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Electronic Warfare

and Counter-Measures

What is Electronic Warfare?

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Electronic Warfare (EW)

Element of Command & Control Warfare (C2W)

Command and Control Warfare (C2W) includes

integrated use of: Operational Security (OPSEC)

Military Deception

Psychological Operations (PSYOPS) Physical Destruction

Electronic Warfare (EW)

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Importance of EW

• Increased reliance on radar and OTHtargeting

• Increased use of Communications andTactical Data Systems (TDS)

• Increased capabilities of missile &

weapons system – Requires high-speed detection and tracking

•  Active/Passive homing long-range missilegive little warning

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Three Components of EW

• Electronic Support (ES) *ESM  

• Electronic Attack (EA) *ECM  

• Electronic Protection (EP) *ECCM

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Electronic Support (ES)

• Passive surveillance of the EM spectrum todetect the enemy’s position, strength, andintention, and warning of targets

-Detection -Tracking

-Recognition -Targeting

-Warning -Destruction

-Avoidance

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Passive EW (ES)

• ELINT – Electronic Intelligence

 – Foreign non-communications elecromagnetic

information

• COMINT – Communications Intelligence

 – Foreign communications transmissions

intercepted by other than the intended

recipients

•  Advantages and Limitations

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ES Receiver Design

Requirements• Wide spectrum surveillance

• Wide dynamic range

• Unwanted signal rejection•  Angle-of-Arrival measurement

• Signal Analysis capability

• Real-Time Display

• Recording System

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Electronic Attack (EA)

• Preventing or reducing the enemy’s use of

the EM spectrum (capabilities) and

promoting uncertainty

• “Black boxes” that jam or deceive the

enemy

• Radar or communications “jamming” 

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Electronic Attack (EA)

• Use of active and passive energy to “attack “ 

 – Personnel

 – Facilities – Equipment

• Four Classes of EA

 – Jamming – Modifiers

 – Radar-absorbing materials (RAM)

 – Physical Destruction

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Non-Destructive EA

• Denial: overload opposition’s receiver to

deny its use by the enemy

• Jamming

• Noise

• Spot

• Barrage

• Sweep• Chaff

• Flares

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Noise Jamming

Definition:

Noise jamming is the deliberate

radiation, re-radiation, or reflection of

electromagnetic energy with the

purpose of impairing the use of

electronic devices, equipment, orsystems being used by the enemy.

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Rcvd

Signal

 Amp.

time

Ineffective

Jamming

Effect ive Jamm ing

PW

PRT

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Jamming

TGT Freq

True Noise

Ideal Jammer

 Actual SpotJammer

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Non-Destructive EA (cont.)

• Deception: Create false image orchange image’s characteristics on a radar

display. Misleads or “spoofs”  – Repeaters: delay received radar signal and

retransmitting at a slightly later time

 – Transponders: Create false signal by playing back a

stored replica of the radar signal – Chaff - disguise

 – Radar Decoys

 – Blip Enhancers

 – Radar Cross-Section (RCS) Modification

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Decoys

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Velocity Gate Pull Off

(VGPO)

Target Return

Velocity Gate

Gate Pull-Off

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Confusion/Deception

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Chaff Corridor

Flares (active)

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Chaff False Targets

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Real Target

Multiple False Targets

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Strobes

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Cover Pulse Jamming

X

“Reactive Jamming” 

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EA-6B Prowler!!!!!!!!!

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Destructive EA

•  Anti-Radiation Missiles

 –SLAM

 –HARM –Sidewinder

• Directed Energy

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SLAM ER

• Stand-off Land Attack Missile-Expanded Response

https://wrc.navair-rdte.navy.mil/warfighter_enc/weapons/airlanch/slamer/slamer.htm

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HARM

• High-speed Anti-Radiation Missile

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HARM

Results

Portable Serbian Radar

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AIM-9 Sidewinder

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Electronic Protection (EP)

Definition:

EP is the division of electronic warfare

involving actions taken to protect

personnel, facilities and equipment from

any effects of friendly or enemy

employment of electronic warfare that

degrade, neutralize or destroy friendlycombat capability.

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Electronic Protection (EP)

• Protection of friendly combat

capability against undesirable effect

of friendly or enemy employed EW

• Types

 – Passive EW – Active EW

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Electronic Protection (EP)

• Three ways to defend from enemy EW

 – Modify radar

• Make it more complex

• Make it harder to jam

 – Modify the Medium

• Chaff

• Torch – Modify the platform

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EP: Radar Design

Power

Frequency

PRF

PW

Pulse Shape

Antenna Design

Scan Pattern

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EP Factors

Burnthrough:  Increase signal strength to

overpower jammer noise (ECCM)

Emission Control (EMCON)Alpha

Bravo

Charlie

Delta

Operator Recognition Training

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EP Factors (Cont.)

• Frequency Agility

FREQ

TIME

Slider

Stepper Random

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U.S. Shipboard EW

Capabilities• SLQ-32 “Sidekick” 

 –   On all  combatants

 –   Radar warning, detection and jamming –   Uses internal library to auto detect/categorize

•  Infrared Flares

 – 

 On all combatants• Chaff

 –   On all combatants

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U.S. Shipboard EW Capabilities

• SSQ-108 “Outboard” -

 –  On some DDG, CG, LHA, LHD

 –  Any ship with SSES

 –  Real-time OTH passive detection, localization, andtargeting

• SLQ-39 Chaff Buoy

 –  On Arleigh Burke class

•  Rubber Duck

 –  Looks like a life boat container

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U.S. Airborne EW Capabilities

•  ALQ-99 - EW system on EA-6B Prowler

•  ALQ-162 - EA jamming system on F-14 & F/A 18

•  ALQ-142 - ES system on SH-60 Seahawk

•  ALQ-165 - EA jamming system on F/A-18

•  ALR-47 - ES detection system on S-3 Viking

•  ALR-68 - ES detection system on P-3C Orion

•  ALR-73 - ES detection system on E-2 Hawkeye

• Chaff - On SH-60 Seahawk

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 ALQ-99

• Detection, Identification, tracking

• Communication, Data Link, and radar

 jamming

• Deception: mimics radar signals

• EA-6B Prowler

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 ALQ-162

• Radar Jamming

• F/A-18 Hornet

•  Automatic radar jamming against surface-to-air and airborne intercept missiles that

use continuous wave (CW) radars

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 ALQ-142

• Electronic Support System

• SH- 60 Seahawk

• Real time Identification and bearing ofsurveillance radars

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Jamming Effectiveness

• Match the victim radar’s RF 

• Be continuous

• Have sufficient power

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Questions?