,regardlessofwhichendusesarepresentorwhichenergysourcesorfuels

areusedwithinthebuildings.

GrossSquareFootageSumofthefloorareasofthespaceswithinthebuildingincludingbasements,mezzanineand

intermediateflooredtiers,andpenthouseswithheadroomheightof7.5ftorgreater.Itismeasuredfromtheexteriorfacesof

exteriorwallsorfromthecenterlineofwallsseparatingbuildings,butexcludingcoveredwalkways,openroofedoverareas,

porchesandsimilarspaces,pipetrenches,exteriorterracesorsteps,chimneys,roofoverhangs,andsimilarfeatures.

GroundSourceHeatPumpAtypeofheatpumpthatusesthenaturalheatstorageabilityoftheearthand/orthegroundwater

toheatand/orcoolabuilding.Theearthhastheabilitytoabsorbandstoreheatenergyfromthesun.Tousethatstoredenergy,

heatisextractedfromtheearththroughaliquidmedium(groundwateroranantifreezesolution)andispumpedtotheheat

pumporheatexchanger.There,theheatisusedtoheatthebuilding.Inthesummer,theprocessisreversedandindoorheatis

extractedfromthebuildingandtransferredtotheearththroughtheliquid.Thegeothermalheatpumpismoreefficientthanan

airsourceheatpump.Alsoreferredtoasa"closedloop"system.

HalogenLightBulbAtypeofincandescentlightbulbthatlastsmuchlongerandismoreefficientthanastandardincandescent

lightbulb.Thelightbulbusesahalogengas,usuallyiodineorbromine,thatcausestheevaporatingtungstentoberedeposited

onthefilament,thusprolongingitslife.Halogenlampsproduceabrighter,whiterlightthanstandardincandescent.Theyare

especiallysuitedtorecessedor"cannedfixtures,"tracklights,andoutdoorlights.

HalonsHalonsaresubstances,usedinfiresuppressionsystemsandfireextinguishers,thatdepletethestratosphericozonelayer.

HCFCsHydrochlorofluorocarbons(HCFCs)arerefrigerantsthatcausesignificantlylessdepletionofthestratosphericozonelayer

thanchlorofluorocarbons.

HeatIslandEffectHeatislandeffectreferstotheabsorptionofheatbyhardscapes,suchasdark,nonreflectivepavementand

buildings,anditsradiationtosurroundingareas.Particularlyinurbanareas,othersourcesmayincludevehicleexhaust,air

conditioners,andstreetequipment;reducedairflowfromtallbuildingsandnarrowstreetsexacerbatestheeffect.

HeatPumpAtypeofheatingand/orcoolingequipmentthatdrawsheatintoabuildingfromoutsideand,duringthecooling

season,ejectsheatfromthebuildingtotheoutside.Heatpumpsarevaporcompressionrefrigerationsystemswhose

indoor/outdoor

coils

are

used

reversibly

as

condensers

or

evaporators,

depending

on

the

need

for

heating

or

cooling.

In

the

2003CBECS,specificinformationwascollectedonwhethertheheatpumpsystemwasapackagedunit,residentialtypesplit

system,orindividualroomheatpump,andwhethertheheatpumpwasairsource,groundsource,orwatersource.

HeatrecoveryventilatorAventilationsystemthattransmitsheatfromexhaustairtoincomingfreshair.

HeatingDegreeDays Ameasureofhowcoldalocationwasoveraperiodoftime,relativetoabasetemperature.InCBECS,

thebasetemperatureusedis65degreesFahrenheit,andtheperiodoftimeisoneyear.Theheatingdegreedayisthedifference

betweenthatday'saveragetemperatureand65degreesifthedailyaverageislessthan65;itiszeroifthedailyaverage

temperatureisgreaterthanorequalto65.Heatingdegreedaysforayeararethesumofthedailyheatingdegreedaysfordays

thatyear.


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HERSIndexAscoringsystemestablishedbytheResidentialEnergyServicesNetwork(RESNET)inwhichahomebuilttothe

specificationsoftheHERSReferenceHome(basedonthe2006InternationalEnergyConservationCode)scoresaHERSIndexof

100,whileanetzeroenergyhomescoresaHERSIndexof0.Thelowerahome'sHERSIndex,themoreenergyefficientitisin

comparisontotheHERSReferenceHome.

HertzHertz(Hz)istheunitusedtodescribethefrequencyofvibrations(cycles)persecond;1Hzequals1cyclepersecond.

HEPAfilters[HighEfficiencyParticulateAir(HEPA)]Filtersthatremovevirtuallyall(99.97%)0.3micronparticles.

HorizontalFootcandlesHorizontalfootcandlesoccuronahorizontalsurface.Theycanbeaddedtogetherarithmetically whenmore

than1sourceprovideslighttothesamesurface.

HorizontalViewTheapproachusedtoconfirmthatthedirectlineofsighttoperimetervisionglazingremainsavailablefroma

seatedposition.Itusessectiondrawingsthatincludetheinstalledfurnituretomakethedetermination.

HumidWatershedWatershedthatreceivesatleast40inchesofrainfalleachyear.

HydrofluorocarbonsHydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)arerefrigerantsthatdonotdepletethestratosphericozonelayerbutmayhave

highglobalwarmingpotential.HFCsarenotconsideredenvironmentallybenign.

IAQIndoorairquality:Thequalityandattributesofindoorairaffectingthehealthandcomfortbuildingoccupants.IAQ

encompassesavailablefreshair,contaminantlevels,acousticsandnoiselevels,lightingquality,andotherfactors.

IECCInternationalEnergyConservationCode

IFMAInternationalFacilityManagementAssociation

ImperviousSurfacesResistancetopenetrationbyaliquidandiscalculatedasthepercentageofareacoveredbyapavingsystem

thatdoesnotallowmoisturetosoakintotheground.

IntegratedDesignBuildingorinteriordesigninwhichdifferentcomponents,suchasthebuildingenvelope,windowplacement

andglazings,mechanicalsystems,furniture,andsurfacefinishesareconsideredaspartofbuildingdesign,especiallytoachieve

goals

related

to

sustainability.

IntegratedPestManagementIntegratedpestmanagement(IPM)isthecoordinateduseofknowledgeaboutpests,the

environment,andpestpreventionandcontrolmethodstominimizepestinfestationanddamagebythemosteconomicalmeans

whileminimizinghazardstopeople,property,andtheenvironment.

InteriorLightingPowerAllowanceInteriorlightingpowerallowanceisthemaximumlightingpower(inwatts)allowedforthe

interiorofabuilding.

InteriorNonStructuralComponentsReuseInteriornonstructuralcomponentsreuseisdeterminedbydividingtheareaof

retainedcomponentsbythelargerof(1)theareaofthepriorconditionor(2)theareaofthecompleteddesign.

IPCInternationalPlumbingCode

IPMVPTheInternationalPerformanceMeasurementandVerificationProtocol(IPMVP)providesbestpracticeprotocolfor

measurementandverificationofnewconstruction.ThisstandardisreferencedinLEED'smeasurementandverificationcredits.

KLThelandscapecoefficient(KL)isaconstantusedtocalculatetheevapotranspirationrate.Ittakesintoaccountthespecies

factor,densityfactor,andmicroclimatefactorofthearea.

kWhAkilowatthourisaunitofworkorenergy,measuredas1kilowatt(1,000watts)ofpowerexpendedfor1hour.OnekWhis

equivalentto3,412Btu.


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LandscapeAreaThelandscapeareaisthetotalsitearealessthebuildingfootprint,pavedsurfaces,waterbodies,andpatios.

LeakagerateThespeedatwhichanappliancelosesrefrigerant,measuredbetweenrefrigerantchargesorover12months,

whicheverisshorter.Theleakagerateisexpressedintermsofthepercentageoftheappliance'sfullchargethatwouldbelost

overa12monthperiodiftheratestabilized.(EPACleanAirAct,TitleVI,Rule608).

LegionellapneumophilaLegionellapneumophilaisawaterbornebacteriumthatcausesLegionnaire'sdisease.Itgrowsinslow

movingorstillwarmwaterandcanbefoundinplumbing,showerheads,andwaterstoragetanks.OutbreaksofLegionella

pneumoniahavebeenattributedtoevaporativecondensersandcoolingtowers.

LifeCycleAnalysisAnevaluationoftheenvironmentaleffectsofaproductoractivityholistically,byanalyzingtheentirelife

cycleofaparticularmaterial,process,product,technology,service,oractivity.

LifeCycleInventoryAnaccountingoftheenergyandwasteassociatedwiththecreationofanewproductthroughuseand

disposal.

LifeCycleassessment1.Lifecycleassessmentisananalysisoftheenvironmentalaspectsandpotentialimpactsassociatedwitha

product,process,orservice.

2.Thepracticeofquantifyingandcharacterizingalltheresourceandpollutionflowsassociatedwithaprocessorproduct,forthe

purpose

of

documenting

its

environmental

impact.

It

is

defined

by

the

International

Organization

of

Standardization

(ISO)

as

"a

compilationandevaluationoftheinputs,outputsandthepotentialenvironmentalimpactsofaproductsystemthroughoutitslife

cycle."

LifeCycleCostEconomiccostofaproductorbuildingoveritsexpectedlife,includingfirstcost,operatingcost,and,when

appropriate,costofdisposalordemolition.

LongLife,LooseFitAgeneralapproachtodesignthatallowsbuildingsandinteriorstoadapttofutureuses.Strategiesinclude

specifyingdurablematerialsaswellasdivisionsofinteriorspacethatcanbeeasilyadjusted.

LowE LowEorLowEmissivityCoating:Verythinmetalliccoatingonglassorplasticwindowglazingthatreducesheatlossandheat

gainthroughthewindow;thecoatingemitslessradiantenergy(heatradiation),whichmakesit,ineffect,reflectivetothatheat.In

thatwayitboostsawindow'sRvalueandreducesitsUfactor.

LowEmittingVehiclesLowemittingvehiclesareclassifiedaszeroemissionvehicles(ZEVs)bytheCaliforniaAirResourcesBoard.

LPDLightingpowerdensity(LPD)istheamountofelectriclighting,usuallymeasuredinwattspersquarefoot,beingusedto

illuminateagivenspace.

Lumen1.Alumenisaunitofluminousfluxequaltothelightemittedinaunitsolidanglebyauniformpointsourceof1candle

intensity. 2.Ameasurementoflightoutput.

LuxMeasurementoflumenspersquaremeter.

MDFMediumdensityfiberboard(MDF):Panelproductusedincabinetsandfurniture;generallymadefromwoodfiberglued

togetherwithbinder;similartoparticleboard,butwithfinertexture,offeringmoreprecisefinishing.MostMDFismadewith

formaldehydeemittingureaformaldehydebinder.

MDIMethylDiisocyanatenonformaldehydebinderusedinsomemediumdensityfiberboardandparticleboardproducts,

includingstrawbasedparticleboard.

MERVMinimumefficiencyreportingvalue.


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OctaveBandAsectionofafrequencyscaleinwhichtheupperbandedgefrequency(f2)istwicethelowerbandedgefrequency

(f1).Eachoctavebandisidentifiedbyitscenterfrequency.

OffHoursEquipmentReduction Amethodofconservingenergybychangingthetemperaturesettingorreducingtheuseof

heating,cooling,lighting,orofficeequipmenteithermanuallyorautomaticallywhenthebuildingisclosed.In2003,forbuildings

open24hoursaday,thisquestionalsoincludedwhetherheatingorcoolingwasreducedduringanyperiodsoveranormal24

hourday.

OngoingConsumables Ongoingconusmableshavealowcostperunitandareregularlyusedandreplacedinthecourseofbusiness

Examplesincludepaper,tonercartridges,binders,batteries,anddeskaccessories.

OpenSpaceAreaOpenspaceareaisusuallydefinedbylocalzoningrequirements.Iflocalzoningrequirementsdonotclearlydefine

openspace,itisdefinedforthepurposesofLEEDcalculationsasthepropertyareaminusthedevelopmentfootprint;itmustbe

vegetatedandpervious,withexceptionsonlyasnotedinthecreditrequirementssection.Onlygroundareasarecalculatedasopen

space.ForprojectslocatedinurbanareasthatearnaDevelopmentDensityandCommunityConnectivitycredit,openspacealso

includesnonvehicular,pedestrianorientedhardscapespaces.

OPROwner'sprojectrequirements(OPR)isawrittendocumentthatdetailstheideas,concepts,andcriteriathataredetermined

bytheownertobeimportanttothesuccessoftheproject.

OSBOrientedstrandboard(OSB).Consistsofwoodorplantparticlesorfibersbondedbyasyntheticresinorbinder.Examplesincludeparticleboard,mediumdensityfiberboard(MDF),plywood,wheatboard,orientedstrandboard,andstrawboard.

PartiallyShieldedInapartiallyshieldedexteriorlightfixture,theloweredgeoftheshieldisatorbelowthecenterlineofthelamp,

tominimizelightemittedabovethehorizontalplane.

PercentLitWhenClosedThepercentageofabuilding'ssquarefootagethatislitelectricallyduringallhoursotherthantheusual

operatinghours.

PercentLitWhenOpenThepercentageofabuilding'ssquarefootagethatislitelectricallyduringusualoperatinghours.

PFOAAperfluorochemical(PFC)thatisusedtomanufacturecompoundsusedinTeflonandformerlyusedinScotchguard

products,aswellasmanyotherapplications.Alikelycarcinogen,PFOAdoesnotappeartobreakdownintheenvironment,and

hasbeenfoundinhumanandanimaltissuearoundtheplanet.

PhenolFormaldehydePhenolformaldehyde,whichoffgassesonlyathightemperature,isusedforexteriorproducts,although

manyoftheseproductsaresuitableforinteriorapplications.

PicogramApicogramis1trillionthofagram.

PlasticizerChemicalcompoundaddedtoamaterialtomakeitmoreflexibleorsofter.ThemostcommonplasticizersusedinPVC

(vinyl)productssuchasflooringandwallcoveringsarevariousphthalatesthataresuspectedofcausingcancerand/orendocrine

disruptions.

PostConsumerWastematerialgeneratedbyhouseholdsorbycommercial,industrialandinstitutionalfacilitiesintheirroleas

endusersoftheproduct,whichcannolongerbeusedforitsintendedpurpose.Thisincludesreturnsofmaterialsfromthe

distributionchain(source:ISO14021).Examplesofthiscategoryincludeconstructionanddemolitiondebris,materialscollected

throughcurbsideanddropoffrecyclingprograms,brokenpallets(iffromapalletrefurbishingcompany,notapalletmaking

company),discardedproducts(e.g.,furniture,cabinetryanddecking)andurbanmaintenancewaste(e.g.,leaves,grassclippings,

treetrimmings,etc.).

PostIndustrialReferstomaterialdivertedfromthewastestreamduringamanufacturingprocess.Excludedfromthiscategoryis

reutilizationofmaterialssuchasscrapthataregeneratedinaprocessandcapableofbeingreclaimedwithinthesameprocess.

Generallysynonymouswith"preconsumer."


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RegularlyOccupiedSpacesRegularlyoccupiedspacesareareaswhereworkersareseatedorstandingastheyworkinsideabuilding

Inresidentialapplications,theseareasareallspacesexceptbathrooms,utilityareas,andclosetsorotherstoragerooms.Inschools,

theyareareaswherestudents,teachers,oradministratorsareseatedorstandingastheyworkorstudyinsideabuilding.

Reverberation/ReverberationTimeReverberationisanacousticalphenomenonthatoccurswhensoundpersistsinanenclosed

spacebecauseofitsrepeatedreflectionorscatteringontheenclosingsurfacesorobjectswithinthespace.(ANSIS12.602002)

SBSSickbuildingsyndrome(SBS):Buildingwhoseoccupantsexperienceacutehealthand/orcomforteffectsthatappeartobe

linkedtotimespenttherein,butwherenospecificillnessorcausecanbeidentified.Complaintsmaybelocalizedinaparticular

roomorzone,ormayspreadthroughoutthebuilding.Apatternofhealthcomplaintsrelatedtopoorindoorairqualityina

specificbuilding,butwithoutaknowncauseoradefinite,diagnosablepatternofsymptoms.

SealedCombustionCombustionsystemforspaceheatingorwaterheatinginwhichoutsidecombustionairisfeddirectlyinto

thecombustionchamberandfluegassesareexhausteddirectlyoutside.

SemiaridWatershedWatershedthatreceivesbetween20and40inchesofrainfallperyear.

SetpointsSetpointsarenormaloperatingrangesforbuildingsystemsandindoorenvironmentalquality.Whenthebuildingsystems

areoutsideoftheirnormaloperatingrange,actionistakenbythebuildingoperatororautomationsystem.

SHGC

Solar

heat

gain

coefficient

(SHGC):

The

fraction

of

solar

gain

admitted

through

a

window,

expressed

as

a

number

between

0and1.

ShieldingShieldingisanontechnicaltermthatdescribesdevicesortechniquesthatareusedaspartofaluminaireorlamptolimit

glare,lighttrespass,orskyglow.

SkyGlowSkyglowiscausedbystraylightfromunshieldedlightsourcesandlightreflectingoffsurfacesthatthenenterthe

atmosphereandilluminateandreflectoffdust,debris,andwatervapor.Skyglowcansubstantiallylimitobservationofthenightsky

compromiseastronomicalresearch,andadverselyaffectnocturnalenvironments.

SOPAstandardoperatingprocedure(SOP)manualcanbeusedtodocumentroutineoperationsandmaintenancepractices,and

toencourageuseofstandardizedbestpractices.

SoundAbsorptionCoefficientSoundabsorptioncoefficientdescribestheabilityofamaterialtoabsorbsound,expressedasa

fractionofincidentsound.Thesoundabsorptioncoefficientisfrequencyspecificandrangesfrom0.00to1.00.Forexample,a

materialmayhaveanabsorptioncoefficientof0.50at250Hz,and0.80at1,000Hz.Thisindicatesthatthematerialabsorbs50%of

incidentsoundat250Hz,and80%ofincidentsoundat1,000Hz.Thearithmeticaverageofabsorptioncoefficientsat

midfrequenciesisthenoisereductioncoefficient.

SourceEnergySourceenergyisthetotalamountofrawfuelrequiredtooperateabuilding;itincorporatesalltransmission,delivery

andproductionlossesforacompleteassessmentofabuilding'senergyuse.

SpeciesFactorSpeciesfactor(ks)isaconstantusedtoadjusttheevapotranspirationratetoreflectthebiologicalfeaturesofa

specificplantspecies.

SpecularReflectorsThemirrorlikebackingofafluorescentlightingfixturedesignedspecificallytoreflectlightintotheroom.The

materialsandshapeofthereflectoraredesignedtoreduceabsorptionoflightwithinthefixture,whiledeliveringlightinthedesired

angularpattern.Themostcommonmaterialsusedaresilver(highestreflectivity)andaluminum(lowestcost).

SRIThesolarreflectanceindex(SRI)isameasureofamaterial'sabilitytorejectsolarheat,asshownbyasmalltemperaturerise.

Standardblack(reflectance0.05,emittance0.90)is0andstandardwhite(reflectance0.80,emittance0.90)is100.Forexample,

astandardblacksurfacehasatemperatureriseof90_F(50_C)infullsun,andastandardwhitesurfacehasatemperatureriseof

14.6_F(8.1_C).Oncethemaximumtemperatureriseofagivenmaterialhasbeencomputed,theSRIcanbecalculatedby

interpolatingbetweenthevaluesforwhiteandblack.MaterialswiththehighestSRIvaluesarethecoolestchoicesforpaving.


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BecauseofthewaySRIisdefined,particularlyhotmaterialscaneventakeslightlynegativevalues,andparticularlycoolmaterials

canevenexceed100.

StandardErrorAmeasureoftheprecisionofanestimate,equaltothesquarerootofthevariance.

STCSoundtransmissionclass(STC)isasinglenumberratingfortheacousticattenuationofairbornesoundpassingthrougha

partitionorotherbuildingelement,suchasawall,roof,ordoor,asmeasuredinanacousticaltestinglaboratoryaccordingto

acceptedindustrypractice.AhigherSTCratingprovidesmoresoundattenuationthroughapartition.(ANSIS12.602002)

Submeter/SubmeteringSubmeteringisusedtodeterminetheproportionofenergyusewithinabuildingattributabletospecific

endusesorsubsystems(e.g.,theheatingsubsystemofanHVACsystem).

SystemsFurnitureSystemsfurnitureincludespanelbasedworkstationscomprisingmodularinterconnectingpanels,hangon

components,anddrawerandfilingcomponentsorafreestandinggroupingoffurnitureitemsdesignedtoworkinconcert.

TAGLEEDTechnicalAdvisoryGroup(TAG):Subcommitteesthatconsistofindustryexpertswhoassistindevelopingcredit

interpretationsandtechnicalimprovementstotheLEEDsystem.

TertiaryTreatmentTertiarytreatmentisthehighestformofwastewatertreatmentandincludesremovaloforganics,solids,and

nutrientsaswellasbiologicalorchemicalpolishing,generallytoeffluentlimitsof10mg/Lbiologicaloxygendemand(BOD)5and10

mg/Ltotalsuspendedsolids(TSS).

TippingFeesTippingfeesarechargedbyalandfillfordiposalofwaste.Typicallyquotedperton.

ToeoftheSlopeWherethereisadistinctbreakbetweena40%slopeandlesserslopes.

TPTotalphosphorus(TP)consistsoforganicallyboundphosphates,polyphosphates,andorthophosphatesinstormwater,the

majorityofwhichoriginatesfromfertilizerapplication.Chemicalprecipitationisthetypicalremovalmechanismforphosphorus.

TSSTotalsuspendedsolids(TSS)areparticlesthataretoosmallorlighttoberemovedfromstormwaterviagravitysettling.

Suspendedsolidconcentrationsaretypicallyremovedviafiltration.

TvisVisiblelighttransmittance(VLT)(Tvis)istheratiooftotaltransmittedlighttototalincidentlight(i.e.,theamountofvisible

spectrum,380780nanometersoflightpassingthroughaglazingsurfacedividedbytheamountoflightstrikingtheglazingsurface).

ThehighertheTvisvalue,themoreincidentlightpassesthroughtheglazing.TVOCThesumortotalofallvolatileorganic

compounds(VOCs)releasedfromaproductormeasuredinaspaceundercertaindefinedconditions.

UniversalNotificationUniversalnotificationmeansnotifyingbuildingoccupantsnotlessthan72hoursbeforeapesticideisapplied

inabuildingoronsurroundinggroundsundernormalconditions,andwithin24hoursafterapplicationofapesticideinemergency

conditions.Useofaleasttoxicpesticideorselfcontainednonrodentbaitdoesnotrequireuniversalnotification;allotherpesticide

applicationsdo.

UPCUniformPlumbingCode

UpstreamEquipmentUpstreamequipmentconsistsofallheatingorcoolingsystems,equipmentandcontrolsthatareassociated

withadistrictenergysystembutarenotpartoftheprojectbuildingsthermalconnectionordonotinterferewiththedistrictenergy

system.Itincludesthecentralenergyplantandalltransmissionanddistributionequipmentassociatedwithtransportingthe

thermalenergytotheprojectbuildingandsite.

UrbanHeatIslandAdenselypopulatedareainwhichpavementandbuildingsabsorb,store,andreleasesolarenergy,making

thevicinitywarmerthanitwouldbeifthepavementandbuildingswerenotpresent.


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UreaFormaldehydeUreaformaldehydeisacombinationofureaandformaldehydethatisusedinsomegluesandmayemit

formaldehydeatroomtemperature.

VAV VariableAirVolume(VAV)isanHVACconservationfeaturethatsuppliesvaryingquantitiesofconditioned(heatedor

cooled)airtodifferentpartsofabuildingaccordingtotheheatingandcoolingneedsofthosespecificareas.

VerticalFootcandles Verticalfootcandlesoccuronaverticalsurface.Theycanbeaddedtogetherarithmeticallywhenmorethan

onesourceprovideslighttothesamesurface.

VFDAvariablefrequencydrive(VFD)isadeviceforcontrollingthespeedofamotorbycontrollingthefrequencyoftheelectrical

powersuppliedtoit.VFDsmaybeusedtoimprovetheefficiencyofmechanicalsystemsaswellascomfort,becausetheyuse

onlyasmuchpowerasneeded,andcanbeadjustedcontinuously.

VMTVehicleMilesTraveled(VMT):Thenumberofmilestraveledbymotorvehiclesinaspecifiedperiodoftime,suchasadayor

ayear,byanumberofmotoristsinabsoluteorpercapitaterms.

VOCs:

1.Volatileorganiccompounds(VOCs)arecarboncompoundsthatparticipateinatmosphericphotochemicalreactions(excluding

carbonmonoxide,carbondioxide,carbonicacid,metalliccarbidesandcarbonates,andammoniumcarbonate).Thecompounds

vaporize(becomeagas)atnormalroomtemperatures.

2.Amoleculecontainingoneormorecarbonatomsthattendtoevaporate(volatilize)intotheairattypicalambientconditions.

SomelegaldefinitionsofVOCsarerestrictedtothosethatreactwithsunlighttogeneratesmog.SomeVOCsarecarcinogens,

suspectedcarcinogens,orknownirritantsattypicallevels.

WFRWindowtofloorratio(WFR)isthetotalareaofthewindow(measuredverticallyfrom30inchesabovethefinishedfloorto

thetopoftheglass,multipliedbythewidthoftheglass)dividedbythefloorarea.

WoonerfADutchwordthatmeans"streetforliving."Inpractice,itiscommonspacesharedbypedestrians,bicyclists,andlow

speedmotorvehicles.Theyareusuallystreetsraisedtothesamegradeascurbsandsidewalks.Vehiclesareslowedbyplacing

trees,planters,parkingareas,andotherobstaclesinthestreet,sothatmotoriststravelatwalkingspeed.

Xeriscaping Xeriscapingisalandscapingmethodthatmakesroutineirrigationunnecessary.Itusesdroughtadaptableandlow

waterplantsaswellassoilamendmentssuchascompostandmulchestoreduceevaporation.

ZEVZeroemissionvehicles.

leed 2009 definitions

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