lesson 2: characteristics and quantity of msw. goals determine why quantification is important ...
TRANSCRIPT
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LESSON 2: CHARACTERISTICS AND QUANTITY OF MSW
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Goals
Determine why quantification is important
Understand the methodology used to quantify MSW
Become aware of differences among global production rates
Understand factors affecting waste generation rates
Become familiar with per capita generation rates
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Goals, Cont’d
Explain why it is important to characterize MSW.
Become familiar with MSW descriptors.Understand the methods used to
characterize MSWDescribe the physical, chemical, and
biological properties associated with MSW.
Perform calculations using waste composition and properties.
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RCRA Subtitle D Wastes
MSWHousehold
hazardous wastesMunicipal sludgeNon-hazardous
industrial wastesCombustion ash
SQG hazardous waste
Construction and Demolition debris
Agricultural wastes
Oil and gas wastes Mining wastes
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MSW - RCRA Definition
Durable goodsNon-durable goodsContainers/PackagingFood wastesYard wastes Miscellaneous inorganics
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MSW - Textbook Definition
Mixed household waste recyclables household hazardous waste commercial waste yard waste litter bulky items construction & demolitions waste
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What are the sources of RCRA Subtitle-D Wastes? Residential Commercial Institutional Industrial Agricultural Treatment Plants Open Areas (streets, parks, etc.)
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What is the Nature of Municipal Solid Wastes?OrganicInorganicPutrescibleCombustibleRecyclableHazardousInfectious
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Importance of Generation RatesCompliance with Federal/state
diversion requirementsEquipment selection,Collection and management
decisionsFacilities designMethodology
– Materials Flow– Load Count
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Factors Affecting Generation Rates Source
reduction/recycling Geographic location Season Home food waste
grinders Collection
Frequency GNP trend, Per
capita income
Legislation Public attitudes Size of households Population density Pay-As-You Throw
Programs Population
increase
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EU Waste Generation Study Studied correlation between waste generation
and:– Population– Population density– Age distribution– Employment– GDP– Infant mortality– Life expectancy– Average household size– Unemployment– Tourism
Waste generation has grown steadily in Europe for over 20 years
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Strongest Correlation
Generation increases with: – Population– Age distribution (fraction in 15-39,
employment)– The rate of increase in GDP (for example
Poland, Spain and SlovakiaGeneration decreases with average
household size Low income areas had low amounts of
plastics, paper and cardboard, but not organics
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Conclusions
Continued increase in MSW generation rate is expected– Because of economic grown– Improving health– Increasing urbanization– Offset by declining percent of 15-59
year olds
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Composition Studies
Materials FlowManual Sorting
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Manual Sorting Methodology Study PlanningSample PlanSampling ProcedureData Interpretation
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Sample Plan
Load SelectionNumber of Samples
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Sampling Procedure
Vehicle UnloadingSample Selection and RetrievalContainer PreparationSample PlacementSorting
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Waste contents areunloaded for sorting
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Appropriate mass of material is selected randomly
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Each load is separated manually by component example - Wood, concrete, plastic, metal, etc.
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Components are separated
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Each component is weighed and weights recorded
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Data Interpretation
Weighted Average based on Generator Source Composition/Distribution
Contamination Adjustment
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Terminology
Generated Waste = Disposed (Collected) Waste + Diverted
Waste
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Specific Weight
Values: 600-900 lb/yd3 as delivered
Function of location, season, storage time, equipment used, processing (compaction, shredding, etc.)
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Soil Phase Diagram
Vsample=Vsolids+Vliquid+Vgas
Vvoids = Vliquid + Vgas
Wsample=Wsolids+Wliquid
(Wgas~0.00)
V=volume, W=weight or mass
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Moisture content (MC)
Weight or volume basedWeight: wt. of water/sample wt.
• MCwet= Wwater/(Wwater+Wsolids)
• MCdry= Wwater/Wsolids
Volume: Vwater/Vsample
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Chemical Composition
Used primarily for combustion and waste to energy (WTE) calculations but can also be used to estimate biological and chemical behaviors
Waste consists of combustible (i.e. paper) and non-combustible materials (i.e. glass)
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Proximate Analysis
Loss of moisture (temp held at 105o C)
Volatile Combustible Matter (VCM) (temp increased to 950o C, closed crucible)
Fixed Carbon (residue from VCM)Ash (temp = 950o C, open crucible)
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Ultimate Analysis
Molecular composition (C, H, N, O, P, etc.)
Table in notes
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Typical Data on the Ultimate Analysis - ExampleFood Wastes
– Carbon: 48%– Hydrogen: 6.5%– Oxygen: 37.6%– Nitrogen: 2.6%– Sulfur: 0.4%– Ash: 5%
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Energy Content
Models are derived from physical composition and from ultimate analysis
Determined through lab calculations using calorimeters
Individual waste component energy contents
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Empirical Equations
Modified Dulong formula (wet basis):BTU/lb = 145C +610(H2-02/8)+40S +
10NModel based on proximate analysis
Kcal/kg = 45B - 6WB = Combustible volatile matter in MSW (%)
W = Water, percent weight on dry basis
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Last updated April 18, 2023 by Dr. Reinhart