LESSON PLAN

SPECIFICATION OF THE SUBJECT LEARNT

Learning subject : Chemistry

Topic learnt : petroleum

Grade semester : XI/I

Target group : Those underlied by SETS vision and approach

Meeting sequence: 2 week x 1 hours of lesson (on this core competency)

Time allocation : 2 x 45 minutes

a. Core Competency :

a. CC1 : Appreciate and practice the teachings espoused

b. CC2 : Appreciate and practice honest behavior, discipline, responsibility, caring

(mutual assistance, cooperation, tolerance, peace), polite, responsive and pro-active

attitude and demonstrated as part of the various problems in interacting effectively

with the social and natural environment as well as in placing themselves as a

reflection of the nation in the association world.

c. CC3 : Understand, apply, analyze, conceptual, procedural, based on his curiosity

about science, technology, arts, culture, and humanities with an insight into

humanity, national, state, and civilization-related causes of phenomena and events,

as well as applying procedural knowledge in a specific field of study according to

their talents and interests to solve the problem.

d. CC4 : Processing, reasoning, present, and create in the realm of the concrete and

abstract domains associated with the development of the self-learned at school, and

were able to use the method according to the rules of science.

2. Basic competency

3.2 Understand the formation and separation techniques fractions of petroleum as well

as usefulness.

3.3 Evaluate the impact of the combustion of hydrocarbons to the environment and

health, and how to overcome them.

4.1 Process and analyze the structure and properties of hydrocarbon based

understanding of the peculiarities of carbon and its compounds classification.

4.2 Present the results of an understand of the formation and separation techniques

fractions of petroleum and its usage.

4.3 Present the results of the evaluation of the impact of burning hydrocarbons to the

environment and health as well as efforts to overcome

3. Indicators

a. Student should be able to explain the process of formation and the technique of

separation of petroleum fractions- fraction and its uses

b. Student should be able interpret chart distillation techniques to explain the story

of separation of petroleum fractions-fraction so that it can determine its

usefulness

c. Student should be able determine the usefulness of petroleum in everyday life

d. Student should be able inform results understand petroleum formation process

e. Student should be able understand the usefulness of petroleum.

4. Learning Objectives

With discussions and learning activities in the learning group petroleum is

expected that students actively involved in learning activities and is responsible for

delivering the opinion, answering questions, giving advice and criticism, as well as be

able to:

a. explain the process of formation and the technique of separation of petroleum

fractions-fraction and its uses

b. interpret chart distillation techniques to explain the story of separation of petroleum

fractions-fraction so that it can determine its usefulness

c. determine the usefulness of petroleum in everyday life

d. inform results understand petroleum formation process

e. understand the usefulness of petroleum.

5. Learning Material :

Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons that were formed millions of years of

gradual from decomposition of animals and plants. Usually the oil is below the

surface of the ground. Crude oil is brought to the surface of the Earth by drilling and

pumping of ground for its utilization. Crude oil is brought to the surface of the earth

petroleum. Petroleum component formed of weathering processes, plants and animal

bodies being buried along the fossils of animals and plants deposits of mud, sand, and

other substances during millions of years ago. The main components of petroleum

hydrocarbon compounds are either alfatik (alkanes), cyclic (sikloalkana) as well as

aromatic.

Petroleum processing there is some sort of petroleum processing, namely:

a. destilation process is also known as petroleum refining, the process of

separation of petroleum fractions-fraction based on the difference in boiling points.

But distillation distillation-petroleum called on oil, because it uses multiple levels of

cooling temperature or condensation. distilled crude oil is heated at a temperature of

up to 370 ° C. Some fraction of petroleum produced from the distillation of

multilevel, among others:

a. Natural Gas (16 ° C – 30 ° C)

b. Petrol (30 ° C-80 ° C)

c. Nafta (110 ° C 195 ° C)

d. Kerosene (kerosene) (170 ° C to 290 ° C)

e. Solar (260 ° C-350 ° C)

f. lubricating oil (oli) (300 ° C 370 ° C)

g. Residue (wax, asphalt) (> 370 ° C)

b. Cracking is the process of breaking large molecules of hydrocarbons in

petroleum fractions into smaller molecules. Example: solar conversion into kerosene.

c. Reforming Is changing the shape of the molecule is a junky petrol

(hydrocarbon chains containing many straight) into a fine quality petrol (hydrocarbon

chains containing many branched)

d. Polymerization process of merging small molecules in petroleum into

larger molecules. Example of merging isobutena with isobutana be a component of

isooctane high quality gasoline.

e. Treating petroleum refining Processes to produce substances that the

pollutant pose a pengotornya odor, mud, sulfur, etc.

Blending mixing oil with additive substances agar quality is better.

is the natural Octane Number stating the number of isooctane percentage contained in

the gasoline.

While the remainder is the percentage of n-heptane. Examples: gasoline

with octane number 90 will contain isooctane 90% and 10% n-heptan

A. The formation and the composition of Petroleum

The term petroleum translated from latin (petroleum), meaning petrol

(rocks) and oleum (oil). The name petroleum is given to fossils of animals and plants

that are found in the skin of the Earth in the form of natural gas, coal, and petroleum.

1. Establishment and Exploration

Petroleum is formed from the fossils of animals and plants that live in the

small sea and buried for millions of years past. When animals and plants of the dead

sea, the remains of those buried by sand and mud at the bottom of the sea. After being

buried for thousands of years, due to the influence of pressure and the Earth's

temperature is high, the layers of mud and sand turned into rocks. As a result of

pressure and geothermal, fossil animals and plants trapped in layers of rock are slowly

turning into crude oil and natural gas. Both of these materials are trapped among the

layers of rock and can't get out. Now, encountered oil in the seabed near the offshore

oil platforms were built so that the Earth off the coast of the Mainland and not far

from the beach. This is due to the movement of the Earth's crust causing a shift in the

layers of rock, such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

To know the source of petroleum geological knowledge and experience is

required. This is the job duties and responsibilities of the mining and geological

engineers. The first stage of petroleum exploration is the search for clues at the Earth's

surface such as the folds of rocks. Folds was due to the pressure of the gas and

petroleum are seeping into porous rock so that the oil can rise to the surface, but does

not reach the Earth's surface because it is stuck by the other layers of rock.

Based on the results of observation and guidance structure of the Earth's

surface, the next area investigated using seismic wave emission. A steady stream of

seismic waves is used to determine the structure of the rocks in the crust of the Earth.

Seismic waves are created using small explosions. This will result in a wave of

explosions and sending it to a certain depth. If there is a rock structure which bloated

(anti cline), the wave will be reflected back. This reflection can be detected by the

sensor so that it can know accurately the position of petroleum

To remove the petroleum and natural gas from the rock layers of the Earth

drilling is required to reach the bottom layers of rock containing petroleum. Its depth

can reach hundreds of meters. Once drilled, petroleum will initially own radiating

from the Earth's layer of high pressure, but further upward pressure was growing

weak so that the required pressure from the outside. This is done by pumping air

through using water or oil can be pumped out. Transport of crude oil can be done

using the tanker.

2. The Composition Of Petroleum

Natural Gas is a mixture of alkanes with the composition depends on the source.

Generally, contains 80% methane (CH4), 7% ethane (C2H6), 6% propane (C3H8),

butane and 4% isobutana (C4H10), and 3% pentane (C5H12). The marketed natural

Gas have been processed in liquid form, known as LNG (liquid natural gas).

Petroleum mining results that have yet to be processed is called crude oil

(crude oil). Crude oil is a very complex mixture, i.e. around 50 – 95% are mainly

hydrocarbons, the alkenes with molecular weights in the top 100 – an; sikloalkana;

aromatic compounds; micro compound, such as organic acids; and inorganic elements

such as sulfur.

B. Crude Oil Processing

Crude oil is a mixture of very complex and need to be further processed to be

utilized. Picture 1 is processing crude oil into fractions-fraction of petroleum, such as

those at GAS STATIONS is done via distillation (distillation) Decker.

1. Petroleum Refining

Oil that is mined is still in the form of crude oil, which has yet to be used.

To be utilized as fuel and crude oil, other applications need to be processed at the

refinery-oil refinery through distillation techniques with fraksionasi floor.

The basic principle of multilevel distillation is the difference between the

boiling point fractions-fraction of crude oil. If the difference in boiling points are no

different then the distillation cannot be applied (see Table 1). Hydrocarbons that have

the lowest boiling point will separate first, followed by hydrocarbons having a boiling

point higher. So, gradually, hydrocarbon compounds can be separated from the crude

oil blends. The first crude oil fraction out of refining hydrocarbon compounds is with

low molecular mass, less than 70 high school.

Destilat The Number

Of Atoms C

Application

Gas ( TD <400C) 1 - 4 Fuel gas, plastics, chemicals

Gasolin (TD 400C – 2000C)

5 - 10 Liquid fuels (gasoline), chemicals

Kerosene (TD

2000C - 3000C)

11 - 15 Aircraft fuel, stoves, chemicals

Diesel (TD 2500C – 3500C)

16 - 20 Diesel fuel, chemicals

Lubricants (TD 3000C – 3700C)

21 - 40 Lubricants, candles, night (wax)

Residue (TD >

3700C)

> 50 Asphalt, substance leak

(waterproof)

Gambar.1 Penyulingan

minyak bumi.

This faction is packaged in a pressurized tube until melted. Results of the

processing at a fraction known as LPG (liquid petroleum gas). After all the factions

are sputtered or evaporated, the next fraction is the fraction of gasolin. The

temperature applied to issue these factions ranged between 40 – 200 ° C. In the

temperature range from hydrocarbons, pentane to octane issued from distillation (see

boiling point pentane to octane). At room temperature, the existence of this faction is

a colorless liquid until somewhat yellow and easily vaporized. And so on until all

factions can be separated based on difference gradually its boiling point. Results of

the fraksionasi leaves a residue which is called the concentrated black asphalt.

2. Perengkahan Petroleum

To meet the needs of a specific product, a long-chain hydrocarbons can be

broken down into shorter through perengkahan process (cracking). Instead, short

chain hydrocarbons can be combined into longer-chain (reforming). To increase the

fraction of gasoline can be done by breaking long-chain hydrocarbons into a fraction

(C5-C9) via thermal perengkahan. This perengkahan process is carried out at a

temperature of 500 ° C and pressure of saturated Hydrocarbons ATM. 25 chain

straight like kerosene (C12H26) can be direngkahkan into two shorter fragments into

compounds of hexane (C6H14) and heksena (C6H12).

C12H26 (ℓ) C6H14 (ℓ) + C6H12 (ℓ)

The existence of heksena (alkene) thermal perengkahan of the proceeds may

increase the number of octane by 10 units. However, the product of the process of

perengkahan is generally less stable if stored in a long period of time. Because of the

thermal perengkahan product is generally less stable then the techniques perengkahan

thermal catalytic perengkahan is replaced with the use of a catalyst which is done at a

high temperature and pressure. Catalytic Perengkahan, such as long-chain alkanes is

reacted with a mixture of Silicon (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3), plus gas hydrogen or a

specific catalyst. In reforming, small molecules are combined into molecules are

larger. This is done in order to improve the products of gasoline. For example, butane

and propane is reacted to form heptane. Reaction equation:

C4H10 + C3H8 (g) (g) → C7H16 (ℓ) + H2 (g)

5000,25atm

3. Octane Number

The most important fraction of petroleum oil is gasoline. Gas used as fuel in

motor vehicles (see fig. 2). About 10% of the crude oil distillation products are a

fraction of gasoline with no branching chains.

In the high-pressure engine, gasoline-burning uneven straight chain and pose a

shock wave that causes engine knock occurs. If this beats left can lead to rapid heat

engine and easily damaged. The size of the equitable gas combustion so as not

happening beats used the term number of octane. The octane number is the number of

the comparison between the value of the knock knock value of petrol from

hydrocarbon mixture standards.

A mixture of hydrocarbons that is used as the standard number of octane is n-

heptane and 2, 2,4-trimethylpentane (isooctane). Octane number for a mixture of 87%

isooctane and 13% n-heptane specified by 87 units. There are three measurement

methods, namely: octane number

a. measurement at high temperature and speed, the result is expressed as the number

of octane engine;

b. measurements on medium speed, the result is called an octane research;

c. measurement of hydrocarbon octane numbers, called a pure road index.

Some are pure hydrocarbons are shown in Table 2.

Hydrocarbons The Octane Number Road Index

n-heptana 0

2-metil heptana 23

n-heksana 25

2-metil heksana 44

Gambar.2 Pemanfaatan

salah satu fraksi minyak

bumi untuk kendaraan

bermotor.

1-heptana 60

n-pentana 62

1-pentena 84

1-butena 91

sikloheksana 97

2,2,4-trimetil petana 100

The higher the octane number, the value of durability against increasingly

strong beats (beats does not occur). It is owned by 2, 2, 4-trimethylpentane

(isooctane), while n-heptane has a highest knock. Therefore, 2, 2, 4-trimethylpentane

has the highest octane number (100) and n-heptane low (0) then the second mix of the

compound became a standard for measuring the number of octane.

To obtain the highest octane numbers, but based on the composition of the

mixture is optimized well plus additives, such as tetraetillead (TEL) or Pb (C2H5) 4.

The addition of 6 mL TEL into one gallons of gasoline could increase the octane

number 15 – 20 units. Gasoline has octane number plus TEL with 80 called premium

petrol. Another method to increase the octane number is a thermal reforming. This

technique is used to convert a straight-chain alkanes into branched alkanes and

sikloalkana. This technique is done at a high temperature (500 – 600 ° C) and high

pressure (25 – 50 atm).

6. Learning Method :

Learning attitude : cooperative

Approach : SETS

Learning Method : observation, discuss, and task

8. Learning Activity

Number Activities Time

allocation

1. Introduction activities

Teacher says the greeting when entering class and trecommend

to pray together before learn, and attendance student (religious

character)

Check student presence (discipline character)

Communicate basic competency and learning goal that must be

reach by student from lesson today

2 minutes

Communicate precondition knowledge that student must be

have from the past lesson that is hydrocarbonds and petroleum

2. Core activities

Teachers motivate students and do apersepsi by asks questions

to guide the students in learning the topic that will be discussed

and explores the knowledge of students, such as "what you

guys have in mind if heard of petroleum? where the origin of

the fuel that we wear to the vehicle we are? "

Teacher shows a video about separation of petroleum use

power point or animation videos

5 minutes

The teacher divides the students into groups, each group

consisting of 4-5 people.

Representatives of the group have explained again about the

separation of petroleum from existing illustrations in that

video.

3 minutes

Teachers provide questions to students about:

a. "if it runs out of oil has been used by humans, how the

solution?"

b. Why is the price of fuel continues to rise? What factors cause

the oil or fuel price rise? How is the solution.

c. each group in the instruct to name but a few examples of

30 minutes

petroleum in everyday life and mentions its uses.

the question on the use by each group to discuss

The teacher asks the students to inform the results of its

analysis to the class.

Each group's request to assess the presentation of the other

groups.

Each individual request to rate himself.

3. Close activities

Teacher guides the students to the learn activities about

concludes today

Teacher announced the highest score from the performance

group that rated by each group.

Teacher provides a reward to a group that has the highest

score.

Teacher gives homework to make a picture diagram of a

petroleum fraction separation process for meetings next week

Teacher gives homework to write ideas on alternative fuels

Teacher provides task whether the impact of combustion of

hydrocarbons on the environment

5 minutes

1.

Meet 2

Introduction activities

teacher says greetings and asks the student news.

Teacher does presensi against students.

The teacher asks the task given on last week.

Core activities

a. Students are request to be sitt in accordance with his group.

b. Students are request to put together a picture diagram of the

separation of petroleum fractions.

c. Each group request for a presentation about the idea which had

been designed in the House about the alternative fuel is

environmentally friendly.

d. Other groups give the opportunity to ask against a group

presentation

2 minutes

40 minutes

Evaluation

a. Each group's request to assess the presentation of the other

groups.

b. Each individual request to rate himself.

Close activities

c. Teacher Guides students to take conclusions about learning

today.

d. Teacher provides the motivation of concerned about the

chemistry of petroleum

e. Teacher end learning and say thank God together.

3 minutes

9. Learning Media :

a. Power point entitled

b. Animation videos

10. Resources :

Resources : Chemistry textbook, Internet,wikipedia

11. Learning Produk :

Human Resources:

Students who have implications for material SETS linkage petroleum

Non Human Resources:

a. Knowledge petroleum derived from natural ingredients that can be found and

used in everyday life.

b. Set of journals or articles about the material properties of petroleum SETS

approach.

c. the concept of reducing environmental pollution due to combustion of hydrocarbons