Lesson Ten

The Trial

That Rocked

the World

Objectives of Teaching1. To comprehend the whole text

2. To lean and master the vocabulary and expressions

3. To learn to paraphrase the difficult sentences

4. To understand the structure of the text

5. To appreciate the style and rhetoric of the passage.

III. Background Knowledge:

1. ReligionsGod: the Deity, the Divinity, Holy One,

Jehovah, the Lord, Providence, the Almighty, the Creator and etc.

There is only one God in heaven. But the belief in God has developed three religious sections:

Christianity, Judaism and Islam.

III. Background Knowledge:

Christianity:Roman CatholicProtestant Orthodox Eastern Church

Trinity: the Holy Father, the Holy Son and the Holy Spirit/Ghost, with Jesus Christ as its incarnation.

III. Background Knowledge:   

Bible:Name of the Christian Scriptures, the

Old Testament and the New Testament.  

  III. Background Knowledge: Bible

Old Testament: Christian name for the Hebrew Bible, the first portion of the Christian BibleGenesis: first book of the Old Testament

which tells the origin of the world and of man 

  III. Background Knowledge:

BibleNew Testament: the distinctive

Christian portion of the Bible Gospel: Greek word for good news.

the first four books of the New Testament.

   III. Background Knowledge:

Biblefundamentalism: conservative

religious movement. Its aim is to maintain word for word interpretations of the Bible. Nowadays this word can apply to other religions.

III. Background Knowledge:

2. American governing system a. Legislature: parliament---

Congress and Senateb. Executive: the president and his

administration c. Judicial: the Federal Supreme

Court

III. Background Knowledge:

3. Civil Law:4. Criminal Law5. Jury6. Counselor / Counsellor

VI. Detailed Study:

1. buzz: a noise of a low hum, low confused whisper

2. sweltering: very hot, causing unpleasantness, torrid, sultry

VI. Detailed Study:

3. counsel: a group of one or more lawyers (barristers) acting for someone in a court of law

4. prosecution: the act of bringing a criminal charge against sb. in a court of law

VI. Detailed Study:

5. silver-tongued: (lit.) able to give fine persuading speeches, eloquent 

6. orator: a good public speaker, a person who delivers an oration (formal and solemn public speeches)

VI. Detailed Study:

7. nominee: a person who has been named officially for election to a position, office, honour, etc.a Nobel Prize nominee / a

presidential nominee

VI. Detailed Study:

8. bring about: causeScientists have brought about great

changes in our lives.

VI. Detailed Study:9. involve: to cause sb. to

become connected or concernedDon't involve other people in your

mistakes.We are all involved, whether we

like it or not.

VI. Detailed Study:

10. testify: to make a solemn statement, esp. under oath in a court of law, of what is trueThe witnesses testify / give evidence in

the law court.One witness testified that he had seen

the prisoner ran out of the bank after it had been robbed.

VI. Detailed Study:11. on hand: available,

present,cf:within reach: the distance one

can reachat hand: near in time or place

VI. Detailed Study:Always have your dictionary on

hand / within reach / at hand when you study.

Please be on hand at 12 sharp.I have a great deal of important

work on hand.

VI. Detailed Study:

All his old friends will be on hand / present to see Jack receive the medal of honour.

I want you to be at hand / near during my interview with the boss of the company.

The post office is close at hand.

  VI. Detailed Study:12. reassure: comfort and make free

from fear, stop worrying often by saying sth. kind or friendly The doctor reassured the sick man about

his health.She won't believe it in spite of all our

reassurance.

  VI. Detailed Study:cf: assure: try to cause to belie

ve or trust in sth.; promiseThe captain assured the passe

ngers that there was no danger.

  VI. Detailed Study:

13. erupt: (of a volcano) to explode and pour out fireHere, emerge, happen quickly, come

down upon unexpectedly and violently;

I was suddenly engulfed by the whole affair.

  VI. Detailed Study:

14. adhere to: to favour strongly, stick firmly to; The wallpaper won't adhere to the

ceiling. They adhere to the contract.

VI. Detailed Study:He resolutely adhered to what

he had said at the meeting.adhere to the four cardinal /

fundamental principles

  VI. Detailed Study:15. prohibit: to forbid, to ban

to prohibit the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors / pornographic literature or video tapes / prostitution / visiting prostitutes / smoking in public places, etc.

  VI. Detailed Study:cf:

FORBID is more direct and familiar, while PROHIBIT is more formal or official; they do not widely differ in their essential implications.

to forbid a child to leave the house

   VI. Detailed Study:16. violate: to disregard or act against

sth. solemnly promisedThe actress violated the terms of her

contract.This is considered as a violation of the

Constitution.If you violate someone's privacy or peace,

you disturb it.

   VI. Detailed Study: 17. legality: the condition of being

lawful; lawfulnessThe legality of this action will be

decided by the court.

 VI. Detailed Study: 18. indict: to indict sb. for a crime

means to charge them with it officiallyFive men were caught at the scene

and indicted.

 VI. Detailed Study: 

cf:accuse, charge, prosecute, blameOne accuses sb. of cheating.One charges sb. with cheating. One prosecutes sb. for theft.One blames sb. for the failure.

 VI. Detailed Study: least of all: to an insignificant degree

Nobody need worry, you least of all/ least of all you.

Least of all would I lie to you.Nobody seemed amused, least of all

Jenny.

VI. Detailed Study: 19. anticipate: to expect what will

happenWe are not anticipating that there will

be much trouble.We anticipate that the enemy would try

to cross the river and so seize the bridge.

 VI. Detailed Study:take on: begin to have (a particular qua

lity, appearance, etc), assume sth.He has taken on some irritating manneris

m.The chameleon can take on the colours o

f its background.Her eyes took on a hurt expression. 

 VI. Detailed Study:20. festoon: If you festoon sth. with

decorations, lights or other things, you spread or hang these things over it in large numbers in order to decorate it.The garden was festooned with coloured

lights.

 VI. Detailed Study: 21. sprout: to grow or come out, appear

and spread rapidlyn. new growth of a plant, shootbean sprouts / bamboo shoots

22. rickety: weak in joints and likely to breakrickety old man / stairs / cart

 VI. Detailed Study: 

23. evangelist: one who preaches the gospel (good news)

24. exhort: urge earnestly or advise strongly sb. to do sth.to exhort sb. to do good / to work

harder, etc.

 VI. Detailed Study: 25. cheer: support and encourage,

shout in praise, approval or supportEvery time a Chinese runner won a race

the crowd cheered.The crowd cheered their favourite horse.

 VI. Detailed Study: 26. infidel: (old & derog.) (used esp. in

former times by Christians and Muslims of each other) someone who does not follow one's own religion, unbeliever

27. draw up: to form and usu. writeto draw up a plan / a contract

VI. Detailed Study: 28. florid: (of a person's face) having a

red skin29. paunchy: (derog. and humour)

(esp. of a man) having a fat stomach, pot belly

30. attorney-general: chief law officer and legal expert of the government of a state

 VI. Detailed Study: 31. shrewd: clever in judgement, esp.

of what is to one's own advantagea shrewd lawyer who knows all the tricksHe is a shrewd and sometimes ruthless

adversary.

 VI. Detailed Study: 

32. steep: soak, to let sth. stay in a liquid for softening, bringing out a taste etc.Steep the coffee Leave the coffee to steep for 5

minutes

 VI. Detailed Study: 33. agnostic: person who

believes that one can only have knowledge of material things and that nothing is or can be known about God or life after deathcf: atheist: person who doubts the

existence of God

 VI. Detailed Study:  

34. growl /au/: to say sth. in a low rough and rather angry voice.The dog growled at me.He growled out a demand to her to

stop.

VI. Detailed Study:  

35. preliminary: introductory, preparatory

36. spar: to box without hitting hard, argue or dispute (with sb) The children are sparring with each

other.

 VI. Detailed Study: 

37. drawl: to speak or say slowly with vowels greatly lengtheneddrawl out one’s words

 VI. Detailed Study: 38. ignorance: lack of knowledge

Poverty, disease and ignorance remain major world problems.

We are in complete ignorance of his plans.

She is very young, and ignorant of what life really is.

They ignored traffic regulations.

 VI. Detailed Study: 39. bigot: one who obstinately or

intolerantly devoted to his own opinions and prejudices, esp. religious beliefs.  bigotry: the state of having very strong,

unreasonable attitudes and opinions

 VI. Detailed Study: 40. rampant: widespread and impossible

to controlTheft, robbery, trafficking in narcotics, rural

women and children are rampant in some places.

Rich soil makes some plants too rampant.Mosquitoes are rampant in the dormitory.

 VI. Detailed Study: 41. fagot: a bundle of sticks of firewood42. enlighten: cause to understand,

free from ignorance or false beliefs, give more knowledge.Can you enlighten me on this subject? the age of Enlightenment in the 18th

century

 VI. Detailed Study: 43. contaminate: to make impure,

bad by mixing with dirty or poisonous matterDon't eat the food, it may have been

contaminated by the flies.The river is contaminated with waste

from the factory.Our students are being contaminated

by foreign ideas.

VI. Detailed Study:  44. snort: to make a rough noise by blo

wing air down the nose, to express impatience or anger by this soundWe ran when the bull began to snort.cf: snore: breathe heavily and noisily through

the nose and mouth while asleep

 VI. Detailed Study: 45. evidence: (in law) words which

prove a statement, support a beliefThere wasn't enough evidence to prove

him guilty.Have you any evidence to support this

statement?not a bit / piece / scrap / shred of

evidence

 VI. Detailed Study: 

46. brandish: to wave threateningly sth. esp. a weapon about, this word stresses threat.I shall brandish my sword before

them.

 VI. Detailed Study: 47. denounce: to criticise severely and

publicly, announce threateninglyThe newspapers denounced the new

taxes.A mass meeting denounced him as a

traitor.

 VI. Detailed Study: 

48. sonorous: having a pleasantly full loud soundthe sonorous tones of the priestthe sonority of the bass voicesThe church clock chimed

sonorously.

 VI. Detailed Study: 49. reconcile: make peace between,

make friendly againI cannot reconcile the two points of

view. I asked how he would reconcile

apartheid with Christianity.The two girls quarrelled but are now

reconciled.

 VI. Detailed Study: 50. jungle: tropical forest too thick to

walk through easily.51. image: likeliness, form, copy

You see your image in the mirror. I can close my eyes and see images of

things and persons.The coin bears an image of the emperor.

 VI. Detailed Study: 52. divine: of, related to, or being god

or a god 53. thrust: to push forcefully and

suddenly, to make a sudden forward stroke with a sword, knife, etc.He thrust the fork into the meat.

 VI. Detailed Study: 54. Applause: n.

applaud: v.Everyone stood up to applaud.The audience applauded the singer for 5

minutes.The crowd bursts into applause and

shouts "Hurray!"

VI. Detailed Study:  55. fervour: passion, zeal, enthusiasm,

intense heatspeak with great fervour fervent: showing strong and warm

feelings, hot, passionatea fervent love / hatred a fervent lover / admirer

 VI. Detailed Study: 56. arena: an area of land or a large

room where sports, entertainment and public events take place.The city built a new sports arena.After World II Japan entered the arena of

international trade.

 VI. Detailed Study: 57. prairie: (in North America) a wild

treeless grassy plain. 58. scorch: to burn (part of ) a

surface so as to change its colour, tasteThe hot iron scorched the tablecloth.a scorched-earth policyThe hot weather scorched the grass.

 VI. Detailed Study: 

59. observe: to make a remark, to say, to commentHe observe that the house seemed

to be too small.

 VI. Detailed Study: 60. passion: strong, often uncontrollable

feelingThe poet expressed his burning passion

for the woman he loved.passionate: filled with passion, eagerThe two groups had a passionate debate.

 VI. Detailed Study: 61. sip: to drink in small quantities

cf: suck: to draw (as liquid) into the mouth to suck milk from his mother's breast sap: to drain the fluid part of a plant,

 VI. Detailed Study: 

62. jug: a large deep, usu. earthenware or glass container with a narrow mouth, a handle and a lip for pouring

 VI. Detailed Study: 63. appeal: to make a strong request for

help, support, mercy; begHe appealed to his attacker for mercy.He appealed to me for help.

v. please, attract, interestSome people say Peking Opera is too old-

fashioned to appeal to people any longer.The idea appealed to me.

 VI. Detailed Study: 

64. intellect, intellectual, intelligence, intelligent

intellect: the ability to understand or deal with ideas and information, the ability to reason rather than to feel or act.

 VI. Detailed Study: 

intellectual: adj. concerning the intellect, able to

use the intellect well, showing unusual reasoning powers

 VI. Detailed Study: intellectual:

n. a person who works and lives by using his mind.

It is man's intellect that distinguishes him from the beasts.

Chess is a highly intellectual game.He is an intellectual person / an

intellectual.

 VI. Detailed Study:  intelligence:

a. good ability to learn and understand quickly

b. information gathered by the government or the army about their country's enemies and their activities.

intelligence quotient (IQ)Use your intelligence.CIA

 VI. Detailed Study:  intelligent: having or showing powers

of reasoning or understanding.Dr. Smith is a man of great intelligence

but Prof. Brown earns the respect of his colleagues for his high intellect.

 VI. Detailed Study: An Intellectual or Intellectual person is

one who has developed his brain and is highly educated. One can be very intelligent / have great

intelligence, without knowing much. A small child with a clever quick mind is

intelligent but he can hardly be an intellectual.

 VI. Detailed Study: 65. duel: unlawful fight between two

persons who have quarrelled, usu. with swords or pistols, at a meeting arranged and conducted according to rules, in the presence of two other persons called seconds.

 VI. Detailed Study: 66. roar: to give a deep loud continuing

sound.tigers roaring in their cagesHe just roared (ie laughed loudly) when

he heard that joke!  n. long loud deep sound

 VI. Detailed Study: 67. mortal: n. a human being as

compared with a god, a spirit, etc. All human beings are mortal.

adj. causing death; fatala mortal wound, injury, etc The collapse of the business was a

mortal blow to him and his family.

 VI. Detailed Study: 

68. agency:Truth does not need any human

influence to support it.Xinhua News Agencythe Central Intelligence Agency

 VI. Detailed Study: 69. momentary: transitory, lasting

for a very short moment

70. hush: silence, stillness, quiet, calm

 VI. Detailed Study: 71. rule: decide officially

The jury ruled that he was innocent of all charges.

The club ruled against accepting new members.

I cannot rule out / exclude the possibility of trouble.

 VI. Detailed Study: 

72. adjourn: to bring a meeting, trial, etc to a stop, esp. for a particular period or until a later time

73. hawker: a person who travels from place to place selling things, usu. with a cart.

 VI. Detailed Study: 74. ponder: to consider, to think about

sth. carefullyEach chess player will have five minutes

to ponder his next move.Give me a few days to ponder over it.

VI. Detailed Study: 75. brute: an animal, esp. one that

you feel sorry forThe lions I am talking about are the

poor half-starved brutes reserved for tourists.

stupid, animal-like or cruel person, esp. one who has a tendency to behave violently.

He is an unfeeling brute.

VI. Detailed Study:  76. cower: to bend low and draw back as

from fear, pain, shame, cold etc.The dog cowered when its master beat it.crafty expert agents fresh from the cowing

and tying down of a dozen countriescoward: a person unable to face danger

because he lacks courage

 VI. Detailed Study: 77. sulphur: AmE. sulfur. 硫磺

sulphurous: scathing, harsh78. dispatch: a report sent by a journali

st who is in a different town or country. I picked up the paper and read a dispatch

from a correspondent in New York.

 VI. Detailed Study: 79. collapse: fall down or in, break to

pieces.The roof collapsed under the weight of

the snow. If you work too hard, your health may

collapse.Their marriage collapsed.

 VI. Detailed Study: 80. resume: go on after stopping for a

timeWe'll stop here and resume working at 2

o'clock.Those standing may resume their seats.

resume---curriculum vitae

 VI. Detailed Study: 81. squat: to sit on one's heels, or on the

ground with the legs drawn up close to the body

82. perch: rest, stand or sit on the edge of sth. that is not intended to be a seat.Dr Smith perched on the corner of his

desk.The sparrow perched upon the television

antenna.

 VI. Detailed Study: 83. gawk: look at sth. in a foolish way84. spring: to bring forward suddenly,

to produce as a surpriseHe sprang his marriage on his parents.The film made her spring into fame.He sprang a new proposal.

 VI. Detailed Study: 85. trump card: (in card games such

as bridge or poker) each card of a suit that has, for the time being, higher value than the other three suitsHearts (spades, clubs, diamonds) are

trumps. to play one's trump card: to make used

of one's most valuable resource

 VI. Detailed Study: 

86. startle: to give a shock or surpriseYou startled me. I didn't hear you

come in. I was startled to hear his news / by

his news.

 VI. Detailed Study: 

87. wile: a trick intended to deceive, skill in outwittingwily: full of wiles, cunning, craftyThe serpent by his wiles persuaded

Eve to eat the apple.the wiles of the Devil

 VI. Detailed Study: 88. campaign: a series of planned

activities to gain a special objecta political / advertising campaign

89. passage: passing of a bill so that it becomes law.Passage of such a resolution depends on

public support.

 VI. Detailed Study: 90. resolute: fixed in determination

or propose, firmYou must be resolute and do what

you think best.He was a serious, resolute student.

 VI. Detailed Study: 91. strode: walk with long steps 92. repel: to drive back by force, rebuff

to repel an attackThis material will repel heat and moisture.

 VI. Detailed Study: 93. punctuate: to interrupt from

time to timea speech punctuated with cheers

94. Amen: may this be true, so be it

95. enquire, inquire: question

VI. Detailed Study: 

96. mop: to wipe up with a mop, to wipe away sweat with a handkerchief

97. bald: hairless, leafless, featherless

98. dome: rounded roof with a circular base, sth. shaped like a dome

VI. Detailed Study: 

99. snigger: (AmE snicker) to laugh in a disrespectful more or less secret waycf: giggle, snort

 VI. Detailed Study: 

100. twirl: to turn round and round quickly, to cause to spinThe secretary twirled the pencil

round in her fingers.She twirled her hair round her

fingers.

 VI. Detailed Study: 101. pursue: to follow in order to

overtake, capture, kill, or defeatThe policeman pursued the thief

down the road.She felt their eyes pursuing her.The poet pursued fame all his life.

 VI. Detailed Study: 102. condemn: a. to declare sb. to be

wrong or evilEveryone condemned his foolish

behaviour.Most people condemn nuclear war.

b. to sentence, to state the punishmentThe judge condemned the criminal to ten

years in jail.

 VI. Detailed Study:  cf:Condemn carries very strong judicial

connotations. It implies a final decision or a definitive judgement.

Denounce adds to condemn the implication of public declaration.

When meaning to criticise, the two words are similar in usage.

 VI. Detailed Study:  103. livid: blue-grey, as of marks on the

skin after being hit (bruise)104. slur: an unfair damaging remark

Don't slur my brother's reputation.The rumours cast a slur upon my good

name.

 

 VI. Detailed Study: 105. gravel: hammer106. quell: to quiet, to put down

The dictator quelled the uprising.The police used fire hoses and tear gas to

quell the rioters.107. hubbub: a mixture of loud noises

cf: din: distressing hubbub, causing the ear to suffer

 VI. Detailed Study: 

108. forlorn: (one who is) left alone and unhappyas forlorn as King Lear at the end of

his days.

 VI. Detailed Study: 109. hail: a. to salute, greet with

enthusiastic approvalThe crowd hailed the victor.The people lined the streets to hail

the returning heroes.b. to summon by calling to hail a taxi / a passing boat

 VI. Detailed Study: 

110. on the books : (here) still listed in the law

 VI. Detailed Study: 111. wake: track left by a ship on smooth

water in the wake of: after, followingSeagulls followed in the wake of the ship.The car left clouds of dust in its wake.Many troubles follow in the wake of war.

IV. Structural Analysis  Part 1: A buzz ran ... his views

the setting of the scene Part 2: By the time ... for an oil

company the trail itself

Part 3: Not long ago...with the passing yearsthe ending

  IV. Structural Analysis The process of the trial 

Day 1: Preliminary fightJ. Scopes is here because ignorance and

bigotry are rampant. Today it is the teachers, and tomorrow it will be the magazines,… After a while, it is the setting of man against man... "That damned infidel."

  IV. Structural Analysis

. The process of the trial  Day 2: calling witnesses

Bryan: “The Christian believes that man came from above... The evolutionist believes…”

IV. Structural AnalysisJudge ruled against permitting the

scientists to testify for the defence. Climax of the trial: Darrow's trick to trap

Bryan.

  IV. Structural Analysis

. The process of the trialDay 3: verdict: guilty, $100 fine and

costs. Victorious defeat.

 V. Rhetorical Devices:  

Metaphor: my case would snowball into... our town ...had taken on a circus

atmosphere.The street ...sprouted with ...… had not scorched the infidels... …after the preliminary sparring over

legalities…

 V. Rhetorical Devices:  

Hyperbole: The trial that rocked the world

Transferred epithetDarrow had whisper throwing a reassuring arm

round my shoulder.

AntithesisThe Christian believes that man came from

above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below.

 V. Rhetorical Devices:  

Assonance:when bigots lighted faggots to burn...

Repetition: The truth always wins...the truth...the

truth...

  V. Rhetorical Devices: Pun: 

Darwin is right --- inside.A pun is a play on words, or

rather a play on the form and meaning of words.

a. Words or phrases having two or more distinct meanings. Homonyms.

V. Rhetorical Devices:For a church outreach visitation program, I

was paired with a rather reserved woman. We knocked on one house’s front door. Thinking no one was home, we started to walk away. Just then, a man wrapped in a bath towel, dripping wet, appeared at the upstairs window. “We hope you can visit our church sometime,” my partner called up. “We’d like to see more of you.”

V. Rhetorical Devices:

“My daddy’s an account.”“Really?”“Yeah. What does your daddy do?”“He’s a lawyer.”“Honest?”“ No, just the regular kind.”

V. Rhetorical Devices:

The major was about to address his men when the general came. The general talked to the soldiers and left. Then the major announced:" The general had just made a general speech. Now listen the major points."

V. Rhetorical Devices:

b. words having the same or almost same sound but differing in form and meaning. Homophones.Seven days without water makes

one weak.

  V. Rhetorical Devices: 

Then there was the man in the restaurant. “You're not eating your fish,” the waitress said to him. “Anything wrong with it?”

“Long time no see (sea),” the man replied.

V. Rhetorical Devices:   

Oxymoron: formed by conjoining of two contrasting terms. Malone called my conviction a "victorious

defeat".bitter sweet memories proud humilityorderly chaosa damned saint

V. Rhetorical Devices:  

Ironymarching backwards to the glorious

age of the 16th centuryHiroshima---the liveliest city in the

world

Thank you!