Lesson PlanFIELD TRIP

Suggested

Behavioral objective:Students should be able to list

the different types of wax thatwere used in candle making andgive the traits that made them agood or bad wax.

Students should espe-cially understand the traitsof paraffin since that isthe wax used at SquireBoone Caverns.

Behavioral objective:Students should be able to list

the types of wheels that can befound on mills. They also shouldbe familiar with the differenttypes of mills and what theywere used for.

Lastly, they shouldunderstand how a millworks and be able to listthe main structuresfound in a mill.

Behavioral objective:Students should be able to

identify and explain the ways inwhich miners mined for gold.They should also know the typesof rocks that may be foundwhile gem mining atSquire Boone.

Behavioral objective:Students should understand

how soap was discovered andwhat the three main ingredientsare in soap today. They shouldalso understand the differ-ence between the “hot” and“cold” methods of soapmaking (saponification).

Unit 1

Unit 3 Unit 4

Unit 2

1

LESSON PLAN

Candles have been aroundfor many years. The ear-liest candles were

thought to be made around 2500B.C. These first candles weremade with vine fibers anddipped in resins and wax.

In early Japanese andChinese civilizations, candleswere made from the cocusinsects and seeds from certaintrees, then molded in papertubes. Later, rolled-up paper wasused as a wick.

In the first century A.D. theRomans used candles made ofrope dipped in wax. These can-dles were called links.

The word “candle” wasn’tused until the Middle Ages. Itcomes from the Latin word“candere”, meaning “to shine”.The people who made candleswere called “chandlers”.

The evolution of candlescontinued into the 1700s whenbeeswax and spermaceti werefound. Before then, tallow hadbeen used in candles, but it gaveoff a horrible odor. Beeswaxsolved this problem because it

has a pleasant smell. Spermacetialso helped in the evolution ofcandles because it is a solid waxthat will not bend in the sum-mer’s heat.

Two more discoveries in the1800s helped influence candlemaking. The first was the use ofplaited candle wicks, which gavea brighter and more even light.The second was the discovery ofparaffin. Paraffin is colorless,odorless, easy to mold, cleanburning and inexpensive.

Early pioneers in Americaused animal fat to make candles.Certain animal fats were betterthan others because they didn’thave a bad odor, or were harderand wouldn’t melt. In order,their preferences were beef, mut-ton (sheep), bear, deer, mooseand elk. Pig fat was the lastchoice because it was very softand would melt on hot days.

The pioneers also thoughtthat candles could predict theweather, good fortune, or tellwhen the family was safe.When the candlelight turnedblue, it was believed that ghostswould walk.

When gas, oil and electrici-ty were introduced, candle mak-ing suffered a great declinebecause these other fuels wereeasier to obtain. Today, mostcandles are made of paraffinwax and are thought to symbol-ize peace, calm and warmth.

On your field trip, you willsee a demonstration of how can-dles are hand-dipped. You will

also get to try your hand at dip-ping candles. At Squire BooneCaverns, candles are made fromparaffin in 23 colors with 22 dif-ferent scents. The white candleis unscented for people who areallergic to fragrances.

Tapers consist of a string(the wick) with candles on bothends. There are five sizes oftapers—mini, skinny, tiny, chub-by and standard. The mini andskinny tapers have to be dipped20 times, and the large andchubby tapers are dipped 30times. This takes anywhere fromthree to five hours.

Facts FOR THE TEACHER

2

Unit 1

Definitions

Cocus – The Chinese andJapanese used the wax fromthis insect to make some ofthe first candles.

Links – The name given tocandles by the Romans.

Candere – A Latin wordmeaning “to shine”. This iswhere the word “candle”comes from.

Spermaceti – A solid,waxy substance found in thehead region of sperm whalesthat was popular for candlemaking in the 1700s. It isodorless and would not bendin the summer heat.

Candle MakingCandle Making

Gristmills came into exis-tence because the majorcrop was corn for the

pioneers. To be useful for baking,corn had to be ground into flour.The earliest method of grindingcorn was to use a small stone,turned by hand, on top of a largerstone. This was very hard, manuallabor, so people looked for aneasier way and thus gristmillswere developed.

There are three major partsto a gristmill: the raceway, wheeland grinding stones. The racewaychannels the flowing water to thewheel. The water forces the wheelto turn. The turning wheel powersthe grinding stones by a series ofshafts and pullies. The grindingaction of the stones breaks thegrain into small, usable pieceslike flour, cornmeal and grits.

Raceway:To get the water—which

powered the mill whee—to themill, a raceway had to be built.A raceway is the path that carriesthe water to the wheel. First, thestream had to be dammed to getenough water to power the largewheels. Then a floodgate was putin to control the amount of waterflowing down to the wheel. Thelast part of the raceway, which

includes the floodgate, is calledthe mill run.

Wheel:There are four main types of

wheels used on gristmills:1. Overshoot, 75% efficient.2. Undershoot, 30% efficient.3. Breast wheel, 65% efficient.4. Tub wheel, 50% efficient.The overshoot wheel was the

most popular and is the type ofwheel on Squire Boone’s mill.This wheel utilizes buckets calledbrickets. The water from the race-way falls into a bricket and as thebricket fills with water, it movesthe wheel forward, causing thenext bricket on the wheel to fillwith water. This action makes thewheel spin.

Grinding Stones:There are two grinding stones

in a gristmill, stacked one on topof the other. The pair are referredto as a run of stones. The upperstone, called the runner stone, hasfurrows on its lower surface. Thelower stone, or nether stone,hasfurrows on its upper surface. Withthese furrows, the stones act likescissors that grind the grains.

The nether stone is generallyimmobile and harder than therunner. Both stones have a holein the center through which runsthe shaft or spindle. The spindleis connected to the waterwheelthrough a system of belts andgears. These belts and gears turnthe running stone which thengrinds the grain. A wheel hoopencases and protects the stones.

Originally, grinding stoneswere made out of ballast rocksthat had been cast out on shore byEnglish ships as they unloadedfor the return trip. Later, burrstones from France were used.

Each type of grain needs adifferent type of stone, eitherbecause it requires a differenthardness or a different set of fur-rows. Therefore, there were manytypes of mills: flour mills forwheat; provender mills for cattlefeed; and gristmills for grain.

Squire Boone and his foursons began building our gristmillin 1804, shortly after moving toIndiana from Kentucky. It begangrinding corn in 1809. The millburned in 1852, was rebuilt, thenburned a second time in the 1920s.It was rebuilt a second time in1976 on its original foundation.

The water that turns the wheelis from a stream that runs throughthe cave. It is dammed inside thecave and gravity pulls it down a400-foot raceway to the mill. Onyour field trip, you’ll see a demon-stration of corn being ground.

3

Unit 2

Definitions

Burr stone – The bigstones in the mill that grindgrain. There are two, eachweighing one ton. A pair iscalled a “run” of stones.

Runner stone – The upperstone.

Nether stone – The lowerstone.

Furrows – Grooves in thestones where the grain iscrushed.

Brickets – The buckets onthe mill wheel that catch thewater and make the wheelturn.

Raceway – The path thatthe water travels down on itsway to the mill.

GristmillsGristmills

ikes Peak or bust!” This was the rallying call of the gold min-

ers who were on their way toCalifornia during the gold rush.It officially started on January 24,1848. A few struck it rich, butmost people ended up with noth-ing.

Most of the gold that wasfound is what is called placergold. This is gold that was foundmixed with gravel and mudalong the stream beds.

To mine the gold, the firstminers used washpans made ofiron. In this process, called pan-ning, miners would get some dirtin the pan and then let streamwater run in it. They wouldshake gently, and since the goldwas heavier than the sand andmud, it would fall to the bottom.They then poured the mud outand picked up the gold. This wasvery time-consuming, and even-tually panning gave way to cra-dles, Long Toms, sluices andfinally hydraulic mining.

Cradles were like a big binin which dirt thought to havegold in it would be placed.Water was then poured into thecradle while the dirt, sand and

gold would be washed down intoa ripple box. The ripple boxwould trap the gold because itwas heavier, and then the minerswould pick it out. This methodtook four men to operate andcould process 100 buckets of dirtper day.

Long Toms were then built,which also used a ripple box.Water flowed down a long,wooden trough that widened.The water would then fall downinto a ripple box and separatethe gold. An advantage was theconstant running of the water. Itwas possible to separate 400-500buckets of dirt a day with theLong Tom, which required threeto six men to operate.

The next technique to comealong was the sluice—a verylong trough (up to 1,000 feet)through which water flowedconstantly. Miners poured dirtinto the trough which had ripplebars along its entire length totrap gold. As many as 20 minerscould use one sluice.

The final improvement inprocessing gold was hydraulicmining. A high-pressure streamof water was shot at a hillside,forcing dirt and gold to fall intoa sluice. This method couldprocess more dirt with fewermen than any other method.

When all the gold was gonefrom the streams, mining com-panies would search for veins ofgold, then drill into the rock toextract the gold.

At Squire Boone Caverns,there is a 50-foot sluice inwhich you will be able to minefor Fool’s Gold (iron pyrite) as

well as many other gems androcks such as quartz (clear incolor), agate (flat, usually dyedmany different colors), ulexite(called TV stone, with fibersrunning through it), pumice (theonly rock that floats), sulfur(yellow color), and amethyst (apurple rock that is used exten-sively in jewelry making).

On the next page is a list ofthe specimens you might find atthe sluice at Squire BooneCaverns.

4

Unit 3

Definitions

Placer gold – This is thegold that is found mixed withgravel and mud along thestream beds.

Dry washing – A processof mining in which the mudwas dried, crushed andtossed into a blanket. Thelighter sand and dirt wereblown away, leaving theheavier gold flakes behind.

Ripple box – A box withwooden bars fastened to thebottom that would trap theheavy gold.

Gem Mining/SluiceGem Mining/Sluice

‘‘P

Rocks & minerals at THE SLUICE

5

Fool’s Gold FeS2 – Also knownas iron pyrite, it is an impor-tant iron ore. Gold in colorand multi-crystaled. It came tobe called Fool’s Gold becauseminers very often mistook itfor gold.

Amethyst – Quartz based, pur-ple in color, with crystalpoints. It is used to make jew-elry and is supposed to bringprosperity when worn.

Citrine – Quartz based and crys-tal shaped, its color rangesfrom light tan to dark brown.Because of its similarity totopaz, it is sometimes used injewelry.

Ulexite NaCaB5O9H2O – Clearor milky colored and usuallyodd shaped. Also known asTV stone because its verticalfibers can project an imagefrom underneath the rock tothe top surface.

Peacock Ore – Related to bor-nite, this is a dark colored orewith multi-colored patternscaused by other minerals alsopresent in the rock. Importantcopper ore.

Optical Calcite CaCO3 –Usually clear in color andsquare or rectangular in shape.The cleavage lines run horizon-tal and at an angle, so whenyou place it on the page of abook, you will see two imagesof the same letter. Thin slicesof optical calcite were onceused as microscope lenses. Itis related to the calcite thatforms cave formations.

Pumice – Tan colored, verycoarse and very lightweight,used for cleaning. Pumice isformed when volcanos erupt,shooting hot lava into the air.

Sometimes when the lavacools, air is trapped inside,forming air pockets. Thiscooled lava is called pumice.The air pockets inside give itthe distinction of being theonly rock that floats.

Petrified Wood – Usuallystreaked with shades of brownand red. Minerals seeped intothe wood of trees and overmany thousands of years,caused it to become hardened.

Mica – Thin, flexible, clear orblack in color. A long time ago,clear mica was used to makewindows. Mica is also used tomake formica countertops.

Talc Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 – Light,green in color with a soft tex-ture. Talc is ground up andused to make talcum powder.

Agate Slice – Usually thin cutand polished, dyed many dif-ferent colors. Agate is madeprimarily of two elements: sil-icon and oxygen. Layers ofagate are deposited on theinside of cavities below theEarth’s surface.

Geodes – There are two types ofgeodes: regular and cystoid.Regular geodes are round andhave hollow cavities insidelined with crystals. Cystoidgeodes are prehistoric sea crea-tures that have died and turnedto stone.

Sulphur – Yellow in color, andsometimes has an odor likerotten eggs. Sulphur is used inmaking gun powder, matchheads and many types of med-icines.

Dinosaur Bone – After dinosaursdied, minerals seeped intotheir bones, crystallized andturned them to stone. Pieces of

dinosaur bones are grayish incolor and very rough in texture.

Clear Quartz – Crystal pointsare shaped like polygons withflat sides and a point on theend. Tumbled quartz has beenmade smooth and round by atumbling process. Quartz isused in making watches, pres-sure gauges, oscillators andresonators.

Sculptured Copper Cu – This isreal copper that has been melt-ed down and then poured onwet straw or into water toform odd shapes.

Fuschite – Related to mica,metallic green in color, foundin many different shapes.

Orange Calcite – Orange in colorand many different shapes.

Pseudo Fossil – Minerals attachto soapstone and cause fern-likepatterns that resemble fossils.

Apache Tear – Apache tear ismade of obsidian, or naturalglass, and is black in color. Itis translucent, meaning youcan see through it if you holdit up to a light.

Rose Quartz – Made primarilyof silicon and oxygen, with apink color caused by traceamounts of magnesium or tita-nium. Ancients believed rosequartz helped people to giveand receive love more easily.

Desert Rose – A form of barite,BaSo4, light tan and white incolor. Its shape is reminiscentof rose petals.

Aragonite CaCO3 – White incolor, usually with small,round bumps on its surface.

Halite NaCl – Natural salt, verylight to very dark pink.

Lodestone – A form of magnetite,FeFe2O4. It is a natural magnet,black or dark gray in color.

Soap was used as early as2000 B.C. Rather than forcleaning, it was used as a

scent or ointment that wasrubbed on the skin. It was firstdiscovered to be a cleaningagent around 1000 B.C.

At that time, it was commonfor the people living near Rometo sacrifice animals by fire.Animal fat would accumulate atthe base of the altar and mixwith ashes. Rain washed thismixture down the Sapo Hill tothe clay banks of the TiberRiver. Women who came to theriver to wash clothing found thattheir clothes became cleanerwith less effort when they wererubbed in this mixture of animalfat and ashes, which came to becalled “sapo”. This is the originof the word “soap”.

In the 1600s, a heavy taxwas put on soap, making it veryexpensive to buy, so peoplelooked for other ways to producemore affordable soap. The juicefrom the yucca plant was used,as was the soap berry, whichcould be rendered into a soapysubstance called “saponin”. Thisis where we get the word“saponification”, which is what

we call the process of makingsoap.

There are three main ingre-dients in soap—water, lye andlard or tallow. Soap makingdepends on a very sensitivechemical reaction which requirespure water. The pioneers usedrainwater, which they collectedin barrels.

Lye is an alkali that is bitter,slippery and caustic. Sodiumhydroxide (caustic soda) is thetype of lye used most often. Inpioneer days, lye was made bypouring rainwater over potash(the ashes of burned wood). Thestrength of the lye was tested bydropping an egg in the lye water.If the egg floated on top, the lyewas too strong. If the egg fell tothe bottom, it was too weak. Ifthe egg floated in the middle, thelye was perfect.

The third ingredient is lardor tallow, derived from animalfat. Tallow, from cows or goats,was preferred by pioneersbecause it is firmer and cures inless time.

There are two methods ofsaponification: hot and cold. Inthe hot method, the lard or tal-low was melted and boiled withlye water in a kettle over anopen fire. This resulted in asoap that was very harsh. It wasused for laundry or scrubbingfloors, but contact with the skinwas avoided.

The cold method of saponi-fication starts by combining acertain amount of lye with coldwater. As soon as the lye isadded, the temperature of thewater quickly rises to about

140˚F because of a chemicalreaction. This lye solution mustbe allowed to cool for aboutthree hours, till it reaches 80˚F.Meanwhile, lard is being meltedin a kettle. When the lard hascooled to the same temperatureas the lye, they are combined inthe kettle and soap is formed.The mixture is then poured intoa mold and cut into bars. Soapmade this way is milder, but itmust age for three weeks beforeit can be used on the skin.

At Squire Boone Caverns,soap is made using the coldmethod. One batch makes about500 bars of soap. It is good forcleaning, killing chiggers, treat-ing poison ivy, washing hair andremoving stains from clothes.During your visit, you will beable to observe the soap-makingprocess.

6

Unit 4

Definitions

Saponification – Theprocess of making soap.

Tallow – The firmer fat ofcows and goats.

Soap MakingSoap Making

Post-lessonUnit 1

QUIZ

1. The first candles were made of and

were dipped in .

2. The Chinese and Japanese used the wax from the

to make their first candles.

3. The word “candle” comes from the Latin word ,

which means .

4. People who made candles were called .

5. There were four discoveries made in the 1700s and 1800s that influenced candle making.List three of them and give a trait that made each discovery useful.

a)

b)

c)

6. Pioneers preferred to use the fat of to make candles. The fat of

was their last choice because it was too soft.

7. The pioneers believed that ghosts would walk when the candle turned .

8. Today, candles symbolize , , and .

9. At Squire Boone Caverns, it takes hours to make a candle.

7

Post-lessonUnit 2

QUIZ

1. There are four types of wheels that can be used on a mill. Name them.

a)

b)

c)

d)

2. There are two stones that work together in a mill. They are called

stones. The top stone is called the stone, and the bottom stone

is called the stone.

3. The grooves in the stones are called .

4. A had to be built to get the water to the mill. The one

at Squire Boone Caverns is more than feet long. The portion of this

mechanism that includes the floodgate is called the .

5. The part of the mill wheel that catches the water and causes the wheel to turn is called

a .

6. Squire Boone first started building his mill in the year , and it

began grinding corn in the year .

7. The type of wheel on Squire Boone’s mill is an .

8

Post-lessonUnit 3

QUIZ

1. The gold rush began on January 24, , and most miners

found gold, which is gold mixed with gravel and mud.

2. The first method of mining gold was called . Using this method,

miners would shake iron washpans and then collect the gold.

3. Four other methods of mining gold were developed later. Name them and tell how many

people were needed to operate them.

a)

b)

c)

d)

4. After all the gold was gone from the streams, miners then found of

gold and followed them, drilling through rock, to collect gold.

5. There are many types of rocks and gems to be found while gem mining at Squire Boone

Caverns. Name four and tell how you would recognize them.

a)

b)

c)

d)

9

Post-lessonUnit 4

QUIZ

1. The process of making soap is called , which

comes from the word , a soapy substance from the soap berry.

2. True or false: When soap was first discovered, it was used as a cleaning agent.

True False

3. Explain how soap was discovered to be a cleaning agent.

4. There are three ingredients needed to make soap. Name them.

a)

b)

c)

5. There are two ways to make soap, the method and the

method. Which method is preferred because it produces a milder soap

that can be used on the skin?

6. The soap made at Squire Boone Caverns can be used for many different things including

, , and ,

10

Optional ESSAY QUESTIONS

11

1. The candles of today were evolved over many years. These candles eventually gave way toelectric lights. Imagine if lights were not invented. How would your life be different todayif the only light you had in your house was provided by candles instead of electricity. Compare and contrast what activities you do now that you wouldn’t be able to do at all.

2. Soap was found accidentally by the Romans around 1000 B.C. If soap hadn’t been found,how would we clean ourselves? Would we even take baths? How would life be differentif we had no soap?

3. Throughout the years, there have been many ways to mine for gems, from panning to usinga sluice to hydraulic mining. Most of these ways are very harmful to the environment. Ifyou found some minerals today, what method would you use to mine them? Would youinvent a new method that would be easier and safer to the environment?

4. If you were to build a gristmill today, what type would you build? Give some reasons why.Would you use wood or steel to make the wheel? Explain your reasons. If your area ofthe country had a severe drought, how would you maximize your grinding production?

Answers to

Unit 1

12

QUIZ QUESTIONS

1. vine fibers, resins/wax2. cocus insect3. candere, “to shine”4. chandlers5. a) beeswax: gave off a more pleasant odor

b) spermaceti: solid wax that wouldn’t bend in hot weather

c) plaited candle wicks: gave off a brighter, more even light

d) paraffin: colorless, odorless, easy to mold, clean burning, inexpensive

6. cows (or beef), pigs7. blue8. peace, calm, warmth9. 3-5

Unit 31. 1848, placer2. panning3. a) cradles – 4

b) Long Toms – 3-6c) sluice – 20d) hydraulic mining – less than 4

4. veins5. (List of stones found on page 5.)

Unit 41. saponification, saponin2. false3. Animals were sacrificed on the Sapo Hill

near Rome. The fat of the animals mixed with the ashes at the base of the altar, and this mixture would be washed down the hill when it rained. Women who came to the Tiber River at the base of the hill to washclothes noticed that their clothing became cleaner when rubbed in this mixture.

4. a) waterb) lyec) fat (lard)

5. hot, cold, cold6. cleaning, killing chiggers, treating poison

ivy, washing hair, removing stains fromclothes

Unit 21. overshoot, undershoot, breast, tub2. burr, runner, nether3. furrows4. raceway, 400, mill run5. bricket6. 1804, 18097. overshoot

13

THE ANSWERS?This is like a scavenger hunt, but instead ofobjects, you search for information. Bring thesequestions with you on your field trip and see howmany you can answer.

1. What can be found both in the cave and inyour soft drink?

2. What do the cave and the gravel in the parking lot have in common?

3. What was your tour guide’s name?

4. How old was Squire Boone when he died?How many bones are in his coffin?

5. What color candles were they making in thecandle shop?

6. What is the purpose of the metal clips onthe ends of the candle wicks?

7. What happens to the metal clips when thecandles are finished?

8. How long does it take to dip a batch of largecandles?

9. What are the three ingredients in lye soap?

10. Where did the pioneers get their lye?

11. When was the original gristmill built?

12. How tall is the waterwheel?

13. What is the source of the water for the mill?

14. Bring back an oak leaf or an acorn.

15. How long does it take to get here from yourschool?

16. Try to find a rock shaped like the state you

live in.

17. Bring back an example of chlorophyll.

18. What is so special about the carvings on thestones in the gristmill?

19. What was Squire Boone’s father’s name?

20. What was Squire Boone’s profession?

21. How many steps are there to exit the cave?

22. How tall is the exit staircase?

23. Bring back a leaf from a maple tree (or fromthe state tree of the state you live in).

24. What do bats eat?

25. Why do bats hang from the ceiling?

26. Where do bats go in the winter?

27. Where do the streams in the cave comefrom?

28. Where do the streams in the cave go?

29. What are the formations called that growfrom the floor?

30. What are the formations called that growfrom the ceiling?

31. What are they called when they grow together?

32. What are the formations called that grow instreams?

BONUS: What is the difference between a cave and acavern?

Can you find

14

Things TO DOCross out one word in each group of words that doesn’t belong.

1. Overshoot Undershoot Breast Wheel Mill Run

2. Lard Salt Water Lye

3. Dirt Fool’s Gold Agate Ulexite

4. Cradle Sluice Panning Gold Veins

5. Beeswax Paraffin Plastic Spermaceti

Unscramble the following words.

Draw a line connecting the words in the first column with the related word in the second column.(Words in the second column may have more than one related word in the first column.)

Cocus

Furrows CANDLE MAKING

Agate

Saponification GRISTMILL

Burr Stone

Cradle GEM MINING

Candere

Nether Stone SOAP MAKING

Saponin

CNLSADE

MGE NGMIIN

FPFARAIN

WRAEYCA

PSOA

LLGSTIRMI

OLOFS LGDO

SUOODRHNET LWEEH

More

Scavenger Hunt

15

ANSWERS

1. soda straw2. limestone3. (tour guide’s name)4. 70 – 20 bones plus skull5. (candle color)6. weight7. The wax is melted off and the clips are

reused.8. 21⁄2 to 3 hours9. water, lye and lard

10. potash and water11. 1804-180912. 18 feet13. cave spring14. (Collect an oak leaf or acorn.)15. minutes/hours16. (Try to find a rock shaped like your home

state.)17. green leaf18. They were done by Squire Boone.19. Squire Boone Senior20. minister, gunsmith, miller, statesman,

explorer and many others21. 7322. 60 feet23. (Collect a maple leaf or leaf from your

state tree.)24. mosquitoes, moths, night-flying insects25. Their muscles are designed for hanging

this way, and the ceiling is a safe place for them to sleep.

26. deep in caves27. a field three miles from the cave28. They exit at the gristmill.29. stalagmites30. stalactites31. column or pillar32. rimstone dams

BONUS: A cave is a single room; a cavern consists of several rooms that are connected.

Things To Do1. cross out Mill Run2. cross out Salt3. cross out Dirt4. cross out Gold Veins5. cross out Plastic

CANDLES SOAPGEM MINING GRISTMILLPARAFFIN FOOL’S GOLDRACEWAY UNDERSHOOT WHEEL

Cocus ————————— CANDLE MAKINGFurrows ———————— GRISTMILLAgate ————————— GEM MININGSaponification ———— SOAP MAKINGBurr Stone —————— GRISTMILLCradle ————————— GEM MININGCandere ———————— CANDLE MAKINGNether Stone ————— GRISTMILLSaponin ——————— SOAP MAKING

16

O V E R S H O O T W H E E L

M W Z E P L P B A Y Q C V L

U K U I E A X D L N N E P I

N F U R R O W S L H R S J M

D P Q T M A N Z O O K R E T

E A E J A I H F W N Z E R S

R R N L C P L U I B V W E I

S A O C E O R L T Y D B D R

H F T I T A C N R S K U N G

O F S B I Q E U Y U E R A Y

O I R E R L H A S N N R C P

T N E A A E W P O N E S B V

W V N Z I E A T O K L T S C

H W N M C N S S E R R O G T

E S U A C R I K T W L N Z X

E N R T E S T U B W H E E L

L P L H V B S J I M H S I E

S W T A P E R S Q T I E P C

D E N B E E S W A X E U E R

N C Q B R I C K E T S Z R L

Find and circle the following words in the table above regarding candles and gristmills. Words are foundhorizontally, vertically, diagonally, forward and backward.

BEESWAX COCUS NETHER STONE TALLOWBREAST WHEEL FURROWS OVERSHOOT WHEEL TAPERSBRICKETS GRISTMILL PARAFFIN TUB WHEELBURR STONE LINKS RACEWAY SPERMACETICANDERE MILL RUN RUNNER STONE UNDERSHOOT WHEEL

17

J Q U A R T Z E H M X V T P

Y E L S P P A N N I N G U T

H N E Q W L B I A B A M S L

Y T X K W A T E R J I F U P

D Z I L O C R T E C I U L S

R C T V A E R E E E R G F L

A T E Y M R L A W S A R U N

U D O X Z G D Y D O C B R O

L O N G T O M S N L K J W I

I K B E Y L L P Y R E E A T

C A S B R D W A N G M S V A

M K L U E X E O N M T A R C

I A Q Y J D C I T Y E P J I

N W A M E T H Y S T F O M F

I C S G E S A Y U J O N A I

N X P L A M I E R V B I G N

G D F W G T D T Y O P N L O

C P Y O R K E Y N V C Q A P

D R I P P L E B O X H B Q A

D C M D L O G S L O O F U S

Find and circle the following words in the table above regarding soap and gem mining. Words are foundhorizontally, vertically, diagonally, forward and backward.

AGATE HYDRAULIC MINING PLACER GOLD SAPONINAMETHYST LARD PUMICE SLUICECRADLES LONG TOMS QUARTZ SULFURDRY WASHING LYE RIPPLE BOX ULEXITEFOOL’S GOLD PANNING SAPONIFICATION WATER