lesson 21: subordination by present...

English 3200

Unit 4: Other Devices of Subordination

Lesson 21: Subordination by Present Participles

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English 3200


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Lesson 21: Subordination by Present Participles

Guided Notes

A ____________ is a verb that has crossed the boundary line and become another class

of word without completely losing its identity as a verb. It is a word that functions as

both a verb and an adjective.

An adjective that is formed by adding –ing to a verb is called a ____________________.

A present participle is also like a verb in that it may take a direct object or subject

compliment.

Also like a verb, a present participle can be modified by an adverb.

A participial phrase can be moved around in a sentence and can be a distance away from

the noun if modifies.

English 3200


Lesson 22: Subordination by Past Participles

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English 3200


Lesson 22: Subordination by Past Participles

Guided Notes

Past participles end in –ed, -d, -en, -n, and –t.

The past participle of a verb is the form you would use after __________.

Past participle phrases can also be moved about in a sentence.

To show that something has been done to a person or thing we use the _______

participle.

Any additional notes from Lesson 22:

English 3200


Lesson 23: Making Use of Gerunds

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English 3200


Lesson 23: Making Use of Gerunds

Guided Notes

A noun that is formed by adding –ing to a verb is called a _____________.

We use gerunds to talk about actions, and must give them names.

-ing words can be used as gerunds or present participles. To figure out how a word is

being used we need to see how it is functioning in a sentence.

If it is acting as an

Adjective then it’s a ____________________

If it is acting as a

____________ then it is a gerund.

Gerunds can also take on direct objects or subject compliments.

Phrases formed by gerunds with their related words are called ___________________.

Any additional notes from Lesson 23:

English 3200


Lesson 24: Making Use of Infinitives

Frame Answer

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English 3200



Lesson 24: Making Use of Infinitives (909-943)

Guided Notes ________________________ are the forms of verbs most commonly listed in the dictionary. An infinitive is the __________________ form of a verb from which all other forms are derived. The infinitive is usually combined with the preposition _____; for example, to walk; to drive; to sleep. An infinitive- like a gerund- is often used to name an _______________. It is often interchangeable with a gerund. Like participles and gerunds, infinitives can take direct objects and subject complements. Since an infinitive is a mixture of both a verb and a noun, it may be modified by an __________________________. In addition to being used as nouns, infinitives are also used as _______________________- both as _____________________ and ________________________.

English 3200


Lesson 25: Subordination of Appositives

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English 3200


English 3200 Unit 4: Other Devices of Subordination

Lesson 25: Subordination of Appositives (945-984)

Guided Notes

A noun or pronoun- often with modifiers- that is set after another noun or pronoun to

explain it is called

an ________________________.

An appositive generally comes ___________________ the noun or pronoun it explains.

The modifiers of an ______________________________ may consist of words, phrases,

and clauses.

When an appositive is omitted from a sentence, a __________________________

sentence remains.

If a sentence you wrote explaining something you have just written contains the verbs

_______,

____________, __________, or __________, followed by a noun, change it to an

appositive phrase.

Do not confuse an ____________________ ___________________ with an adjective

clause. An

appositive phrase consists only of a ________________ with its modifiers. An adjective

clause always

has a subject and a verb.

An __________________________ _______________________ should be set off from

the rest of the

sentence with two ____________________ (or a single sentence if it ends the sentence)

because it is an

“extra” that could be omitted.

English 3200


Lesson 26: The Process of Reduction

Frame Answer

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English 3200


English 3200 Unit 4: Other Devices of Subordination

Lesson 26: The Process of Reduction (986-1021)

Guided Notes

When we substitute a simpler word group for a longer and more complicated word group,

we say that

we _____________________ the longer word group.

In general, express your idea in the simplest word group you can without sacrificing

clearness. A good

sentence, like a good machine, has no ________________________ parts.

Sentence elements listed from more complicated to simpler:

Sentence

______________

Phrase (verbal, appositive, prepositional)

________________ _____________ (adjective, adverb)

The process of reducing a word group to a simpler word group is called

______________________.

The word _______________________________ means “having words omitted.” An

adverb clause from

which words have been omitted is an ___________________________

__________________.

An adverb clause that starts with the signal _____ ___________ can often be reduced to

an infinitive

phrase.

An adjective clause can sometimes be reduced to an ________________________

_______________.

By understanding the various types of __________________________ word group, you

not only save

words but also give more interesting _____________________ to your sentences.

English 3200


Lesson 27: Other Types of Reduction

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English 3200


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lesson 21: subordination by present...

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