legal fictions by karla fc holloway

8/13/2019 Legal Fictions by Karla FC Holloway

1/40

,

katk`fs


2/40

katk`fs

,

8=5?


3/40

8=5? Oujg Wfkvgrskty ]rgss

Ecc rkibts rgsgrvgo

]rkftgo kf tbg Wfktgo Qtetgs n

Edgrkae `f eako-nrgg pepgr

Ogskifgo hy Edy Xutb Huabefef

ypgsgt kf Erf` ]r` hy sgfi

Kfn`rdetk`f Qystgds, Kfa.

Ckhrery `n A`firgss

Aetec`ikfi-kf-]uhckaetk`f OeteB`cc`wey, Jerce N. A., 5;?;

Cgiec statk`fs < a`fstktutkfi reag, a`dp`skfi

cktgreturg / Jerce NA B`cc`wey.

p. ad.

Kfacuogs hkhck`irepbkaec rgngrgfags efo kfogx.

;92-=-2881-7725-> (ac`tb < ecj. pepgr)

;92-=-2881-77;7-1 (phj. < ecj. pepgr)

5. Edgrkaef cktgreturgEnrkaef Edgrkaef

eutb`rsBkst`ry efo arktkaksd. 8. Enrkaef

EdgrkaefsCgiec stetus, cews, gta.Bkst`ry.

1. Xeag oksarkdkfetk`fCew efo cgikscetk`f

Wfktgo QtetgsBkst`ry. ?. Xeag kf cktgreturg.

K. ktcg.

571.7>? 8=5?

1=7.2;>=91oa81

8=51=87?>9


4/40

`r ussgcc . . .

Kts tbg cest cgen.


5/40

kx


6/40

E Qgacuogo A`c`rgo Fgkibh`rb``o 5=8


7/40

A`fsuct tbg tgxt!

Xecpb Gccks`f

E suhsteftkec bkst`ry oàudgfts e pgrskstgft efxkgty `n kfugfag kf Enrk-aef Edgrkaef cgttgrs. Xecpb Gccks`fs tgrsg rgsp`fsg ehùt bks `wf cktgrerykfugfags rggats tbks efxkgty, es bg deog acger tbet e aergnuc rgeokfi `nbks w`rj, retbgr tbef efy prgsudptkvg rgcetk`fsbkp t` `tbgr wrktgrs (spg-akstaeccy `tbgr hceaj wrktgrs), wùco sufiakgftcy ettgst t` bks kftgccgatuec

hkìrepby. Ybgf Gccks`f oko eajf`wcgoig Xkabero Yrkibt es bks cktgreryprìgfkt`r bg queckstgo tbg rgcetk`fsbkp< K rgspgatgo Yrkibts w`rj efoK jfgw bkd, hut tbks ks f`t t` sey tbet bg kfugfago dg es skifkstaeftcyes yù essudg. A`fsuct tbg tgxt! K sùibt ùt Yrkibt hgaeusg K beo rgeoGck`t, ]ùfo, Igrtruog Qtgkf efo Bgdkfiwey. . . . Efo Decreux efo O`s-t`kgvsjy efo Neucjfgr, wgrg efagst`rskn yù pcgesg `r o`ft pcgesg!

Ogspktg bks wkstnuc rkikfecksd, Gccks`f o`gs acekd s`dg cktgrery jkfn`cjgvgf tbùib tbg wgkibt `n eutb`rs ckstgo dejgs kt gvkogft tbet bks g`rt

wes t` hrèogf bks cktgrery prìgfkt`rs retbgr tbef t` ckdkt kt t` wbet wes,ourkfi bks gre, e rges`fehcg essàketk`f `n `tbgr wrktgrs wb` wgrg hceaj,ckjg bkd.

@fg dkibt a`fskogr tbks nàus `f cktgrery jkfsbkp e a`fsgqugfag `n ewgcc-ogvgc`pgo eriudgft rgierokfi Enrkaef Edgrkaef cgttgrs tbet sùibt


8/40

x

e bkst`ry, gvkogfag tbet kt oko f`t, ckjg `spy, lgs irgw. Qpgakecksts kftbg oksakpckfg wgft t` irget cgfitbs t` a`fskogr tbg sàkecktkgs kdpckakt kftbg reakec suhlgats `n Enrkaef Edgrkaef cktgreturg. _gsg bkst`rkgs cgo t` ec`fi agftury `n sgerabkfi n`r arktkaeccy okstkfat tr`pgs `n hceaj cktgreturg

tbet wùco f`t `fcy cgiktkdetg kts prgsgfag hut ecs` ikvg arktkaec gvkogfag`n ef gv`cutk`fery n`rducetk`f. @fg dkibt eriug tbet Enrkaef Edgrkaescktgrery bkst`ry pereccgcgo Enrkaef Edgrkaefs wf bkst`ry n pgrs`fb`ò,kf wbkab tbg strst tesj wes t` pr`vg wg wgrg nuccy budef retbgr tbef tbgnreatk`fec pgrs`fs tbg A`fstktutk`f ogacergo us t` hg. N`r e i`ò pert `ntbg twgftkgtb agftury tbg g`rt t` rga`vgr tbg aucturec gfieigdgfts `ntbks cktgrery bkst`ry wes nùfo e a`ftkfgft ewey. Ybgtbgr kt wes tbg `nt-rgderjgo-`f tr`pg `n aecc efo rgsp`fsg, `r e sgerab n`r `tbgr okdgfsk`fs

`n Enrkaef efagstry efo kfugfags, tbg eppgec n Ygst Enrkae wes rkab wktbp`tgftkec. Kf rgtr`spgat, efo ogspktg tbg rgeab ear`ss tbg dkoocg pesseigtbet tbg`rksts gfieigo kf, tbg rkikfs n W.Q. hceaj cktgreturgs sggds ac`sgrt` b`dg efo arktkaeccy rgcetgo t` tbg pràgssgs efo pettgrfs `n pr``n tbgfetk`f rokferkcy rgaìfkzgo. Hceaj n`cjs efo hceaj cktgreturg wgrg gqueccy

hùfo, efo ogtgrdkfgo, hy cew.Ybgf gfscevgo Enrkaefs kf Edgrkae wr`tg eut`hkìrepby efo dgd-

`kr efo acekdgo tbgkr dgdhgrsbkp kf e budef reag wktb ferretkvgs tbet

`pgfgo wktb s`dg vgrsk`f `n K wes h`rf, kt wes e n`rd `n hceaj heajtecj t` tbg A`fstktutk`f `n tbg fgwcy n`rdgo fetk`f. Ertkacg 5, Qgatk`f 8,`n _g A`fstktutk`f `n tbg Wfktgo Qtetgs `n Edgrkaetbg tbrgg- stntbsaceusg, ecs` jf`wf es tbg rgprgsgftetk`f aceusgrgcgietgo hceajs t` enreatk`fec budefkty. Hut tbg v`kags efo hòkgs `n tbg gfscevgo, e hkttgrcynùibt wer, efo tbg oggpcy gdhgoogo p`cktkaec efo ga`f`dka prgsgfag`n Enrkaefs kf Edgrkae cgo t` tbg oàudgfts gvgftuec edgfodgft. _gakvkc rkibts edgfodgfts n tbg 52>=s, spgakstaeccy tbg Nùrtggftb Edgfo-

dgfts ireft `n tbg rkibt t` aktkzgfsbkp, wgrg tbg a`fstktutk`fec rgsp`fsgt` tbg acekd `n feturec `rkikf efo nucc pgrs`fb`ò. Hut tbg gv`cutk`f `ncgiec tgxt oko f`t, b`wgvgr, nuccy efo/`r stfeccy ogtgrdkfg sàkec eat.

@vgr tbg aùrsg n e agftury efo e becn skfag tbg edgfogo a`fstktutk`fievg hceajs nucc aktkzgfsbkp, vkakùs pettgrfs n ogfkec, okspereigdgft, efo


9/40


10/40

xkk

tbg gvkogfag `n kts nàus wes suhsteftkvg pgrs`fb`ò. _ks acekd t` tbgrkibts n def wes eaa`rogo t` pgrs`fs wb`sg fetk`fec aktkzgfsbkp hgaedg

cgieccy aìfkzehcg. Hut tbgkr sàkec pgrs`fb`ò wes stkcc a`ftgstgo. _gsàkeckty `n tbg acekd pr`vgo t` hg tbg d`rg okfiauct hùfoery. _g pcekfstetgdgft rggatkfi tbg ceaufeg wes prkftgo f pceaeros efo heffgrs efo

wes sterj kf kts skdpckakty. Kt wes e fùvgeu vgrsk f `n tbg eriudgft tbgkrgkibtggftb- efo fkfgtggftb-agftury efagst`rs beo t` dejg rgierokfitbgkr `wf rkibts t` nucc cgiec pgrs`fb`ò< KEDE DEF.

_g 5;>? cgikscetk`f arentgo e rgaìfkzehcg erabktgaturg n`r tbg d`vg-dgft `n derabgs efo ogd`fstretk`fs. Kf ef epprgakehcg kr`fy, Xgvgrgfo

Dertkf Cutbgr Jkfi Lr., wb` st`ò ed`fi tbg okstkfiuksbgo errey `nigftcgdgf (`fcy) kf tbg gcgieft efo prkstkfg gfvkr`fs `n tbg Ybktg Bùsgagrgd`fy, wes tbg def t` cgeo tbg 5;>2 strkjg hy sefktetk`f w`rjgrs wb`derabgo tbrùib decò`rùs efo ierheig-ceogf Dgdpbks strggts aerry-kfi ec`nt tbg KEdE Def pceaeros.

Nkiurg 8.KEDE DEF: pb`tìrepb `n Dgdpbks Qefktetk`fY rjgrs Qtrkjg. Derab 82, 5;>2. Aùrtgsy `n pb`tìrepbgr

Xkabero C. A`pcgy. A`pyrkibt Xkabero C. A`pcgy.


11/40

xkkk

Ogspktg tbg sa`rgs `n ygers `n derabkfi, ogaceretk`fs, pr`tgsts, efostrggt rghgcck`fs, tbg twgftkgtb agfturys cgiec rges`fkfi rgierokfi hceajkogftkty oko f`t gfo wktb tbg turf `n tbg agftury `r tbg kdpcgdgftetk`f`n str`fi efo ogaceretkvg akvkc rkibts cgikscetk`f. Gercy kf tbg twgfty-strst

agftury, ef`tbgr vgrsk`f `n tbg oksputg rgierokfi e hceaj pgrs`fs acekdt` cgiec pgrs`fb`ò gdgrigo. _ks tkdg kt wes f`t e reag, hut e rgprg-sgftetkvg `n tbg reag kf tbg spgateaucer hòy `n e prgskogft wb`sg acekdt` bks `fiag wes oksputgo hy s`dg, `f tbg spurkùs hesks `n bks `fiakecpgrs`fb`ò rgskokfi ùtskog `n tbg cews tbet wùco `tbgrwksg pgrdkt bksàaupefay `n tbg `fiag `n tbg prgskogft. Agrtekfcy tbgrg wgrg s`dg kf tbgfetk`f wb` aùco f`t ehkog tbg tbùibt tbet e hceaj a`ddefogr-kf-abkgnefo bks nedkcy wgrg tbg fiakec rgskogfts n tbg Ybktg Bùsg. Hut tbg sp`-

jgf abeccgfig t` Hereaj @hedes cgiktkdetg àaupefay `n tbg `fiag `n tbgprgskogft (f`tehcy, e pr`pgrty es wgcc es e aktkzgfsbkp acekd) rgfogrgo t`s`dg tbks prgskogfay es kccgiec, kfvkskhcg, efo quktg cktgreccy wktbùt stefo-kfi kf rgiero t` bks acekd t` tbg fetk`fs bkibgst gcgatgo fiag. Kfoggo, tbgf`tk`f `n arkdkfec trgspess wes es rgcgveft es `tbgr f`tk`fs rgnàusgo `ftbg dgefkfi `n tbg a`fstktutk`fs cefiueig `n feturec-h`rf, e vgrhkeig

wktb e pertkaucercy vgxgo bkst`ry wbgf kt aedg t` pgrs`fs wb`sg hòkgswgrg `fag a`fstktutk`feccy ogacergo t` hg `fcy pertkec pgrs`fs. Yktb e

rgspgatnuc fò t` Ergtbe Nrefjckf, wg dkibt rges`fehcy rgaecc bgr 5;>9skficg efo esj wbet o`gs kt tejg t` nggc ckjg e feturec (w`)def0

Ogspktg tbg cgiec oàudgft tbet tbg prgskogfts fiag pr`grgo es gvk-ogfag `n bks rkibtnuc acekd t` e ngogreccy vkehcg aktkzgfsbkpspgakstaeccye hkrtb agrtkstaetg nr`d tbg Qtetg `n Bewekk kfokaetkfi tbet bg wes kfoggoh`rf kf tbg Wfktgo Qtetgstbg gxpgokgfay `n hkrtbgrksd acekdgo n`rktsgcn d`rg vkehkckty tbef tbg cgiec oàudgft. Kfoggo, kt pereccgcgo tbg weykf wbkab cgikscetk`f etteabgo t` tbg acekd `n hceaj hòkgs nùfo tbg sàk-

eckty n reag e pgrskstgftcy suhsteftkvg efo gvgf ogpgfoehcg sktg n oksa`ro._ks d`st rgagft acekd `n cgiec pgrs`fb`ò ks okgrgft kf tgxt hut f`tvgry okgrgft kf suhstefag nr`d tbg K wes h`rf ogaceretk`f `n gfscevgo

efo n`rdgrcy gfscevgo Enrkaefs kf tbg gkibtggftb efo fkfgtggftb agf-turkgs. Efo kt sggds gdkfgftcy rges`fehcg t` rgaìfkzg kts rgcetgofgss t`


12/40

Nkiurg 1.]rgskogft Hereaj @hedes `fiakec c`fi-n`rd hkrtb agrtkstaetg.


13/40

xv

tbg tgxt `f tbg pceaeros `n 5;>=s gre akvkc rkibts ogd`fstret`rs. Nr`d tbgpgrspgatkvg n tbgsg kftgrcàjkfi bkst`rkgs, tbg pgrpcgxkfi n``cksbfgss tbetcgo tbg n`rty-nùrtb prgskogft `n tbg Wfktgo Qtetgs t` bevg t` pròuags`dg cgiec oàudgft tbet beo ngogrec stefokfi t` pr`vg bks `wf stetu-

t`ry acekd stfos kts càetk`f kf e st`ry n rkikfs tbet eriuehcy dejgs s`dgsgfsg ùt `n tbg f`fsgfsg `n tbg hkrtbgrs eriudgfts ehùt tbg cgiktk-deay n bks aktkzgfsbkp. Kt ks ecc, stfeccy, ef rkikf st`ry tbet stfos kts igfgsksefo eriuehcy kts rgs`cutk`f kf tbg cew.

_g ckfj `n gvgfts nr`d tbg gres `n gfscevgdgft, akvkc rkibts eatkvksd,efo tbg p`cktkas n e hceaj prgskogfay kccustretgs b`w kssugs n pgrs`fb`òefo reag kf Edgrkae wgrg pgrskstgftcy sggf es cgiec qugstk`fs tbet rgvgecgoe fgercy kftreatehcg sàkeckty. Kf tbgr w`ros, W.Q. reakecksds wgrg etteabgo

t` Edgrkaes cgiec efo sàkec bkst`rkgs kf weys tbet eriugo h`tb n`r tbgkroksakpckfery okstkfatkvgfgss es wgcc es tbgkr kfskstgft essàketk`f. Ectbùibtbgrg ks edpcg gvkogfag n`r tbg cgiec bkst`ry, kt ks ecs` tbg aesg tbet Enrkaef

Edgrkaef statk`fs cktgrery kdeikfetk`f n`cogo tbgsg acekds kft` e treoktk`ftbet stkcc b`cos `ft` e a`fstruatgofgss `n reag tbet ogpgfos es duab `ftbg sàkec es kt ks a`fstktutgo efo stfos kts rgs`cutk`fs kf ferretkvgs tbet erg,ckjg tbgkr bkst`rkgs, hùfo hy cew.


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15/40

Hùfo hy Cew

_g reakec p`cktkas tbet gfvgc`pgo tbg prgskogfay `n Hereaj Bussgkf@hede erg e stttkfi tùabst`fg n`r tbg kssugs K nàus `f kf tbks h``j. Ec-tbùib pcgfty n n`cjs eftkakpetgo tbet tbg strst hceaj prgskogft wùco putt` rgst r et cgest sgttcg r gvgf rges`fehcy aecd s`dg n tbg bkst`rka reakectgfsk`fs kf Edgrkaef sàkgty, tbg pgrvgrskty wes tbet Hereaj @hedesprgskogfay aervgo ùt e fgw speag n`r gxtre`rokfery reakec vktrk`c, reakec`hsgsskvgfgss, efo reakec pefka. Kfstgeo `n e p`streakec sàkgty kf wbkabtbks okgrgfag dettgrs cgss, reag, tbg kfnedùs Ou H`kskef a`c`r ckfg, gf-

trgfabgo sgperetksds càetgo kf dettgrs n gdhòkgo okgrgfags, kogftktyp`cktkas, efo kogftkty p`ckakgs hgaedg et cgest es sgrkùs e neagt `n twgfty-strst agftury ckng es tbgy beo hggf kf tbg ckng `n tbg fkfgtggftb efo twgftk-gtb agfturkgs. _gsg kssugs bevg kfsteftketgo e okgrgfag n suhstefag, hutf`t `n jkfo. @ur sbeo`ws ckfigr efo cgej. _gy sggp nr`d d`ttcgo irgyefo sae`co saecer rga`ccgatk`fs. _gy essurg ùr p`tgftkec, sgaurkfi kt hy

weys efo dgefs et `fag pgfudhrec efo gxquksktg. _gy kfsteftketg tbkfisrgdgdhgrgo pest tbgkr tkdg, pr`dksgo hgy`fo sktuetk`f. Xeag stkcc det-

tgrs kf twgfty-strst-agftury Edgrkae kf weys tbet rgkfn`rag tw` agfturkgs`n kfstktutk`feckzgo berds.]grbeps tbgrg wes rges`f t` suspgat tbet tbks wùco hg tbg pettgrf. @ur

cgikscetkvg rgsp`fsgs t` okgrgfags tbet pr`v`jg sàkec hkes gfaùreig tbgaùftry t` f`tkag okgrgfag kf rogr t` oksaùft kt. A`fsgqugftcy wg bevg


16/40

8

ogvgc`pgo kft` e fetk`f tbet ks h`tb preatkago kf efo kftgfsgcy ogokaetgot` uskfi reag es e dgtrka n`r v`tkfi pettgrfs, gouaetk`f p`ckakgs efo ùt-a`dgs, dgokaec essgssdgfts, prgokat`rs `n sàkec efo ga`f`dka suaagss,bùskfi ab`kags, kfaeragretk`f pettgrfs, espkretk`fec `hlgatkvgs, rgckik`f,

efo lust ehùt gvgry dgefs n stretkstaetk`f kf h`tb ur puhcka efo prkvetgckvgs kf `rogr t` hgttgr ufogrstefo wbet W.Q. sàkecktkgs dgef. Kf `rogr tèaa`dpcksb tbet `hlgatkvg, wg ogpc`y tbg stctgr `n reag gvgf tbùib tbgdgefkfi `n tbg w`ro ks es veiug, bepbezero, kccìkaec, verkehcg, efo bep-pgfstefag tòey es kt wes kf tbg strst ygers `n tbg fetk`fs nùfokfi. Kfneat, ùr prgàaupetk`f wktb oksagrfkfi reagrgierocgss `n i`ò `r kcckftgftbes a`ftrkhutgo t` kts pgragptk`f es e aetgi`ry `n okgrgfag tbetbes oksagrfkhcg rki`r. _g (suspgat) ehkckty t` okstkfiuksb reag eriuehcy

rgfogrs tbg esskifetk`f eppr`prketg efo tbg gftgrprksg rges`fehcg. @urfetk`fec behkt `n pgrn`rdkfi efo veckoetkfi reakec esskifdgfts es kn tbgyerg a`bgrgft efo a`rrgat pgrsksts gvgf tbùib ùr gxpgrkgfags wktb reagkfokaetg kts aetgi`rkaec kfa`bgrgfag (ks Hereaj @hede e hceaj prgskogft`r ef`tbgr wbktg `fg0), efo twgfty-strst agftury igf`dka sakgfag rgvgecstbgrg ks f` d`cgaucer a`dp`fgft n hk`cìkaec ckng tbet detabgs sàkec pgr-agptk`fs `n reakec okgrgfag. Kf neat, tbg deppkfi `n tbg budef igf`dgrgvgecgo tbg statk`f `n reag es ef kfsucer efo kogftkstehcg hk`cìkaec aetg-

i`ry. Budefs erg okstkfat nr`d f`fbudefs hut f`t nr`d `tbgr budefhgkfis. Ogspktg tbks sakgftksta ufogrstefokfi, kf e aùftry tbet eriuehcy

vecugs sakgfag efo agcghretgs rges`f, kt bes o`fg ckttcg t` cgeo us ewey nr`drgknykfi reakec okgrgfag es f`rdetkvg efo oksa`vgrehcg. Kf neat, gvgf sak-gftksta rgsgerab kif`rgs kts `wf stfokfis es kt reakeccy eiirgietgs p`puce-tk`fs n`r ackfkaec rgsgerab, s`dgtkdgs okrgatcy ufogr tbg eutb`rkzetk`f `ni`vgrfdgftec rgiucet`ry eigfakgs. Es e rgsuct efo ogspktg kts `rkikf es ea`fvgfkgft statk`f n p`cktkaec ogskif efo ga`f`dka gxpgokgfay, Edgrkaes

kfvgftk`f `n reag es e wey `n esskifkfi cgiec efo sàkec rkibts efo ogtgr-dkfkfi p`cktkaec cgiktkdeay ks (pgrbeps) kts d`st vkskhcg, prgokatehcg, pgr-skstgft, efo pereo`xkaec sàkec a`fvgftk`f.

Gvgf ourkfi tbg defy ygers wbgf tbks fetk`f nàusgo `f e hòy `ncewskddkiretk`f p`ckakgs tbet aòkstgo tbg A`fstktutk`fs cefiueig


17/40

1

`n feturec h`rf aktkzgf (Ert. 8, Qgat. 5)kt oko f`t gxpgrkgfag tbg og-irgg n kftgfskty efo hrgeotb n sarutkfy tbet tbg hòy n tbg fetk`fs strsthceaj prgskogft pr`v`jgo. Kf ef g`rt t` ogcgiktkdkzg bks àaupefay `ntbg `fiag, bks netbgrs hkrtbpceag (Jgfye) efo tbg nehrkaetk`f tbet ]rgsk-

ogft @hede wes f`t h`rf kf tbg Wfktgo Qtetgs hrùibt tbks cefiueig `nfeturec h`rf aktkzgf kft` arktkaec kftgrrìetk`f. Geab n tbg w`ros kf tbetpbresg bes hga`dg e a`ftgdp`rery sktg `n a`ftgstetk`f tbet rgbgersgsagfturkgs `n cgiec pgrs`fb`ò tbet ogskifetgs wb` dkibt hg gftktcgo tà`fstktutk`feccy ogrkvgo rkibts. Ybet o`gs kt dgef t` hg feturec0 O`gskt dòkny h`rf, `r ks kt e pertkaucer jkfo `n f`dkfetkvg0 Efo b`w dkibte aktkzgf hg queckstgo0

Hurkgo wktbkf tbg cìkaec prgtgfsg `n tbgsg kftgrprgtkvg qugrkgs ks tbg

ufogeo kftgrrìetkvg tbet bes bkst`rkaeccy etteabgo ktsgcn t` W.Q. hceajhòkgstbg qugstk`f tbet pr`dptgo Oevko Yecjgrs nedùs 521= eppgec

Erg wg dgf0K esj yù @b dy hrgtbrgf, erg wg Dgf0: Q`lùrfgr rutbs5275 pcge Ekft K e Y`def0: efo tbg 5;>2 pr`tgsts ogaceretkvg rgprksg K

EdE Def! _g p`cktkas gdhgoogo kf tbks pettgrf `n rgpgtktk`f eftkak-petgs tbg kftgrrìetkvg tbet aeccgo n`r tbg prgskogft `n tbg Wfktgo Qtetgst` rgcgesg gvkogftkery pr``n, wbkab ggatkvgcy cgieckzgs tbg kfqukry. Kt ksef eat tbet rgpgets tbg weys kf wbkab cgieccy kfsarutehcg hòkgs eat up,

rgskst rgiucetk`f, strkjg, efo pr`tgst. Efo `fg `n tbgd, kf ef uctkdetg eat`n kfskstgft vkskhkckty, bes gvgf oksruptgo tbg vkskhcy a`bgrgft ckfg `n W.Q.prgskogfts. _grg ks ef ùt(skog `n)cew efo krrgiucer queckty t` gdhòkgo

hceajfgss. Efo n`r tbks h``j, es wgcc es kf tbg igfgrec hòy `n w`rj, tbksks nedkcker tgrrekf.

Es ef eaeogdka wrktgr, kssugs `n tgxt efo hòy bevg kftgrgstgo dg kffgercy gvgry gxpc`retk`f, arktkqug, tbg`rkzetk`f, `r aesuec a`fskogretk`f`n tbg a`fstruatk`f `n ferretkvg. K rggatgo `f tbg kftgrsgatk`fs `n tgxt

efo gdhòkdgft d`st rgagftcy kf]rkvetg Hòkgs, ]uhcka gxts(8=55) efogxpc`rgo tbg behkts `n dy `wf wrktkfi efo rgeokfi efo tbg bkst`ry `nhceaj h``js kfH``jDerjs< Xgeokfi kf Hceaj efo Ybktg(8==>). Kf kts wey,

tbks defusarkpt ks e tbg`rgtkaec p`stsarkpt t H``jDerjses kt kftgrrìetgstbg twkffgo cktgrery gdhòkdgft efo a`fstktutk`fec `rkikfs `n reakec-


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kzgo f`tkagwbet dejgs e hòy vkskhcg gfùib n`r cktgrery eat efo cgiecf`tkag0

Cgiec Nkatk`fsa`fskogrs tbg `rkikf efo tbg pgrskstgfag `n tbg a`fstktu-tkvg cgiec hùfogofgss `n hceaj kogftkty kf tbg Wfktgo Qtetgs. Kt kftgrr`-

ietgs tbg weys kf wbkab tbg suhsteftkvg prgsgfag n e cgieccy kfsarkhgo efoa`fstktutgo hòy eobgrgs t` tbks fetk`fs cktgrery statk`f es wgcc es t` tbgneats `n tbg fetk`fs sàkec, aucturec, efo p`cktkaec gv`cutk`f. _g essàke-tk`f hgtwggf cew efo pgrs`fb`ò ks gspgakeccy vki`rùs kf Wfktgo Qtetgs

hceaj (`r Enrkaef-Edgrkaef) cktgreturg. Kf dy luoidgft, tbks rgcetk`fecessàketk`f bes gxtgfogo ktsgcn t` tbg weys kf wbkab wg a`fstktutg fetk`feckogftkty efo abereatgr (gvgf wbgf tbgy erg statk`fs): tbg weys kf wbkab wgkdeikfg efo struaturg ferretkvg: efo tbg weys kf wbkab ùr st`rkgs rggat

W.Q. aucturgs._g essàketk`f `n dy cgiec kftgrgst t` tbg cktgrery bes kts `rkikf kf tbg

suppcg efo pr`vàetkvg eriudgft tbet `fk D`rrks`f eovefags kf]ceykfikf tbg Oerj< Ybktgfgss efo tbg Cktgrery Kdeikfetk`f. Kf neat, kt ks D`rrk-s`fs pertkaucer pgrspgatkvg kf tbet tgxt tbet ef Enrkaefkst prgsgfag kf tbgWfktgo Qtetgs ks a`fsgqugftkeckst efo bes cgnt kts kdeikfetkvg t`cckfoggoe vkskhcg derjkf tbg statk`fs n W.Q. cktgreturgs tbet cgeos dg t` a`fskogrtbg cgiec a`fstruatk`f n tbet cktgrery kdeikfetk`f. Kn D`rrks`fs eriudgft

ks a`rrgat tbet e beuftkfi hceaj prgsgfag pgrdgetgs Edgrkaef cktgreturg,wbet, tbgf, ks kts n`rducetk`f kf hceaj Edgrkaef cktgreturgs0]ceykfi kf tbgOerjs nàus `f wbktg wrktgrs statk`fs gfieigs tbg weys kf wbkab tbgkrkdeikfetk`fs erg (eriuehcy cgieccy) gftekcgo hy tbgkr kfehkckty t` gsaepg tbgreag r tbgkr kfehkckty t` pcey ùtskog`n tbg oerj. Kts bgcpnuc t` f`tkag tbetD`rrks`fs koge `n pcey a`dgs wktb e pertkaucer jkfo `n rucg hùfogofgsstbet ks ckjg cew. Kt eppgers es kn sbg ks h`tb kdpckaktcy efo gxpckaktcy kftgr-gstgo kf tbg rucgs `n tbg iedg. Kf bgr prgneag D`rrks`f esjs tbgsg qugs-

tk`fs< B`w ks cktgrery wbktgfgss efo cktgrery hceajfgss deog, efo wbetks tbg a`fsgqugfag n tbet a`fstruatk`f0 B`w o` gdhgoogo essudptk`fs`n reakec (f`t reakst) cefiueig w`rj kf tbg cktgrery gftgrprksg0 (5;;1, xkk).

_ks h``j tejgs tbg struaturec efo aìfkzehcg essàketk`f `n cew efo


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cktgreturg es kts tgxt. K rgeo D`rrks`fs kftgrgst es ef kfqukry kft` e pgr-skstgftcy rgiucet`ry eutb`rkty tbet ks (pgrbeps pgrvgrsgcy) ogpgfogft `fe prgsudptkvg hkfery `n cktgrery cewcgssfgss, e nuiktkvkty tbet hceaj tgxtspcey eiekfst. _g efswgr t` b`w ks cktgrery hceajfgss deog0 ks h`tb

struaturec efo spetkec. Kt ks, kf neat, d`st gvkogft kf ferretkvgs tbet gxpc`rgwbet beppgfs wbgf rucgs erg a`ftgstgo, ehsgft, `r krrgiucer. Efo tbgsga`fskogretk`fs erg `ntgf tbg a`ftgxtuec gvkogfag `n tbg ùtcew a`fsg-qugfagtbgnuiktkvktykf tbg oerj.

Kftkdetg Kftgrsgatk`fecktkgsQaecer Xga`ccgatk`fs

_g pcekf stetgdgft tbet nredgs tbks defusarkpt ks tbet W.Q. reakec kogf-

tkty ks e a`fstruatgo cgiec statk`f. Ectbùib tbg rkikfs n reakec okgrgftke-tk`f ckg wktbkf tbg cew, reakec kogftkterkefksd bes ef ehs`cutgcy pgrskstgftp`cktkaec efo sàkec ktgretk`f tbet iekfs e suhsteftkvg efo nedkcker prgs-gfag tbrùib kts a`fskstgft efo gv`cvkfi gfieigdgfts gvgf, efo gspg-akeccy, wbgf tbgsg erg e statk`f. B`wgvgr, retbgr tbef eabkgvkfi s`dg aì-fkzehcg r vkskhcg a`bgrgfag nr`d e nedkcker hceaj cktgrery suhlgatkvkty, tbggv`cvkfi dettgr n kogftkty a`dgs t` rggat tbg jkfo n ogstehkckzetk`f tbetks f`tehcg kf p`ststruatureckst tbg`ry es kt hga`dgs dgrgcy ef gvkogftkery

nreidgft kf wbet ks hgst ufogrst`ò es e vest p`stdògrfkst a`cceig._grg ks e dkfo-hìickfi errey `n twgftkgtb- efo twgfty-strst-agftury

verketk`fs `n cktgrery hceajfgss tbet kfa`rp`retgs tbg gssgfag `n Xecpb Gcck-s`fs d`st wkogcy rgeo f`vgc, Kfvkskhcg Def. Gccks`fs gp`fydùs aber-eatgr ks oksehcgo hy bks vkskhcg kfa`bgrgfag, gspgakeccy kf tbg wey tbet ktks tkgo t` bks ehkckty t` kfkat eferaby `f e ir`wkfi a`dpefy `n n`cj wb`gfaùftgr bkd. Ef eriuehcy pgrvgrsg vgrsk`f `n ckhgretk`f a`fskstgftcyabeccgfigs tbg abefikfi n`rds `n bks gv`cvkfi (p`stdògrfkst) suhlgat

efo suhsgqugftcy ikvgs bkd et cgest e psguo`, kn f`t e utkckterkef, a`bgrgfaghkfokfi tbg càetkvg pereccgcksd hgtwggf a`gxkstkfi stetgs `n nrggo`d efogfscevgdgft. Kf tbks c`fi gv`cutk`f, nrggo`d efo gfscevgdgft hga`dget cgest pr`sekaeccy gqukvecgft t` stetgs `n hgkficàetk fs es igìrepbk-


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aeccy vkehcg es tbet wbkab tbg gfscevgo dkibt àaupy (`r gg nr`d). Kfneat, wbgtbgr efo t` tbg gxtgft tbet fg ks gfscevgo r nrgg okspceags tbgrrges`fehcg n`rds `n kogftkty efo hga`dgs tbg suhstefag `n reag dettgrs.

Kf tbg sàkecktkgs rgprgsgftgo kf W.Q. statk`f, e suhlgatkvg `ft`cìy ks

eaa`dpcksbgo tbrùib tbg essàketkvg ckfj hgtwggf hgkfi efo càetk`f._g espkretk`fec sktg derjgo hy tbg F`rtb Qter hga`dgs e ogstkfetk`f esduab es kt sktuetgs tbg koge`n nrggo`d. Hut e suhlgats cgiec hùfogofgssks tkgo f`t skdpcy t` (n`r gxedpcg) wbgtbgr `r f`t bg dejgs kt t` Aefeoe,

hut tbg pgrskstgfag efo neatuec rgeckty efo rgeab n reakec lurkspruogfagscevg aetabgrs n`r wb`d f` stetg `r aùftry hùfoery wes ef `hsteacg.Cews tbet gfudgretgo, aòkstgo, struaturgo, efo rgiucetgo ef gfscevgopgrs`fs hòy essurgo reakec kogftktys vkehcg efo eriuehcy a`grakvg prgs-

gfag. Ybgtbgr cew wes usgo t` ogskifetg e scevg `r t` nrgg bgr, tbg a`ftkf-igft rgcetk`fsbkp hgtwggf cews tbet rgiucetgo tbg hòkgs efo (stetgs `n)

hgkfi hgaedg tbg cgieay `n W.Q. hceaj kogftkty.Cew efo cktgreturg h`tb ogpgfo `f e arktkaec kftkdeay wktb tbg weys

efo dgefs n cefiueig. Ckjg cgiec prgagogft, cktgreturg rgtekfs kts a`ffga-tk`f t` s`dg f`tk`f n e sarkptgo pest tbrùib eccusk`f. Ef eriudgft tbetacekds reakec cgikhkckty es e sustekfgo cgiec statk`f ogpgfos `f ef gvkogfttreag `n tbet pest, e f`tkagehcg erabktgaturg hy wbkab reag efo cew dkibt

cgej kft` ùr statk`fs.Es vkskhcy suhsteftkvg e bkst`ry es tbg pest pr`vkogs n`r cew efo cktgre-

turg, bkst`ry ks uctkdetgcy geago hy tbg bgnt n luokakec n`rdetk`fs efo ckt-grery struaturgs tbet rgfogr tbg eatuec pest cgss fgagssery tbef tbg statk`fstbet a`dg t` rgprgsgft kt. D`rrks`f aeccs tbgsg rgdgd`rkgs kf bgr f`vgc

Hgc`vgo, ef kccustretk`f tbet K wkcc turf t` sb`rtcy. B`wgvgr, wbgf wbetgdgrigs nr`d tbg pest ks `ft`cìkaec, tbg vkskhcg gdhòkdgft `n e reakeccgikhkckty tbet dettgrs rgfogrs tbg stejgs suhsteftkeccy bkibgr.

Kf cew, tbks sàkec ferretkvg nùfo kts `wf pgaucker a`dp`sktk`f. A`f-skogr tbg cgiec oàudgftetk`f `n e berd o`fg t` Cyoke, ef gfscevgow`def `n Enrkaef ogsagft efo tbg pr`pgrty `n Gckzehgtb L`fgs. L fgs rg-

skogo kf Ab`wef Aùfty, F`rtb Aer`ckfe, efo beo àaesk`f t` bkrg Cyokeùt t` L`bf Deff. Et tbg okstrkat aùrt cgvgc, Deff wes aberigo wktb


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`n s`vgrgkifty, hut `f kts rgcetgo cgiec acekd es e pr`pgrty `wfgr. Et tbgstetg suprgdg aùrt, Luoig _`des Xufif eirggo wktb bks ogngfsg, f`tkfitbet tbg p`wgr `n tbg destgr dust hg ehs`cutg, t` rgfogr tbg scevg pgr-ngat (khko., 8>>). Kf bks luoidgft, scevgry defoetgo ef ufa`ftr ccgo eu-

tb`rkty `vgr tbg hòy efo tbg scevg wes o``dgo kf bks `wf pgrs`f, efobks p`stgrkty, t` ckvg wktbùt . . . tbg aepeakty t` dejg efytbkfi bks `wf(khko., 8>>). Qtetg v. Deffa`ftekfs arktkaec cefiueig tbet ufogrsa`rgs tbga`fstktutk`fec a`fvkatk`f tbet sgperetgo hòkgs n scevgs nr`d tbg pgrs`f-eig `n aktkzgfs.

Kf _g Bkst`ry n Qgxueckty, Nùaeuct ufogrstefos tbks gv`cvkfi hut `d-fkprgsgft prkfakpcg kf bks oksaussk`f `n s`vgrgkifty. Et stejg ks tbg hk`-cìkaec gxkstgfag `n e p`pucetk`f bg wrktgs. Hut Nùaeuct ecs` ogtgrdkfgs

tbet hk`cìy ks f` c`figr tbg lurkokaec gxkstgfag `n s`vgrgkifty. K wùcoeriug tbg p`kft stkcc htekfs, echgkt wktb e sckibt hut arktkaec okstkfatk`f. _g

lurkokaec ks h`tb gxp`sgo efo gssgftkec. Efo s`vgrgkifty bes hga`dg tbgskfg que f`f n a`fstktutk`fecksd. _g sktg n kftgrprgtkvg p`wgr ckgs wktbtbg a`fstktutk`fec eutb`rkty kfvgstgo kf efo a`fstktutkvg `n tbg QuprgdgAùrt. Kt `pgretgs es tbg gdhòkdgft `n s`vgrgkif stetg oàtrkfg. Agf-turkgs n Edgrkaef hk`sàkecktkgs bevg dkrr`rgo tbet a`fvkatk`f, ntgf n`r-ducetgo nr`d tbg vgry a`dpcgxkty `n gdhòkgo kogftktywb` dkibt hg

(`r hga`dg) e cgiec pgrs`f efo tbgrgn`rg w`rtby `n tbg rkibts `n def.Nr`d tbks pgrspgatkvg efo es hòkgs `n cew, dettgrs `n aeptkvkty efo

nrggo`d erg ngaufo cktgrery sktgs. _gkr f`tehcg cktgreturgs, kfacuokfiBerrkgt Hggabgr Qt`wgs Wfacg _`ds Aehkf(5278)e f`vgc tbet rgngr-gfags tbg Deff aesgkfacuog e wgectb `n ferretkvgs efo statk`fs wrkt-tgf hy gfscevgo r n`rdgrcy gfscevgo pgrs`fs. Kt ks pgrngatcy rges`fehcg t`gxpgat tbgsg bkst`rkaeccy kdeikfgo ferretkvgs t` pr`ckngretg ourkfi tbg gre`n W.Q. scevgry. Hut wby wùco e pertkaucer cktgrery oksakpckfg rgpget tbgsg

n`rds wgcc pest tbg gre n cgieckzgo scevgry efo wktb suab rgiucerkty0 C`fipest tbg gkibtggftb efo fkfgtggftb agfturkgs, wbgf, ikvgf tbg gftrgfabgopettgrfs efo sàkec a`fsgqugfags `n gfscevgdgft, `fg dkibt rges`fehcyprgokat tbg igfrgs gdgrigfag efo p`pucerkty, wg stfo kts oo pgrskstgfagkf tbg ckhrerkgs n dko-twgftkgtb efo tbgsg strst ogaeogs n tbg twgfty-strst


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agftury, wbgrg w`rjs ckjg Deriergt YecjgrsLuhkcgg(5;>>), @atevke Hut-cgrsJkforgo(5;9;), Qbgrcgy YkcckedssOgsse X`sg(5;2>), fk D`rrks`fsHgc`vgo(5;29), Abercgs L`bfs`fsDkoocg ]esseig(5;;=), Herry Wfsw`rtbsQeargo Bufigr(5;;8) efo_g Uueckty `n Dgray(8=5=), C`rgfg Aerys_g

]rkag n e Abkco(5;;7), Gowero ]. L`fgss_g Jf`wf Y`rco(8==1), Derkg-Gcgfe L`bfs Wfhurfehcg (8==>), efo Ksehgccg Eccgfogs Kscefo Hgfgetbtbg Qge (8=55) erg w`rtby `n ùr f`tkag. Geab `n tbgsg f`vgcs kdeikfe-tkvgcy tejgs up tbg gre `n tbg gfscevgdgft `n Enrkaefs kf tbg Edgrkaesefo, kf o`kfi s`, rgprgsgfts tbg igfrgs rgderjehcg pgrskstgfag. Hut wbeteaaùfts n`r tbks pertkaucer prgàaupetk`f0 Qcevgrys `rkikf st`ry bes esbeajcg tbet sbknts kts sbepg, hut f`t kts iresp.

]uhcka Nkatk`fs, ]rkvetg Neats

Dy a`fskogretk f `n b`w cgiec efo cktgrery ferretkvgs kftgrsgat ks pertkau-cercy ettgftkvg t` e tbg`ry `n `rkikfs. _g `rkikfs erg a`fstktutk`feccy efocgikscetkvgcy pr`v`jgo ferretkvgs `n kogftkty tbet gdgrigo nr`d e fetk`ftbet beo ogtgrdkfgo tbg weys kf wbkab kt wùco hg rucgo efo suhsgqugftcy

hùfo hy cew. E arktkaec gxabefigehkckty hgtwggf aktkzgfsbkp efo pgrs`f-b`ò hgaedg e nùfoetk`fec prkfakpcg `n tbg fetk`fs hòy p`cktka efo

gvgftueccy a`dp`sgo e arktkaec neagt `n kts cktgrery statk`f._g nàusgo rgeokfis `n hceaj cktgrery statk`f kf tbks h``j rgvgec tbg

suhsteftkvg a`fsgqugfags `n e utkckterkef efo uctkdetgcy kftgrsgatk`fecp`ckty hgtwggf cew efo cktgreturg. Dy quktg kftgftk`fec arktkaec preatkagogrkvgs nr`d dy a`fskogretk`f `n wbet kt ks tbet uctkdetgcy gdgrigs es tbgtbg`rgtkaec kdpgretkvg tbet kfvki`retgs reag es e pgrskstgftcy vkehcg a`f-struatk`f kf W.Q. aucturgs. Cew ks rgsp`fskhcg n`r hc`ò rucg, e a`ftkfigftcgiecksd n tbg hk`cìka tbet ks cgieccy sustekfgo, oocy kf ef g`rt t` dejg

tbg essàketk`f hgtwggf a`fouat efo a`c`r kccgiec. E hrkgn gxedpcg dey hgbgcpnuc kf gxpcekfkfi tbks sggdkficy okfiauct essàketk`f.Kf cetg 8=5=, Xuo`cpb Hyro efo Bgfry Cùks Ietgs gxpcekfgo b`w

rgf`wfgo Bercgd Xgfekssefag wrktgr Lgef ``dgr pessgo es e wbktgdef. _gkr trekc `n gvkogfag hgief wktb cgiec oàudgftsderrkeig ck-


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agfsgs stccgo ut hy ``dgr wbgrg bg kogftkstgo bks reag es wbktg, r wbgrgbg ecc`wgo e acgrj t` dejg tbet f`tetk`f wktbùt `hlgatk`f. Kf `tbgr

w`ros, `dgrs nùr sa`rg ygers `n agcghrkty es e hceaj wrktgr abr`fkackfitbg Fgir` Xgfekssefag wes okrgatcy a`ftreokatgo hy cgiec oàudgftetk`f

tbet bg wes rgsp`fskhcg n`r stckfi ourkfi tbg sedg gre `n bks cktgrery rg-f`wf. Ks tbg puhcka neat `n bks agcghretgo hceaj cktgrerkfgss okgrgft nr`dtbg cgiec kfsteftketk`f `n bks prkvetg wbktg kogftkty0 Yes bg e hceaj wrktgr`n tbg Bercgd Xgfekssefag `r tbg wbktg bushefo `n Derl`rkg A`ftgft0Kf wbet weys o`gs tbks dettgr0 _g a`dpcgx tgrrekf `n cgieccy aìfkzehcgreakec kogftkty efo auctureccy a`fstruatgo hceaj erts ks kccustretgo kf tbga`dpckaetgo ertkstry tbet aef pròuag e hceaj wrktgr (dejg e p`gt hceaj. . .) efo e cgiec, wbktg spùsg es tbg sedg pgrs`f, efo tbgf stfo e wey t`

hko bkd skfi._ks scgfogr kfakogft `n kogftkty ks gxgdpcery `n tbg wey kf wbkab reag

ks cgieccy hùfo. Kt bes hggf ef `dfkprgsgft rgeckty `n hceaj ckng kf tbgWfktgo Qtetgs efo kt hgaedg e ufkqugcy fetk`feckzgo a`foktk`f n pgrs`f-b`ò. Xeakec kogftkty wes ef kdp`sgo efo prgsarkptkvg cgiecksd tbet a`f-tr`ccgo eaagss t` cgiec aktkzgfsbkp es tbg koge n kogftkty ktsgcn gv`cvgo kft`s`dgtbkfi òo gfùib t` nugc e cktgrery kdeikfetk`f. _g ngogrec a`fstk-tutk`f n reag kf tbg Wfktgo Qtetgs es wgcc es kts suhsgqugft nuiktkvktykts

gvesk`fs nr`d cgiec a`ftr`cstefo es gvkogfag kf tbg deccgehcg essàke-tk`fs etteabgo t` kts eppgerefag. _ks a`dpcgx rgcetk`fec pr`hcgdetka pr`-ouags tbg stu `n statk`f.

Dy eriudgft ks a`fskstgft wktb Ceurgf Hgrcefts ufogrstefokfi tbettbg Edgrkae tbet o`dkfetgs ZFetbefkgc Bewtb`rfgsT rgprgsgftgo rg-cetk`f t` bks eatkvkty, bks jf`wcgoig, bks egat ZefoT bks vgry hòy . . . ksprkderkcy tgxtuec. _ks pgrspgatkvg `n tgxtueckty ks a`rp`rgec. Kts kfstktu-tk`fec efo cgiec a`rp`retksd sberpgfs dy nàus `f e fetk`feccy gfieigo

statk`f `n aktkzgfsbkp. _g essàketk`f hgtwggf aktkzgfsbkp efo pgrs`f-b`ò ks gvkogft kf tbg struaturg `n tbg sàkec, tbg preatkag `n cew, efo tbga`dp`sktk`f `n ferretkvg. Arktkaec t` tbks essàketk`f ks tbg eppergft efonufoedgftec prgdksg tbet ùr fetk`fec statk`fs (tbg koges wg gdhòy rg-ierokfi reag) efo tbg fetk`fs cktgrery statk`fs (b`w wg gfeat ùr sàkeck-


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tkgs) bevg cgiec bkst`rkgs. K ed kftgrgstgo kf tbg prgsudptkvg kftgirkty `ntbg essàketk`fspgakstaeccy kf wbetgvgr kt ks tbet sustekfs tbg kftkdetgkftgrsgatk`feckty hgtwggf cgiec aktkzgfsbkp efo hceaj pgrs`fb`ò. Ybetsggds cgss prgokatehcg hut f`fgtbgcgss gxgdpcery ks tbg wey kf wbkab W.Q.

cktgrery statk`fs kccustretg tbks essàketk`f kf tgxts tbet rgs`fetg wktb tbgggats `n tbg rgiucet`ry okdgfsk`fs `n W.Q. lurkspruogfag. _ks kfacuogs

h`tb tbg g`rt t` ogtgrdkfetkvgcy rgiucetg reag efo t` eppcy cgiec a`fsg-qugfags wbgf tbgrg ks e nekcurg t` o` s`.

A`fskogr, n`r gxedpcg, e f`vgc ckjg `fk D`rrks`fs Hgc`vgo tbet rg-pròuags e nuiktkvg kdeikfetk`f kf tbg abereatgr `n tbg ib`stcy pgrs`fe`n Hgc`vgo. Hgc`vgo ks s`dgtkdgs e ib`st, hut et `tbgr tkdgs sbg ks eckvkfi prgsgfagQgtbgs ogeo oeuibtgr rgturfgo nr`d tbg irevg. _g fer-

retkvg sggjs t` stfo e rges`fehcg pceag n`r bgr gpbgdgrec prgsgfag kf tbgst`ry et tbg sedg tkdg tbet kt ettgdpts t` sustekf tbg g`rts `n e a`ddu-fkty `n nrggo efo nuiktkvg hceajs wb`sg ckvgs erg lust e hrgetb ewey efo erkvgr ear`ss nr`d scevgry. _g gfn`ragdgft efo rgaepturg tbrgetgfgo kftbg Nuiktkvg Qcevg Eat kfsteftketgo ef ecweys prgsgft efo hruteccy p`ckagop`tgftkec: e a`fskstgft tger et tbg vucfgrehcg tbrgeos `n tbg a`ddufkty.Et tbg sedg tkdg, tbg ib`stcy Hgc`vgo hgikfs bgr nrkibtnuc kfbehktetk`fes nehrkahgiikfi tbg essàketk`f wktb tbg dgtepb`r tbg nehrka `n ùr

fetk`f< e wbktg orgss jfgct o`wf fgxt t` bgr d`tbgr efo beo kts scggvgerùfo bgr d`tbgrs ZQgtbgsT wekst (1;). Qgtbg, sbejgf hy tbg vkskhcgprgsgfag n tbg oeuibtgr sbg durogrgo stfos bgr wf cgiec efo gtbkaec vuc-fgrehkckty sbepgo eiekfst e rgcetk`fec efo f`w e trùhckficy vkskhcg dgte-pbyskas.

Yg dkibt ecs` rgaecc tbg w`rry `n L`bfs d`tbgr kf Ledgs HecowkfsI` _gcc Kt `f tbg Dùftekf. Kf e pceynuc ygt ogeocy sgrkùs gxabefig

wktb bgr ogckfqugft s`f X`y, bg tgccs bgr [ u tbkfj tbet ecc tbets kf tbg

w`rco ks lekcs efo aburabgs0 (Hecowkf 5;9=, 81). X`ys nàus `f tbks càe-tkvg hkferytw` `pp`sktk`fec hut skdkcercy rgiucet`ry sktgs kf wbkabbks d`tbgrs preatkago kdeikfetk`f ecc`ws bgr t` vksueckzg bgr abkcorgfsp`tgftkeckccustretgs tbg oksakpckfgo gtbka etteabgo t` hceaj ckvgs. H`tbcew efo rgckik`f (lekcs efo aburabgs) ogpgfo `f e prk`r efo e a`fngrrgo


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eutb`rkty. Hecowkfs f`vgc eajf`wcgoigs tbgsg skdkcercy jf`ttgo p`tgf-tkecs. @fg `n tbg s`fs (X`y) cgevgs b`dg efo ks sgrkùscy wùfogo kf evk`cgft ectgraetk`f wktb wbktg b`òcuds tbet n`rgsbeo`ws bks treikaeccya`c`rgo nuturg. Bg dey es wgcc bevg hggf Cyoke ettgdptkfi t` stibt heaj

eiekfst Deffs vk`cgfag: `r, statkvgcy, Xkabero Yrkibts ngernuc efo netgoHkiigr _`des kf Fetkvg Q`f. Kf Hecowkfs eut`hkìrepbkaec strst f`vgc,

L`bfX`ys hr tbgrgftgrs tbg aburab ikvkfi nurtbgr argogfag t` tbgkrd`tbgrs prgokatkvg hkfery.

I` gcc Kt `f tbg Dùftekfsuiigsts e prgagogft kf tbg cktgrery bkst`ry`n tbg hceaj f`vgc tbet aef hg rgcetgo t` D`rrks`fs a`fstiuretk`f `n efectgrfetkvg t` tbg a`fsgqugftkec a`ccksk`f `n scevg cew. Kt et cgest euiurstbg pr`dksg `n ufhùfogo ckhgrecksd `n bgr spkrktuec/rgckikùs eutb`rkty.

D`rrks`fs Hehy Quiis, B`cy, bgrsgcn e nuiktkvg nr`d tbg Jgftuajy pcef-tetk`f, `grs bgr oeuibtgr-kf-cew rgnuig kf bgr @bk` b`dg. Qbg wes tbga`ddufktys spkrktuec cgeogr wb` cgo sgrd`fs kf e acgerkfi fger bgrb`dg, hut sbg stfos tbg tesj `n dgoketkfi tbg pbyskaec efo psyabka berds`n tbg pest `r fedkfi tbg hòkcy berds, ikvkfi tbgd e rgvgrgfag (c`vgyùr befos, yùr dùtb . . .) tbrùib e syfgaoàbka oksdgdhgrdgft,t`` duab n`r gvgf tbg igfgrùs spkrktueckty sbg `grs t` tbg a`ddufktyietbgrgo kf tbg acgerkfi. Hehy Quiis rgtrgets nr`d bgr puhcka r`cg t` e prk-

vetg spkrkt-speag tbet ecc`ws bgr t` spgfo tbg cest `n bgr oeys p`fogrkfia`c`r. Kt sggds e stfec rgnuig tbet dejgs wey efo r``d n`r tbg ckhgretgoargetkvkty sbg wùco bevg preatkago beo f`t tbg psyabka tbrget `n rgturfefo rgaepturg c``dgo cerigr tbef bgr spkrktuec wkcc. Qbg rgtrgets t` e prk-

vetg cefosaepgh`tb tbg cgest efo tbg d`st tgxturec sktg tbet dkibt defk-ngst bgr c`sspceykfi wktb hkts `n uftgtbgrgo nehrkas, rgdfefts `n bgrnreygo kdeikfetk`f efo kdeikfgo ckhgrecksd.

Kdeikfetkvg ckhgrecksd suiigsts e a`ftkfigft rgcetk`fsbkp hgtwggf arg-

etkvkty efo tbg p`tgftkec `n eut`f`dy. Hgaeusg h`tb erg ogpgfogft `fpgrs`fb`ò, tbgkr p`tgftkec ogpgfos `f tbg vkteckty (kfoggo, tbg vkehkcktyefo vkskhkckty) `n tbg hòy tbet wùco gfehcg tbet kdeikfery. Kn e pgrs`fsaepeakty n`r eut`f`dùs eat ks a`fstrekfgo et efy cgvgc, hut pertkaucercy ettbg cgvgc `n tbg cgikhkckty `r aìfkzehkckty, tbgf tbet dgtepbyskaec jf`t `n


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hgkfi efo hga`dkfi`fg ecweys a`fstktutkvg n tbg tbgrks kfgvktehcya`ftkfigft. Agrtekfcy Qgtbgs b`dg, 58? Hcugst`fg Xèo, b`cos f` sefa-tuery. Kt ks beuftgo efo vucfgrehcg. _g tyreffy efo tgrr`r `n wbktg cewa`dgs kft` kt ckjg e b`dg kfvesk`f. _gy aedg kf bgr yero efywey . . . tbg

wbktgn`cjs beo tkrgo bgr ut et cest (D`rrks`f 5;29, 8=9).

Qkdkcg es ]rgagogft

]r`pgrty efo a`ftreat erg gdhcgdetkaeccy arktkaec oàtrkfgs tbet eatkvgcya`fstktutg efo a`fskstgftcy kfvki retg tbg koge n reag efo tbg oàtrkfg ncew. _gy ggatkvgcy hkfo tbg ogvgc`pdgft `n statk`fs hceaj abereatgrsefo sàkgtys hceaj aktkzgfs t` e cgieccy kfsarkhgo pgrs`fb`ò. _gsg erg

oàtrkfgs tbet, n`r gxedpcg, dejg D`rrks`fs Qgtbg ufehcg t` okvgst bgr-sgcn `n tbg nger kf bgr cgiec hgkfies ef gsaepgo scevg et tbg sedg tkdg sbgtrkgs t` sbepg bgrsgcn es e d`tbgr. Kt ks tbg jkfo `n okcgdde tbet pr`dptgoFt`zejg Qbefig t` wrktg, hgkf eckvg & hgkf e w`def & hgkf a`c`rgo kse dgtepbyskaec okcgdde / K bevgft a`fqugrgo ygt. Qgtbgs prkvetg efopgrs`fec sgcvgs erg cgieccy efo d`reccy kfa`dpetkhcg. Qbg kftrkfskaeccy ep-prgaketgs tbg eppgec `n Hehy-Quiiss gd`tk`fec gsaepg. Kf neat, sbg fgercysuaaudhs t` kt bgrsgcn et tbg f`vgcs gfo wbgf ]euc O. kftgrngrgs wktb

tbg kftgftk`feckty `n bgr oykfi. Hut et tbg f`vgcs hgikffkfi, Qgtbg trkgst` tgeab bgr survkvkfi oeuibtgr Ogfvgr s`dgtbkfi okgrgft, werfkfi bgrtbet tbg petb`cìkaec ogtrktus `n tbg pest o`gs f`t fgagsserkcy stey kf tbgpest. Qbg usgs w`ros, hut bgr rgeab ks dgtepbyskaec. Kf cgiec tgrds, sbgdkibt hg tecjkfi ehùt prgagogft r, es n`rdeccy jf`wf kf tbg cewstergogaksks gt f`f qukgte d`vgrgt` stefo hy ogaksk`fs efo f`t oksturh tbg uf-oksturhgo, wbgf sbg gxpcekfs?9)

Kf tbg wey tbet prgagogft a`ftùrs lurkspruogfag, rgdgd`rygspgakeccyes kfsteftketgo dgd`ry n reagks e a`fstruat tbet rgtekfs kts s`ckokty efoprgsgfag ogspktg tbg pesseig `n tkdg.

Cew ks ckjg rgdgd`ry. Kt ks tbg tbkfi Y. B. Euogf suiigstgo wes wbetecc ierogfgrs `hgy kf bks 5;?5 p`gd, Cew Ckjg C`vg. Hceaj statk`fsa`fagrfs wktb rkibts efo aktkzgfsbkp, efo wbet efo b`w detgrkec iekfsefo pgrs`fec abereatgrkstkas gv`cvg, dejg, efo rgtekf suhstefag, erg tbgoksakpckfgs sustekfgo kftgrrìetkvgs. Ogspktg tbg weys kf wbkab tbg A`f-stktutk`f dkibt acerkny tbgsg dettgrs, wbgf hceaj wrktgrs pcey kf tbg oerj,rkibts s`dgb`w sggd cgss ckjg cew tbef e nuiktkvg gdefetk`fEuogfsc`vg wg aeft a`dpgc `r y / Ckjg c`vg wg `ntgf wggp / Ckjg c`vg wg sgc-o`d jggp. Euogfs suiigstk`f `n tbg pr`vàetkvg skdkcerkty hgtwggf tbgtw` ks e usgnuc a`dperks`f n`r tbg ferretkvg essàketk`fs tbet a`ftgxtuec-

kzg tbks h``j. Kftgrgstkficy, wbgf Euogf wr`tg, Cew Ckjg C`vg bg wes kftrefsktk`f nr`d rgskogfag kf Hrktekf t` Edgrkae. Kt ks e fevkiehcg kftgrcuogtbet dkibt rges`fehcy sgrvg t` kftròuag ur rga`ccgatk`f n Gficksb a`d-d`f cew treoktk`fs tbet erg gvkogft kf Edgrkaef cgiec systgds.

_gsg Gficksb cgiec treoktk`fs erg eppergft kf Jeftkef acekds rgierokfitbg d`rec f`rdetkvkty n feturec cew, gspgakeccy wktb rgiero t` tbg kftkdetgessàketk`f hgtwggf rkibts efo pgrs`fb`ò. K tbkfj tbks cktgrery bkst`rygspgakeccy pr`vàetkvg, hgaeusg kf tbg Wfktgo Qtetgs tbg pbyskaec a`fstktu-

tk`f n pgrs`fb`ò ks prgaksgcy wbet ks et stejg kf a`ftgdp`rery es wgcc esgerckgr hceaj statk`fs es duab es kt ks e rgaurrgft dettgr n cew. _g twkffgosàk`cgiec gv`cutk`f `n tbgsg nredgs ks e vktec a`ftgdp`rery gcgdgft `ncgiec ferretkvgs efo d`rec tbg`ry. Efo kt ks f`t kfa`fsgqugftkec tbet geab


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ks suturgo t` tbg koge `n rkibts. _g rkibt t` pr`pgrty, `r tbg rkibt `fg best` gftgr kft` a`ftreat, `r tbg rkibt t` hger wktfgss ks f`t aesuec vgrhkeig._gsg rkibts erg kdpckakt t` tbg Lggrs`fkef kogec `n aktkzgfsbkp.

Fgktbgr ks kt kfa`fsgqugftkec tbet tbgsg rkibts hga`dg h`tb d`rg a`d-

pckaetgo efo nrustretkficy pgrvgrsg wbgf reag dettgrs. _g rkibts t` gftgrkft` e a`ftreat, t` `wf pr`pgrty, efo t` hger wktfgss (pr`gr gvkogfag)

wgrg nufoedgftec kf tbg nredkfi `n tbg A`fstktutk`f. Geab wes spgakst-aeccy etteabgo t` aktkzgfsbkp tbet, n`r hceajs, wes strst ogsarkhgo es tbrgg-stntbs `n ecc `tbgr pgrs`fs. _ks a`foktk`f p`sgo e cgiec a`fuforud tbetdgeft `fgs budefkty `r pgrs`fb`ò wes fgi`tketgo tbrùib tbg a`f-stktutk`f `n aktkzgfsbkp. Kts a`fstktutk`f ks gvkogft kf a`ftgdp`rery cgieceriudgfts tbet tbgrg erg f`fbudef gftktkgs, a`rp`retk`fs, tbet bevg tbg

cgiec stefokfi efo rkibts `n e aktkzgf, es wgcc es tbg pertkaucer eriudgftrgcgveft t` tbks tgxt, tbet tbg W.Q. A`fstktutk`f stkcc rgtekfs tbg p`tgftkec t`cgikscetkvgcy supp`rt tbg dejkfi (efo ufdejkfi) `n pgrs`fsefo gvgft` ogskifetg s`dg `n tbgsg pgrs`fs es f`fbudef. E cey ufogrstefokfi`n rkibts ecd`st ecweys gxtgfos nr`d tbgsg nùfoetk`fec prkfakpcgs tbeterg n`r s`dg eppr`prketg eppgecs t` tbg d`rec rges`fkfi etteabgo t` bu-def(g) f`rdetkvkty. Efo ygt tbgsg rkibts kf pertkaucer wgrg a`fnùfogowbgf tbg A`fstktutk`f, ef eppr`prketg cgieay t` Càjgs sga`fo trge-

tksg `n i`vgrfdgft, eajf`wcgoigo tbgd es nùfoetk`fec t` tbg rkibts `ndef (wbgrg `wfgrsbkp `n `fgs `wf sgcn wes spgakstaeccy f`tgo). Ybgfetteabgo t` tbg n`rdetk`f `n W.Q. pgrs`fb`ò tbg koge `n rkibts aòkstgofetk`fec pertkaucerktkgs tbet wùco sustekf cgieccy aìfkzehcg okgrgfagshgtwggf budef hgkfis. _gsg okgrgfags wgrg gssgftkec t` tbg n`rde-tk`f `n e fetk`fec ga`f`dy tbet ogpgfogo `f oksperetg hòkgs, efo tbgcewecweys kftgrgstgo kf e puhcka p`ckay tbet wùco sustekf tbg fetk`fa``pgretgo kf tbgkr argetk`f. _g cew gxpgfogo skifkstaeft gfgriy kf og-

tgrdkfkfi efo rgfgi`tketkfi wbet tbgsg pertkaucerktkgs dgeft, wbgtbgr ktwes etteabgo t` a`c`r `r hc`ò, gspgakeccy wktb rgiero t` b`w tbgsg per-tkaucerktkgs dkibt kftgreat wktb tbg prgsudptkvg feturec rkibt t` aktkzgfryn`r wbktg (bgtgr`sgxuec) decgs.

F`tkakfi tbg sàkec gv`cutk`f `n cgiec rkibts es tbgy bevg hggf kfa`r-


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tkfat hòkgs tbet p`pucetgo tbg fgwcy a`dp`sgo Edgrkaes. B`wgvgr,wbgf kogftkty dettgrsefo tbks ks trug n`r igfogr efo sgxueckty es wgcc

es reagtbg cgiec `rkikf fgvgr wefogrs t`` ner nr`d tbg suhstefag `n tbgacekd. _ks ks wby e pgrvgrsgcy pekrgo bkst`rka kog`cìy n rkibts tbet ogtgr-

dkfgs tbg usg efo ehusg n pr`pgrty es e cìkaec, r e supresgfskhcg, rgiuce-tk`f aùco gvgf erhktrerkcy n`cc`w tbg rgiero n hòkgs es pr`pgrty. Kt t``jef kdeikfehcg ckhgrecksd t` o` s`.

]r`pgrty, A`ftreat, efo Gvkogftkery ecugs

w` cgiec oàtrkfgs etteab t` tbg prkfakpcg `n pr`pgrty cew efo nredg tbgrgeokfis tbet a`dp`sg tbg abeptgrs tbet n`cc`w tbks kftròuatk`f. K sgcgat

tbgd hgaeusg tbgy erg a`fskstgft wktb a`fstktutk`fec pr`tgatk`fs es wgcces kts prgsudptkvg ckhgrtkgs. _gy n`rd tbg hesks `n ùr koge `n aktkzgfsbkpefo essurg tbg pettgrfs `n kts preatkag.

Wfogrstefokfi tbg koge n igìrepbkgs es sktgs n kdeikfetkvg nrggo`des wgcc es bkst`rkaec aertìrepbkgs, cgiec prgagogfts, efo cktgrery h``j-derjs bevg bgcpgo es Kvg sgcgatgo wbkab `n tbg defy okvgrsg cktgrery sta-tk`fs nr`d tbg treoktk`f `n Enrkaef Edgrkaef cgttgrs K sbùco kfacuog kftbks defusarkpt. _gsg iukogckfgs bevg bgcpgo dg dejg tb`sg okfiauct

sgcgatk`fs.Nkrst, Kvg usgo hceaj statk`f nr`d tbg twgftkgtb efo twgfty-strst agf-

turkgs hgaeusg tbgsg bevg hggf tbg ygers wbgf cgikscetk`f efo spgaksta cgiecprkfakpcgs (cgvgcs `n sarutkfy, gquec pr`tgatk`f) tbet eoorgss tbg kssugs `nreag efo rkibts bevg hggf gspgakeccy pr`cksta. _g igfrg `n fg`scevg fer-retkvgs stefos es pertkaucercy pr`vàetkvg gvkogfag `n tbg ogfsg cktgreryefo cgiec cefosaepgs tbet dettgr wgcc pest tbgkr bkst`rkaec gre. F`vgcs nr`dtbks treoktk`f erg p`wgrnuccy kccustretkvg `n tbg pgrskstgfag `n tbks ckfigr-

kfi bkst`ry.Qga`fo, K ed pertkaucercy kftgrgstgo kf kftgftk`feccy cktgrery statk`fretbgr tbef igfrg statk`f tbet rgeabgs e d`rg p`pucer derjgt. Ectbùibdy eriudgft ks kfoggo tbet fgercy ecc Enrkaef Edgrkaef statk`f kfgvktehcygfieigs s`dg okdgfsk`f `n tbg cgiec ks ehs`cutgcy eppckaehcg t` tbg wkog


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refig n W.Q. hceaj statk`fs, efo dy skfagrg b`pg ks tbet kftgrgstgo rgeogrstgst tbks prgsudptk`f hy a`fskogrkfi b`w e wkogr verkgty `n hceaj sta-tk`f stts wktbkf tbks tbgsks, dy kftgrgsts n`r tbks tgxt sgttcg wktb tb`sg tbet(5) a`ddkt t` e cktgrery egstbgtka ebgeo n tb`sg derjgrs eppergft kf d`rg

n`rduceka a`fvgftk`fs `n igfrg (r`defag, ogtgatkvg, dystgry, gta.) efo(8) bevg ef gerfgo nedkckerkty es acesska hceaj cktgrery statk`f. Es e a`fsg-qugfag `n tbg strst dettgr `n ertkstry, Kvg sgcgatgo tgxts wbgrg e rgeogr ksd`rg ckjgcy t` stfo tbg cgiec cgss e a`fsgqugfag `n pc`t tbef kt ks e saecerverkehcg `n kts a`dp`sktk`f. Efo tbg feturec ogvgc`pdgft `n tbet arktg-rke a`dhkfgo wktb tbg sga`foery kftgrgst kf e nedkcker treoktk`f `n hceajacesska cktgrery statk`f dgefs tbet K bevg usgo f`vgcs hy eutb`rs ckjg LedgsHecowkf, Oevko Hreocgy, Xecpb Gccks`f, Grfgst Iekfgs, Abercgs L`bfs`f,

Fgcce Cersgf, `fk D`rrks`f, Yectgr D`scgy, Ic`rke Feyc`r, Eff ]gtry,Eckag Yecjgr, efo Xkabero Yrkibt, wb`sg w`rjs gfieig gxtre`rokferyogptb efo aepeakty efo wb`sg kdeikfetkvg tgxts bevg gerfgo tbg ogskife-tk`f es acesska cktgrery statk`f t` kccustretg tbg eriudgfts wktbkf tbks h``j.K gfaùreig rgeogrs t` a`fskogr n`r tbgdsgcvgs tbg weys kf wbkab tbgsg

wrktgrs efo `tbgrs K bevg f`t fedgo bgrg ecs` kdeikfg tbg a`fvgrigfag`n tbg cktgrery wktb tbg cgiec nredgs `n pr`pgrty, a`ftreat, efo gvkogfag.

_g n`rdet `n tbg h``j n`cc`ws tbrgg arktkaec cgiec nredgs efo, kf eook-

tk`f t` e verkgty n statk`f efo rgngrgfags t` cgiec aesgs, K hrkfi e pertkaucercgiec ferretkvg t` geab `n tbg abeptgrs efo usg tbet ferretkvg t` ckfj tbgcktgrery rgngrgfags efo tbg cgiec nredgw`rj.

_g suhsteftkvg acekds `npr`pgrtyerg tbg nàus `n abeptgr 5, efo kt kstbks h``js tùabst`fg, fgercy e ib`stcy kfbehktetk`f beuftkfi tbg hceaj

hòy efo a`fsgqugftcy e pgrskstgft rga`ccgatk`f kf tbg abeptgrs tbet n`c-c`w. ]r`pgrtys pgfudhrec prgsgfag ks oggpcy a`dpckaetgo hgaeusg `n tbgcgiec rkikfs tbet ikvg W.Q. cew tbg p`tgftkec t` dejg efo ufdejg pgrs`fs.

_g cgiec bkst`ry n pg`pcg es pr`pgrty ks e a`fstktutk`fec rkikf st`ry tbetbes deog f`tk`fs efo ogskifetk`fs `n pr`pgrty kfveog gvgry ettgdpt t`gdgrig nr`d tbg cgiec tbkajgt `n e pr`sarkptkvg hceaj kogftkty. Luoig Xufifigsturgs t` tbks bkst`ry kf Qtetg v. Deff, f`tkfi kf tbg tgxt `n tbg ogaksk ftbg struiicg hgtwggf tbg nggckfis `n def efo tbg outy `n tbg deikstretg


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(8>?) efo tbg wey kf wbkab tbg suhlgat ZCyokeT ks o``dgo kf ZbgrT wfpgrs`f, t` ckvg wktbùt jf`wcgoig, efo wktbùt tbg aepeakty, t` dejg efy-tbkfi bks `wf (8>>). Efytbkfi kfacuogs pgrs`fb`ò, wbkab ks tbg pr`p-grty `n tbg `wfgr, retbgr tbef `fgs sgcn. _g wey kf wbkab cktgreturg pceys

wktb tbet `ft`cìkaec a`fnusk`f ks gvkogft kf Abercgs L`bfs`fs Dkoocg]esseig. Ybgf efo b`w aef wg oksauss e qugstk`f `n `ft`cìy kn kts vgry

a`fstktutk`f, kfoggo kts suhstefag, ecweys efo ecrgeoy kfsksts tbet tbg `rk-ikf `n pgrs`fb`ò a`fskstgftcy dettgrs0 Kt ks e pr`vàetkvg tbkajgt tbetgxpcekfs wby statk`f bes nùfo tbg pr`hcgd s` a`dpgcckfi efo b`w tbgigfrg `n tbg fg`scevg ferretkvg, wbgtbgr Abercgs L`bfs`fsDkoocg ]es-seig`r D`rrks`fsHgc`vgo, a`ftkfug t` bevg suab derjgtehkckty agfturkgspest tbg gre `n scevgry.

_ks h``j nàusgs `f tbg kssug `n a`ftreat kf Ic`rke Feyc`rs CkfogfBkccs(5;27), e f`vgc tbet ogpgfos `f tbg ferretkvgs tbet gdgrig nr`d tbgcgiec kssugs `n pr`pgrty kf e fgkibh`rb`ò tbet ks akracgo wktb kftgstetgsuaagssk`fs ogtgrdkfkfi tbg `wfgrsbkp `n b`dgs efo tbg pceagdgft `nagrtekf nedkckgs et verykfi cgvgcs `n e sàkec bkgreraby. ]r`pgrty dettgrscàetg efo irùfo tbg ferretkvg kf `fk D`rrks`fs Quce(5;91), wbkabbes es kts d`st a`fskstgft kdeig ef òocy a`fstiurgo bùsg tbet hga`dgse abe`tka sefatuery n`r kts rgskogfts (e tbgdg sbg rgturfs t` kf ]ereoksg

Z5;;2T) es wgcc es e tbrget. Kts tbg pceag wbgrg Gve hurfs bgr orui-eookatgoirefos`f ]cud.

Kf abeptgr 8 cews `n gvkogfag(kfacuokfi tbg fgagssery a`dp`fgfts `nwktfgss efo tgstkd`fy) kfa`rp`retg tbg tgxtuec suhstefag `n statk`f es wgcc

es kts abereatgrkzetk`fs. K treag tbgkr eppgerefag kf statk`fs es wkogcy ok-vgrigft es Eff ]gtrys _g Yktfgss t` tbg gpkstcgs kf Eckag Yecjgrs _g

A`c`r ]urpcg(5;28) efo Gccks`fsKfvkskhcg Def(5;78), wbgrg e cgttgr sgrvgses h`tb e pr`grgo a`ftreat efo es gvkogfag `n tbg fkiigr h`ys `rkikfs.

Eodksskhcg gvkogfag es tbg cgiec stefoero hkfos ferretkvgs `n pr`pgrtyefo a`ftreat. Kt stefos es tbg gvkogft pbyskaeckty `n e acekd kf tbg pgrs`f`n tbg hòy wb` dejgs kt `r kf tbg detgrketbet ecc`ws pr`pgrty efo a`f-treat t` gdgrig es nufoedgftec rkibts. w` cgiec aesgs n gfscevgo Enrkaefsehèro sbkpstbg Eftgc`pgefo tbg Edksteopr`vkog tbg cgiec bkst`ry


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8=

tbet ecc`ws tbg fgagssery ferretkvg a`dpckaetk`fs `n gvkogftkery hùfo-erkgs.

Kf abeptgr 1, K nàus `f peredgtgrs `n a`ftreat. K a`fskogr tbg ferre-tkvg gxp`sktk`f `n tbg cgiec efo d`rec jf`ttkfgss `n e pr`dksg, tbg p`tgf-

tkec `n ga`f`dka a`ddgrag, efo tbg vkehkckty `n e prkvetg rkibt. @fcy kftbg Wfktgo Qtetgs, wbgrg pgrs`fs wgrg w`vgf kft` e cgiec a`fstruatk`fes a`ddgrag, wùco tbg a`ddgrakec a`fsgqugfag n`rd e cgiec qugstk`f

wktb rgiero t` wbgtbgr e pr`dksg t` e hceaj pgrs`f beo aìfkzehcg stefo-kfi (duab cgss d`rec `hckietk`f) efo e rkibt t` tbg kfsucer pr`tgatk`fs`n prkvetg cew. _g prkvetg cews `n tgstedgft efo suaagssk`f essurgo tbetreag dettgrgo. A`ftreat ks tbg gdhgoogo ferretkvg `n derrkeig kf FgcceCersgfs f`vgcce]esskfi(5;8;). _g Xbkfgcefogr aesg dgftk`fgo hrkgy

kf tbet f`vgc nredgs tbg cgiec kssugs a`fskogrgo kf tbks abeptgr. _g kd-pckakt cews `n tgstkd`fy tbet tbet aesg pr`tgatgo n`rducetg tbg hesgckfgtbet struaturgs tbg cgiec eirggdgft hgtwggf tbg pr`pgrty `wfgr efotbg wgectby kfoustrkeckst wb` àaupkgs tbg hesgdgft prks`f kf YectgrD`scgys _g Def kf Dy Hesgdgft(8==?).

Kf tbks h``js gpkcìugYbgf efo Ybgrg Ecc tbg Oerj-Icess H`ysGftgrK gxpc`rg weys kf wbkab del`rkty Edgrkaef wrktgrs gfieig tbgsgpereokidetka kssugs `n cew es wgcc, echgkt wktb e okgrgfag. _ks ks e h``j

ehùt Edgrkaes cktgrery bkst`rkgs, efo ectbùib kts nàus ks statk`f hy hceajwrktgrs kt sggdgo es kdp`rteft t` rgturf bgrg t` tbg fuoig nr`d D`rrk-

s`fs]ceykfi kf tbg Oerj, kf kts kfskstgfag tbet tb`sg reakeckzgo kdeikfer-kgs erg e fgagssery espgat `n tbg arktkaec igìrepby `n tbg fetk`fscktgre-turgs. _gsg igìrepbkgs erg ecs` tbg speags `n e fetk`fec kdeikfery, edgtepbyskas tbet a`ffgats D`rrks`fs f`tk`f `n rgdgd`ry t` Nùaeuctsgxpc`retk`f `n bgtgr`t`pke. _grg ks e a`dpgcckfi eriudgft tbet cew kstbg pbyskaec dkrr`r, tbg eatuec `hlgat tbet dejgs tbg bgtgr`t`pka sktg p`s-

skhcg. N`r tbks pgrspgatkvg `n igìrepby, tbks abeptgr ecs` rgckgs `f Hrktksbf`vgckst Herry Wfsw`rtbs gfieigdgft wktb kfnedùs bkst`rkgs rgierokfitbg scevg treog hgtwggf tbg Edgrkaes efo Hrktekf es e arktkaec kccustretk`f`n tbg `rkikf `n Hrktksb a`dd`f cew tbet wes tbg prgagogft kf W.Q. cewefo tbg rgeab `n tbg scevg ferretkvg ear`ss tbg dkoocg pesseig. Nkatk`f


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85

hy acesska wrktgrs `n Edgrkaef cktgrery aef`f, Derj wekf, Berpgr Cgg,Ykccked Neucjfgr, Qa`tt Nktzigreco, efo Nceffgry @A`ff`r supp`rt tbks

cgiec lùkssefag efo ikvg a`dpgcckfi gvkogfag `n tbg weys kf wbkab cewefo reag hga`dg ogpgfogft cktgrery hgongcc`ws. Ybgf efo Ybgrg Ecc

tbg Oerj-Icess H`ys Gftgr, suiigsts tbg weys kf wbkab ùr fetk`fec ckt-greturgs es wgcc es ur fetk`fec treoktk`fs bevg e arktkaec cgiec a`dp`sktk`f.

Ectbùib geab abeptgr rgckgs `f tbg pertkaucer nàk ogsarkhgo eh`vg,tbg estutg rgeogr wkcc f`tkag tbgrg erg kfgvktehcg kftgrsgatk`fs. ]r`pgrtyacekds a`ffgat t` gvkogfag (Gves bùsg hurfs efo e orui eookatgo irefo-s`f ckgs ogeo kfskog): gvkogftkery dettgrs dkibt wgcc ogpgfo `f a`ftrea-tuec `hckietk`fs, efo tb`sg aùco geskcy ogpgfo `f `wfgrsbkp efo stefo-kfi. Kf Qtetg v. Defftbg qugstk`f dkibt bevg hggf wbgtbgr `r f`t Cyoke

ks e pgrs`f kf tbg gygs `n tbg cew wb` bes rkibts t` bgr hòys pr`tgatk`fnr`d berd. Hut kfstgeo tbg cgiec qugstk`f wes nredgo hy tbg prgsudp-tk`f tbet Cyoke wespr`pgrty efo tbgrgn`rg wbet pr`pgrty rkibts wùcodettgr kf rgngrgfag t` tbg `wfgrs acekds. Kt wes e luokakec ab`kag tbetagrtekfcy ogpgfogo `f tbg sàkec es duab es tbg cgiec. Fgvgrtbgcgss, tbgcgiec ggatkvgcy suh`rokfetgs tbg sàkec. Kf tbet gre, efo kf tbg gygs `n tbgaùrt, Cyoke wes kfvkskhcg es e rkibts-hgerkfi pgrs`f. Kf neat, sbg wes a`f-stktutk`feccy `fcy pertkeccy e pgrs`f efo beo f` pr`xkdkty et ecc t` aktkzgf-

sbkp. Bgr `wfgrs, b`wgvgr, wgrg tbg `fgs wktb aìfkzehcy vkehcg acekds._ks p`kft ks arktkaec t` ufogrstefokfi tbg wey kf wbkab cew ogvksgs `ra`dp`sgs e cgiec statk`f kf rogr t` eoluokaetg. Cew dejgs kt fgagssery tòkseiirgietg tbg sàkec kftgrsgatk`fecktkgs efo pereo`xgs. Luokakec outy rg-qukrgs acerkstaetk`f `n tbg cgiec qugstk`f tbet wkcc a`fstktutg tbg aesg fer-retkvg (eodksskhcg gvkogfag) efo tbg ruckfi. Efo kf o`kfi s`, kt ggatkvgcygresgs tbg stefokfi `n efy pgfudhrec qugstk`fs. B`wgvgr, kf cktgreturg, ktks prgaksgcy tbg eutb`rs ehkckty t` pcey wktb tbks a`dpcgxkty tbet dejgs n`r

tbg a`dpgcckfi teficgs `n statk`f. Cgiec ogtgrdkfetk`fs dey hg erhktreryhut tbgy erg f`fgtbgcgss a`fargtkzkfi. Cktgrery kdeikfetk`fs ckhgretg efoecc`w, kfoggo gfaùreig, tbg cgej `n `fg t` tbg `tbgr. _ks arktkaec kftgr-sgatk`feckty ks kfgvktehcg efo f`tehcg.

Gvgf tbùib Edgrkaef lurkspruogfag bes sb`wf ktsgcn wkcckfi t` gf-


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88

ieig, ogtgrdkfg, efo edgfo qugstk`fs n igfogr efo reag, W.Q. cktgreturgst``j up skdkcer qugstk`fs hut wktbùt tbg fgagsskty tbet tbg cew bes n`rrgs`cutk`f efo stxkty. Kf neat, cktgreturgs `pgffgss t` a`fkat efo kts prea-tkago kftgrgst kf a`dpcgxkty efo gesg wktb tbg `hsaurg jgpt tbg prgtgfsg

`n cgiec rgs`cutk`f nr`d hgkfi tbg sàkàucturec pefeage kts rgiucetk`fswùco `gr. _g cgiec statk`f `n reag efo kogftkty wes tbg ckhgrec kdeikfery,

tbg tgrrekf n cktgreturg. Cktgreturgs kf tbg Wfktgo Qtetgs bevg a`fskstgftcyrggatgo efo argetkvgcy gfieigo Edgrkaes sbkntkfi sàkec luoidgfts `fqugstk`fs n rkibts tbet tbg cew bes eriuehcy sgttcgo, r et cgest tbet tbg cewbes sùibt t` pr`vkog, tbrùib verkùs ruckfis, wktb e suhsteftkvg luokakecnredgw`rj n`r rgs`cutk`f. B`wgvgr, kf tbg (nuiktkvg) befos `n argetkvgwrktgrs, tbg prkfakpcgs etteabgo t` rkibts hga`dg deccgehcg statk`fs tbet

ogpgfogo `f tbg hòkgs tbet erg a`fstktutgo es kts prkdery eat`rsktsabereatgrs. _ks h``j wkcc eriug tbet hceaj n`cj deog n`r pertkaucercy a`d-pcgx cktgrery abereatgrs prgaksgcy hgaeusg `n tbg wey kf wbkab tbgkr vgryhòkgs wgrg ùt(skog `n)cew. B`wgvgr, kf tbg befos `n luokakec eat`rs,tbg prkfakpcgs erg skdkcercy deccgehcg wbgf reag a`dpckaetgs wbet tbg cewdkibt `tbgrwksg sgttcg. ]r`pgrty rkibts gfieigo tgstedgftery nrggo`ds.(Aef e hceaj w`def kfbgrkt pr`pgrty kn sbg ks pr`pgrty0) _g ehkckty t`trefsngr wgectbtbg ga`f`dka nùfoetk`f `n tbks fetk`fhrùibt wktb

kt tbg fgagsskty `n gxabefikfi hòkgs nr`d `fg igfgretk`f t` tbg fgxt.]rkvetg pr`pgrty wes reakec efo sgxuec ga`f`dy. ]rkvetg cew deog agr-tekf tbet tgstedgftery nrggo`ds wgrg gdhòkgo `r a`rp`rgec hgn`rg tbgywgrg cgieccy aìfkzehcg. _ks ks e dgssy cgiec cefosaepg, efo wg sgg ktsggats kf tbg a`ftreokat`ry, rgpgtktkvg, kfa`fskstgft cews rgierokfi reagkf tbg Wfktgo Qtetgs. Ybkcg cew lust jgpt trykfi t` s`rt kt ùt, cktgreturggspgakeccy tbet wrkttgf hy hceaj wrktgrswùco ùt tbg kfa`fskstgfakgs,gxpc`rg tbg ceaufeg, efo wgkib tbg ufeftkakpetgo eaa`dpefkdgfts gd-

hgoogo kf reakeckzgo ferretkvgs tbet deog e statk`f `n tbg cew.


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]rgneag

5 Qgg Gccks`fs _g Y`rco efo tbg Lui kf Qbeo`w efoEat, 5?=. Gccks`fsckst `n eutb`rs eriugs n`r tbg prgdksg `n dy H``jDerjs< Xgeokfi kf Hceajefo Ybktgtbet, ikvgf tbg `pp`rtufkty t` ckst e cktgrery efagstry, hceajeutb`rs pceag tbgdsgcvgs kft` rgcetk`fsbkps wktb gcktg wrktgrs `n tbg treok-tk`fec Ygstgrf aef`f.

8 Ed`fi tbg d`st wgcc jf`wf ks L`bf Aeccebefs destgrw`rj,Kf tbg Enrkaef-

Edgrkaef Irekf. Dy `wfD``rkfis efo Dgtepb rswùco eppr`prketgcy hg

kfacuogo kf tb`sg tbg`rgtkaec w`rjs tbet rgeabgo t`wero Ygst Enrkae kf esgerab n`r W.Q. hceaj statk`fs dgd`rkgs `n jkf.

1 F`tkag tbet tbg p`stkfi `n tbks agrtkstaetg `f ef `fiakec sktg `n tbg YbktgBùsg (YbktgBùsg.i`v) kfokaetgs tbg wey tbg kssug bes hggf f`t `fcyp`cktkakzgo hut deog ef `fiakec a`ddufkaetk`f `n tbg @hede YbktgBùsg. Qgg bttp


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582

kf feturg. Qgg bttp Qtetg v. Deff(528;). Kf rgeokfi tbks aesg kt hga`dgs gvkogft tbet tbg cewdey ecs` hg usgo es e dgefs `n okstefakfi `fgsgcn nr`d tbg cgiec rgs`cu-tk`f. _g luoigs pr`tgstetk`fs bgrg tbet tbgrg wes e struiicg kf bks `wf

hrgest hgtwggf tbg nggckfis `n tbg def efo tbg outy `n tbg deikstretg ksef `nt-aktgo sgatk`f, usgo t` kfokaetg tbet tbgrg dey bevg hggf e budefgrgpuifefag t` tbg sàkec rgquksktgs `n tbg scevg stetg. E arktkaec rgsp`fsgdkibt ufogrstefo tbg tgxt es a`fskstgft wktb Abrkstkef a`fngssk`f efo n`r-ikvgfgss, wbkab t`cgretgo scevgry efo ecc`ws ef gfocgss ayacg `n rgpgtktk`f

`n tbg eat efo ef ecweys evekcehcg rgogdptk`f wktbùt e abefig kf tbg sys-tgd tbet hgfgsttgo tbg dgf wb` wr`tg tbgsg ogaksk`fs.

9 @rcefo` ]ettgrs`fs pgrspgatkvg okgrs. Kf Qcevgry efo Qàkec Ogetbbg er-iugs tbet tbg cgiec ogfkec `n e scevgs pgrs`fb`ò ks e statk`f nùfo `fcy


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58;

kf Ygstgrf sàkgtkgs . . . tbet tbgrg bes fgvgr gxkstgo e scevg b`cokfi s`-akgty, efakgft `r dògrf, tbet oko f`t rgaìfkzg e scevg es e pgrs`f kf tbgcew (88). ]ettgrs`fs eriudgft sggds ef g`rt t` rga`fakcg tbg a`fouatefo a`fsgqugfag `n scevgry, tbg rgcetk`fsbkps pgrs`fs beo wktb rgec ckvgs.

_ks ogskrehcg sktuetk`f ks, b`wgvgr, hgckgo hy cews tbet eatueccy hgdèfgotbg kfehkckty t` eat t`wero tbg gfscevgo es rgec pgrs`fs, es Qtetg v. Deffquktg eppergftcy ogacergs. Agrtekfcy tbg cew ks pgrvgrsgcy a`ftreokat`ry `ftbks dettgr, hut tbg ireft `n aktkzgfsbkp wes e ireft tbet wes kfacuskvg `ntbg rkibts bgco hy a`fstktutk`fec pgrs`fs. Kf dy luoidgft, tbg cgiec qugs-tk`f ggatkvgcy gfos wktb tb`sg edgfodgfts. N`r e pgragptkvg rgrgeokfi`n ]ettgrs`fs acekd efo kfskibt tbet hgttgr eoorgssgs tbg cgiec qugstk`f, sgg

A`ckf Oeyef, _g Cew Ks e Ybktg Oì. K stfo Oeyefs ogaksk`f kf tbet h``jt` n`cc`w tbg aecc `n hc`ò e d`rg a`dpgcckfi ertkaucetk`f `n tbks a`d-

pcgxkty `n cew efo eat (Oeyef, ?1). 2 Nùaeuct, _g Bkst`ry `n Qgxueckty, 519. ; _g oksaussk`f kf tbg entgrw`ro t` pr`ngss`rs Hyro efo Ietgss fgw gok-

tk`f n `dgrs Aefggxpcekfs tbg a`ftreokatk`fs n bks cgiec stetus. Kf tbgrgvkgw, Cgg wrktgs< ``dgrs `fiakec rga`ro stefos kf derjgo, efo s`dg-tkdgs a`fnuskfi a`ftrest. Xgikstgrkfi n`r tbg orent kf 5;59 bg wes kogftkstgoes e Fgir`, es bg wes kf e 5;?8 orent rgikstretk`f oàudgft. Hut kf 5;8= efo5;1= ngogrec agfsus rgp`rts kogftkstgo bkd es wbktg. Kf 5;15, wbgf bg der-

rkgo e wbktg w`def, h`tb hrkog efo ir``d wgrg kogftkstgo es wbktg `f tbgderrkeig ckagfsg (Cgg, Qab`cers sey Abr`fkacgr `n Hceaj Ckng ]essgo n`rYbktg).

5= _g qu`tgo tgxt ks tbg stfec ckfg nr`d Aùftgg Auccgfs Bercgd Xgfeks-sefag s`ffgt [gt O` K Dervgc. _g a`dpcgtg aùpcgt rgeos< [gt o` Kdervgc et tbks aurkùs tbkfi / ` dejg e p`gt hceaj, efo hko bkd skfi!

55 Hgrceft,Efet`dy n Fetk`fec Neftesy, 5. Hgrcefts kftgrgst kf ufogrstefokfib`w fetk`fec kogftktkgs n`rducetg tbgdsgcvgs, spgakstaeccy wktbkf wbet sbgaeccs `fiakec aucturg, ks e wey `n vkgwkfi e pr`lgat ckjg tbks `fg, wktbùt

tbg oksakpckfery hùfoerkgs K kdp`sg bgrg (sgg Hgrceft, 8=). 58 D`rrks`f,Hgc`vgo.Hgc`vgoaùco geskcy hga`dg tbg skfiucer tùabst`fg n`r

tbks pr`lgat, es tb`rùibcy hùfo t` tbg cgiec es tbg f`vgc hga`dgs, efoes acgercy tkgo t` ef kdeikfgo ckhgrecksd `n koge efo a`fsgqugfag. Hut tbg


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p`kft `n tbks pr`lgat ks t` kfokaetg tbg hrgeotb `n tbks cgiec rgeab, s` ec-tbùib D`rrks`fs f`vgcs acgercy erg kdpckaetgo, tb`sg usgo es kccustretk`fs`n tbg cgiec a`fstktutk`f n hceaj statk`fs gxbkhkt tbg wkog refig n dy tbgsks.

51 Hecowkf, I` _gcc Kt `f tbg Dùftekf. _g ac`sgo hkfery `n tbks d`tbgrs

kdeikfetk`f n`r bgr s`fs ggatkvgcy hga`dgs bgr wf prks`f bùsg, es wgcces bgr abkcorgfs.

5? Qbefig, N`r A`c`rgo Ikrcs Yb` Bevg A`fskogrgo Qukakog Ybgf tbg Xekfh`w Ks

Gfun, ??. _g vgry n`rd `n tbks ab`rg`p`gd tgstkstgs t` kts g`rt t`werosnuiktkvkty, kf weftkfi t` gsaepg e treoktk`fec ckfiukstka n`rducery. Fgvgr-tbgcgss, tbg st`rkgs n tbg a`c`rgo ikrcs rgeos kft` tbg nedkcker oksakpckfgosarkpts n cktgrery/cgiec a`dp`sktk`fs.

57 Euogf, Cew Ckjg C`vg. K `ntgf rgeo tbks p`gd es cktgreturg ckjg cew hg-aeusg tbg nrggo`d efo ceaj `n a`fstrekft tbet Euogf ogcgietgs t` c`vg ks

ckjg cktgreturgs tbkaj efo a`dpckaetgo ferretkvgs. 5> Qgg, n`r gxedpcg, Aktkzgfs Wfktgo v. Ngogrec Gcgatk`f A`ddkssk`f(8=5=). Kf e

7? v`tg tbg W.Q. Quprgdg Aùrt ogtgrdkfgo tbet dgoke, hgkfi a`dp`sgo`n pgrs`fs, nufatk`fgo ufogr tbg pr`tgatk`fs `n tbg strst edgfodgft nrggspggab iuereftggs ogspktg tbg a`rp`retg n`rdetk`f `n tbet spggab.

59 Càjg, Qga`fo rgetksg `f Akvkc I`vgrfdgft, @n tbg Gfos `n ]`cktkaec Q`-akgty efo I`vgrfdgft. Càjgs Qga`fo rgetksg treags tbg sàkec gv`cu-tk`f n feturec rkibts kft` tbg a`dd`f cews n e akvkc stetg efo ufogrsa`rgs

tbg pg`pcgs `rkikfery kfvgstdgft efo `wfgrsbkp `n tb`sg rkibts. 52 Càjg, Qga`fo rgetksg, abeptgr ;. 5; D`rrks`f,]ceykfi kf tbg Oerj, 1.8= Qgg Oevks, _g ]rkvetg Cew n Xeag efo Qgx.

Abeptgr 5. _g Acekds `n ]r`pgrty

5 ^krikfke Ogaceretk`f n Xkibts(599>). 8 Berrks, Ybktgfgss es ]r`pgrty.

1 Orgo Qa`tt v. Qefon`ro(5279). _g Akvkc Xkibts edgfodgfts eo`ptgo et tbggfo `n tbg Akvkc Yer, deog scevgry kccgiec, ireftgo aktkzgfsbkp t` n`rdgrcygfscevgo pgrs`fs, efo ogteabgo v`tkfi rkibts nr`d reag.

? _g pbresg heoigs efo kfakogfts ks nr`d tbg _krtggftb Edgfodgft efo

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