lesson plan

[SITI MARI’AH/4301412074/PKIM ROMBEL 3] Lesson Plan

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LESSON PLAN

SPECIFICATION OF THE SUBJECT LEARNT

Learning subject : Chemistry

Topic learnt : Petroleum

Grade semester : XI/I

Target group : Those underlied by SETS vision and approach

Meeting sequence: 2 week x 1 hours of lesson (on this core competency)

Time allocation : 2 x 45 minutes

1. Core Competency :

1. CC1 :Appreciate and practicethe teachingsespoused

2. CC2 : Appreciate and practicehonest behavior, discipline, responsibility, caring

(mutual assistance, cooperation, tolerance, peace), polite, responsiveandpro-active

attitude and demonstrate daspart of the various problem sin interacting effectively

with the social and natural environments well asin placing them selves as a

reflection of the nation in the association world.

3. CC3 : Understand, apply, analyze, conceptual, procedural, based on his curiosity

about science, technology, arts, culture, and humanities with an insight into

humanity, national, state, and civilization-related causes of phenomena and events,

as well as applying procedural knowledge in a specific field of study according to

their talents and interests to solve the problem.

4. CC4 : Processing, reasoning, present, and createin the realm of the concrete and

abstract domains associated with the development of the self-learned at school, and

were able touse the method according to the rules of science.

5. Basic competency

3.2 Understand the formation and separation techniques fractions of petroleum as well

as usefulness.

1. Evaluate the impact of the combustion of hydrocarbons to the environment and

health, and how to overcome them.

4.1 Process and analyze the structure and properties of hydrocarbon based

understanding of the peculiarities of carbon and its compounds classification.


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1. Present the results of an understand of the formation and separation techniques

fractions of petroleum and its usage.

2. Present the results of the evaluation of the impact of burning hydrocarbons to the

environment and health as well as efforts to overcome

6. Indicators

1. Student should be able to explain the process of formation and the technique of

separation of petroleum fractions-fraction and its uses

2. Student should be able interpret chart distillation techniques to explain the story of

separation of petroleum fractions-fraction so that it can determine its usefulness

3. Student should be able determine the usefulness of petroleum in everyday life

4. Student should be able inform results understand petroleum formation process

5. Student should be able understand the usefulness of petroleum.

6. Learning Objectives

With discussions and learning activities in the learning group petroleum is

expected that students actively involved in learning activities and is responsible for

delivering the opinion, answering questions, giving advice and criticism, as well as be

able to:

1. explain the process of formation and the technique of separation of petroleum

fractions-fraction and its uses

2. interpret chart distillation techniques to explain the story of separation of petroleum

fractions-fraction so that it can determine its usefulness

3. determine the usefulness of petroleum in everyday life

4. inform results understand petroleum formation process

5. understand the usefulness of petroleum.

6. Learning Material :

Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons that were formed millions of years of

gradual from decomposition of animals and plants. Usually the oil is below the

surface of the ground. Crude oil is brought to the surface of the Earth by drilling and

pumping of ground for its utilization. Crude oil is brought to the surface of the earth

petroleum. Petroleum component formed of weathering processes, plants and animal

bodies being buried along the jasad renik deposits of mud, sand, and other substances

during millions of years ago. The main components of petroleum hydrocarbon

compounds are either alfatik (alkanes), cyclic (sikloalkana) as well as aromatic.


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Petroleum processing there is some sort of petroleum processing, namely: a.

DestilasiProses is also known as petroleum refining, the process of separation of

petroleum fractions-fraction based on the difference in boiling points. But distillation

distillation-bumidinamakan on oil, because it uses multiple levels of cooling

temperature or condensation.distilled crude oil is heated at a temperature of up to 370

° c.Some fraction of petroleum produced from the distillation of multilevel, among

others:

a. Natural Gas (16 ° C – 30 ° C)

b. Petrol (30 ° C-80 ° C)

c. Nafta (110 ° C 195 ° C)

d. Kerosene (kerosene) (170 ° C to 290 ° C)

e. Solar (260 ° C-350 ° C)

f. lubricating oil (oli) (300 ° C 370 ° C)

g. Residue (wax, asphalt) (> 370 ° C)

Cracking is the process of breaking large molecules of hydrocarbons in

petroleum fractions into smaller molecules. Example: solar conversion into kerosene.

c. Reforming Is changing the shape of the molecule is a junky petrol (hydrocarbon


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chains containing many straight) into a fine quality petrol (hydrocarbon chains

containing many branched) d. Polymerization process of merging small molecules in

petroleum into larger molecules. Example of merging isobutena with isobutanabe a

component of isooctane high quality gasoline. e. Treating petroleum refining

Processes to produce substances that the pollutant pose a pengotornya odor, mud,

sulfur, etc.

Blending mixing oil with additive substances agar quality is better. 3. is the natural

Octane Number stating the number of isooctane percentage contained in the gasoline.

While the remainder is the percentage of n-heptane. Examples: gasoline

with octane number 90 will contain isooctane 90% and 10% n-heptan

A. The formation and the composition of Petroleum

The term petroleum translated from latin (petroleum), meaning petrol (rocks) and

oleum (oil). The name petroleum is given to fossils of animals and plants that are

found in the skin of the Earth in the form of natural gas, coal, and petroleum.

1. Establishment and Exploration

Petroleum is formed from the fossils of animals and plants that live in the

small sea and buried for millions of years past. When animals and plants of the dead

sea, the remains of those buried by sand and mud at the bottom of the sea. After being

buried for thousands of years, due to the influence of pressure and the Earth's

temperature is high, the layers of mud and sand turned into rocks. As a result of

pressure and geothermal, fossil animals and plants trapped in layers of rock are slowly

turning into crude oil and natural gas. Both of these materials are trapped among the

layers of rock and can't get out. Now, encountered oil in the seabed near the offshore

oil platforms were built so that the Earth off the coast of the Mainland and not far

from the beach. This is due to the movement of the Earth's crust causing a shift in the

layers of rock, such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

To know the source of petroleum geological knowledge and experience is

required. This is the job duties and responsibilities of the mining and geological

engineers. The first stage of petroleum exploration is the search for clues at the Earth's

surface such as the folds of rocks. Folds was due to the pressure of the gas and

petroleum are seeping into porous rock so that the oil can rise to the surface, but does

not reach the Earth's surface because it is stuck by the other layers of rock.


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Based on the results of observation and guidance structure of the Earth's

surface, the next area investigated using seismic wave emission. A steady stream of

seismic waves is used to determine the structure of the rocks in the crust of the Earth.

Seismic waves are created using small explosions. This will result in a wave of

explosions and sending it to a certain depth. If there is a rock structure which bloated

(anti cline), the wave will be reflected back. This reflection can be detected by the

sensor so that it can know accurately the position of petroleum

To remove the petroleum and natural gas from the rock layers of the Earth

drilling is required to reach the bottom layers of rock containing petroleum. Its depth

can reach hundreds of meters. Once drilled, petroleum will initially own radiating

from the Earth's layer of high pressure, but further upward pressure was growing

weak so that the required pressure from the outside. This is done by pumping air

through using water or oil can be pumped out. Transport of crude oil can be done

using the tanker.

2. The Composition Of Petroleum

Natural Gas is a mixture of alkanes with the composition depends on the source.

Generally, contains 80% methane (CH4), 7% ethane (C2H6), 6% propane (C3H8),

butane and 4% isobutana (C4H10), and 3% pentane (C5H12). The marketed natural

Gas have been processed in

liquid form, known as LNG (liquid natural gas).

Petroleum mining results that have yet to be processed is called crude oil

(crude oil). Crude oil is a very complex mixture, i.e. around 50 – 95% are mainly

hydrocarbons, the alkenes with molecular weights in the top 100 – an; sikloalkana;

aromatic compounds; micro compound, such as organic acids; and inorganic elements

such as sulfur.

B. Crude Oil Processing

Crude oil is a mixture of very complex and need to be further processed to be utilized.

Picture 1 is processing crude oil into fractions-fraction of petroleum, such as those at

GAS STATIONS is done via distillation (distillation) Decker.


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1. Petroleum Refining

Oil that is mined is still in the form of crude oil, which has yet to be used. To be

utilized as fuel and crude oil, other applications need to be processed at the

refinery-oil refinery through distillation techniques with fraksionasi floor.

The basic principle of multilevel distillation is the difference between the

boiling point fractions-fraction of crude oil. If the difference in boiling points are no

different then the distillation cannot be applied (see Table 1). Hydrocarbons that have

the lowest boiling point will separate first, followed by hydrocarbons having a boiling

point higher. So, gradually, hydrocarbon compounds can be separated from the crude

oil blends. The first crude oil fraction out of refining hydrocarbon compounds is with

low molecular mass, less than 70 high school.

Destilat The Number

Of Atoms C

Application

Gas ( TD <400C) 1 - 4 Fuel gas, plastics, chemicals

Gasolin (TD 400C – 2000C) 5 - 10 Liquid fuels (gasoline), chemicals

Kerosene (TD 2000C -

3000C)

11 - 15 Aircraft fuel, stoves, chemicals

Diesel (TD 2500C – 3500C) 16 - 20 Diesel fuel, chemicals

Lubricants (TD 3000C – 3700C)

21 - 40 Lubricants, candles, night (wax)

Residue (TD > 3700C)

> 50 Asphalt, substance leak (waterproof)

Gambar.1Penyulingan

minyakbumi.


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This faction is packaged in a pressurized tube until melted. Results of the processing

at a fraction known as LPG (liquid petroleum gas). After all the factions are sputtered or

evaporated, the next fraction is the fraction of gasolin. The temperature applied to issue these

factions ranged between 40 – 200 ° C. In the temperature range from hydrocarbons, pentane

to octane issued from distillation (see boiling point pentane to octane). At room temperature,

the existence of this faction is a colorless liquid until somewhat yellow and easily vaporized.

And so on until all factions can be separated based on difference gradually its boiling

point.Results of the fraksionasi leaves a residue which is called the concentrated black

asphalt.

2. Perengkahan Petroleum

To meet the needs of a specific product, a long-chain hydrocarbons can be broken down into

shorter through perengkahan process (cracking). Instead, short chain hydrocarbons can be

combined into longer-chain (reforming). To increase the fraction of gasoline can be done by

breaking long-chain hydrocarbons into a fraction (C5-C9) via thermal perengkahan. This

perengkahan process is carried out at a temperature of 500 ° C and pressure of saturated

Hydrocarbons ATM. 25 chain straight like kerosene (C12H26) can be direngkahkan into two

shorter fragments into compounds of hexane (C6H14) and heksena (C6H12).

C12H26 (ℓ) C6H14 (ℓ) + C6H12 (ℓ)

The existence of heksena (alkene) thermal perengkahan of the proceeds may increase the

number of octane by 10 units. However, the product of the process of perengkahan is

generally less stable if stored in a long period of time. Because of the thermal perengkahan

product is generally less stable then the techniques perengkahan thermal catalytic

perengkahan is replaced with the use of a catalyst which is done at a high temperature and

pressure. Catalytic Perengkahan, such as long-chain alkanes is reacted with a mixture of

Silicon (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3), plus gas hydrogen or a specific catalyst. In reforming,

small molecules are combined into molecules are larger. This is done in order to improve the

products of gasoline. For example, butane and propane is reacted to form heptane. Reaction

equation:

C4H10 + C3H8 (g) → C7H16 (ℓ) + H2 (g)

3. Octane Number

The most important fraction of petroleum oil is gasoline. Gas used as fuel in motor vehicles

(see fig. 2). About 10% of the crude oil distillation products are a fraction of gasoline with no

branching chains.

5000,25atm


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In the high-pressure engine, gasoline-burning uneven straight chain and pose a shock

wave that causes engine knock occurs. If this beats left can lead to rapid heat engine and

easily damaged. The size of the equitable gas combustion so as not happening beats used the

term number of octane. The octane number is the number of the comparison between the

value of the knock knock value of petrol from hydrocarbon mixture standards.

A mixture of hydrocarbons that is used as the standard number of octane is n-heptane and 2,

2,4-trimethylpentane (isooctane). Octane number for a mixture of 87% isooctane and 13% n-

heptane specified by 87 units. There are three measurement methods, namely: octane number

a. measurement at high temperature and speed, the result is expressed as the number of

octane engine;

b. measurements on medium speed, the result is called an octane research;

c. measurement of hydrocarbon octane numbers, called a pure road index.

Some are pure hydrocarbons are shown in Table 2.

Hydrocarbons The Octane Number Road Index

n-heptana 0

2-metil heptana 23

n-heksana 25

2-metil heksana 44

1-heptana 60

n-pentana 62

1-pentena 84

1-butena 91

sikloheksana 97

2,2,4-trimetil petana 100

Gambar.2Pemanfaatansa

lahsatufraksiminyakbumi

untukkendaraanbermotor.


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The higher the octane number, the value of durability against increasingly strong

beats (beats does not occur). It is owned by 2, 2, 4-trimethylpentane (isooctane), while n-

heptane has a highest knock. Therefore, 2, 2, 4-trimethylpentane has the highest octane

number (100) and n-heptane low (0) then the second mix of the compound became a standard

for measuring the number of octane.

To obtain the highest octane numbers, but based on the composition of the mixture is

optimized well plus additives, such as tetraetillead (TEL) or Pb (C2H5) 4. The addition of 6

mL TEL into one

gallons of gasoline could increase the octane number 15 – 20 units. Gasoline has octane

number plus TEL with 80 called premium petrol. Another method to increase the octane

number is a thermal

reforming. This technique is used to convert a straight-chain alkanes into branched alkanes

and sikloalkana. This technique is done at a high temperature (500 – 600 ° C) and high

pressure (25 – 50 atm).

7. Learning Method :

1. Learning attitude : Scientific

2. Approach : SETS

3. Learning Method : observation, discuss, and task


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8. Learning Activity

Number Activities

Time

allocation

1. Introduction activities

1. Teacher says the greeting when entering class and trecommend

to pray together before learn, and attendance student (religious

character)

1. Check student presence (discipline character)

2. Communicate basic competency and learning goalthat must be

reach by student from lesson today

2minutes

1. Communicate precondition knowledge that student must be have

from the past lesson that is hidrokarbon dan minyak bumi

2. Core activities

2. Teachers motivate students and do apersepsi by asks questions to

guide the students in learning the topic that will be discussed and

explores the knowledge of students, such as "what you guys have

in mind if heard of petroleum? where the origin of the fuel that

we wear to the vehicle we are? "

3. Teacher shows a video about separation of petroleum use power

point

5 minutes

1. The teacher divides the students into groups, each group

consisting of 4-5 people.

2. Representatives of the group have explained again about the

separation of petroleum from existing illustrations in that video.

3minutes

1. Teachers provide questions to students about:

1. "if it runs out of oil has been used by humans, how the

solution?"

2. Why is the price of fuel continues to rise? What factors

cause the oil or fuel price rise? How is the solution.

30

minutes


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3. each groupin the instruct to name but a few examples of

petroleum in everyday life and mentions its uses.

1. the question on the use by each group to discuss

2. The teacher asks the students to inform the results of its analysis

to the class.

1. Each group's request to assess the presentation of the other

groups.

2. Each individual request to rate himself.

3. Close activities

1. Teacher guides the students to the learn activities about

concludes today

2. Teacher announced the highest score from the performance

group that rated by each group.

3. Teacher provides a reward to a group that has the highest

score.

4. Teacher gives homework to make a picture diagram of a

petroleum fraction separation process for meetings next

week

5. Teachergives homework to write ideas on alternative fuels

Teacher provides task whether the impact of combustion of

hydrocarbons on the environment

5 minutes

1.

Meet 2

Introduction activities

6. teacher says greetings and asks the student news.

7. Teacher doespresensi against students.

8. The teacher asks the task given on last week.

Core activities

9. Students are request to be sitt in accordance with his group.

10. Students are request to put together a picture diagram of

the separation of petroleum fractions.

11. Each group request for a presentation about the idea which

had been designed in the House about the alternative fuel is

environmentally friendly.

2 minutes

40

minutes


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12. Other groups give the opportunity to ask against a group

presentation

Evaluation

13. Each group's request to assess the presentation of the other

groups.

14. Each individual request to rate himself.

Close activities

15. Teacher Guides students to take conclusions about learning

today.

16. Teacher provides the motivation of concerned about the

chemistry of petroleum

17. Teacher end learning and say thank God together.

3 minutes

9. Learning Media :

1. Power point entitled

2. Animation videos

10. Resources :

Resources :Chemistry textbook, Internet,wikipedia

11. Learning Produk :

Human Resources:

Students who have implications for material SETS linkage petroleum

Non Human Resources:

1. Knowledge petroleum derived from natural ingredients that can be found and

used in everyday life.

2. Set of journals or articles about the material properties of petroleumSETS

approach.

3. the concept of reducing environmental pollution due to combustion of hydrocarbons

lesson plan

Documents

usefulness of petroleum

petroleum fractionsfraction

learning group petroleum

petroleum formation

story of separation

technique of separation

process of formation

able touse