Unit 10 The Trial That Rocked the World

John Scopes

Lecturer: Meng Fanyan

Understanding of the title

What rhetorical device does the author employ?

--- Hyperbole. What do we anticipate and predict when

seeing the title? --- Injustice, persecution, violation of

human rights, ignorance of prevailing intelligence, etc.

1. To know the significance of this event 2. To have a clear grasp of the process of the trial 3. To appreciate the art of language 4. To learn the legal language

Teaching Aims

Major Teaching Points

1. Background information 2. Detailed study of the text 3. Discourse analysis 4. Rhetoric devices 5. Exercise

Background Knowledge

Information about religion Terms concerning trial Charles Darwin (1809-82) John Scopes American governing system

Laity: those members (Laymen 俗人 ) of a religious group who are without the special training of priests or other religious officeholders （别于僧侣、牧师的）俗人 Clergy: the people (Clergyman) who are members of esp. the Christian priesthood （牧师职位）and who are allowed to perform religious services （总称）牧师 God: the Deity （神性） , the Divinity （神力） , Holy One, Jehovah （耶和华） , the Lord （主） , Providence （天意、天命） , the Almighty, and the Creator.

Terms related to religion

Three religions There is only one God in heaven or may

be in the world. But the belief in God has developed into three religious sections, namely

Christianity ( 基督教 ) Judaism （犹太教） Islam （伊斯兰教）

Christianity ( 基督教 ) Christianity is divided into several sections:

* the Roman Catholic （罗马天主教） * the Protestant （新教） * the Orthodox Eastern Church （东正教） Trinity: Christians believe in trinity, that is,

God is the Holy Father, the Holy Son and the Holy Spirit/Ghost, with Jesus Christ as its incarnation （化身） .

The Roman Catholic Church has a very strict organization, with Pope （教皇） as its supreme leader, and cardinal （红衣主教） , archbishop （大主教） , bishop （主教） and priest (catholic father 神父、牧师 ) under him successively. These clergies are not allowed to get married all their lives. People who belong to Roman Catholic Church have a tradition of going to church services every week.

the Roman Catholic （罗马天主教）

the Protestant （新教） For Protestants, things are not so rigorous （严格

的） . They can worship God at home. Pastors（本堂牧师） , ministers （牧师） and clergymen（牧师、教士） can get married. They don't have a supreme governing body as the Roman Catholics do. For Roman Catholics, you can only talk to God by way of a church, confessing your sins in the confessional （忏悔室） to a priest who grants you absolution （解罪、赦免） in the name of God, but the Protestants believe they can talk directly to God.

Roman Catholic and Orthodox Eastern members draw cross on their chests, while Protestants do not.

Orthodox Eastern Church has another divine creature to worship, the Blessed Virgin Mary.

the Orthodox Eastern Church（东正教）

玛丽亚订婚

(Engagement)

圣母加冕礼(Coronation)

四使徒（ Four Apostles ）

圣母子

(the Blessed Virgin Mary and the Holy Son)

Judaism （犹太教） doesn’t believe in Jesus Christ. They believe in Moses （摩西） who led them away from persecutions of the Egyptians, and they suppose that God will come to the world one day in the future. Their prophets include King David （大卫王） and his son Solomon （所罗门） who was famous for his wealth and wisdom.

They think that God had granted them a place of inhabitancy （居所） , the Promised Land （乐土、福地）which is nowadays Israel. Jewish people have suffered religious discrimination by Christians over the long run of history. The Jewish people were not allowed to own land or serve at any government offices.

Judaism （犹太教）

Bible

“The Monkey Trial”

The trial examines the battle over the teaching of evolution in public schools in America in 1925. The trial itself was a series of conflicts, the most obvious one being

science (evolution) vs. religion or fundamentalists vs. modernists or ignorance vs. wisdom

　　 Legendary criminal defense lawyer Clarence Darrow is pitted against ( 相斗，抗衡） famous Christian fundamentalist William Jennings Bryan. Darrow’ s defense, and particularly his cross-examination of William J. Bryan, who spoke for the biblical, antiscientific, fundamentalist side, served to discredit( 羞辱 ;诽谤 ) religious fundamentalism and won national attention. This historic trial focuses Americans' attention on freedom of speech, separation of church and state and brings to the surface issues that are still hotly debated today.

The courthouse in which the trial was held

Introduction to the counsel for the prosecution and the counsel for the defendant.

Counsel for the prosecution （起诉人） William Jennings Bryan (1860-1925): American

leader, editor and popular lecturer; silver-tongued orator; leader of the fundamentalist movement; aging and paunchy.

three times a nominee for the presidency of the US.; Secretary of State (1901-1913). Just before his death (1925), Bryan was figured as one of the prosecuting attorneys and a state's witness against the teaching of Darwinian evolution in the famed Scopes trial held at Dayton, Tennessee.

Tom Stewart : Tennessee's brilliant young attorney-general

his son :( also a lawyer)

Counsel for the defendant 　 ( 被告） Clarence Darrow: (1857-1938) American famous cri

minal lawyer; 68; shrewd; agnostic ； He acted professionally in many cases against monopolies or on the side of labor; he pleaded for the Negro defendants in the Scottsboro trial (1932).

Dudley Field Malone: (1882-1954) American lawyer; 43; handsome and magnetic; Catholic; He was city attorney at New York (1909) and became third assistant secretary of state in 1913. Malone, known widely as an exponent of liberal ideas, was a member of the defense legal staff at the Scopes trial in Tennessee.

Arthur Garfield Hays: (1881-?) American lawyer; quiet; scholarly and steeped in the law; Jew; notable as counsel in civil liberties cases.

Counsel for the prosecution

Counsel for the defendant

William J. Bryan

Tom Stewart his son

Clarence Darrow

Dudley F. MaloneArthur G. Hays

Clarence Darrow

“ 斯科普斯审判案” “猿猴审判案”

“Don’t worry , son. We’ll show them a few tricks.”

The verdict was guilty. I was fined $100 and costs.

Victorious defeat

John Scopes Who was John Scopes? What happened to him?

He was a science teacher in a high school of Dayton, Tennessee. His name became synonymous with the teaching of evolution in American schools.

He was accused of breaking the law by teaching evolution. He was the defendant ( a person who is accused of breaking the law 被告 ) in this case.

As the last surviving principal of the famous Tennessee “Monkey Trial” of 1925, he decided to write a story describing the details of the trial, which is popularly known as the “Monkey Trial” .

A film called Inherit the Wind 　 ( ‘ 风的传播’） was made of the trial, with much of the dialogue coming directly from the transcripts of the court proceedings. This story also draws on the actual transcripts. He died in 1979.

The author:

John Scopes

Discourse Analysis

What type of writing is the passage? --- A piece of Narration. In what order is the story told? --- In the way of flashback. The writer first descr

ibes the scene of the trial, then turns back to tell us the story from the beginning.

What do you think is the purpose of the article? --- It is intended to draw the world’s attention to

the theory of evolution and persuade people not to be stubbornly hostile to science.

Part 1: (Para.1-9 ) the setting of the trial Part 2: (Para.10-46) the process of the trial Day 1: (Para.10-15) preliminary fight Day 2: (Para.16-43) calling witnesses Climax of the trial: Darrow's trick to trap Bryan. Day 3: (Para.44-46) verdict: guilty, $100 fine and costs. (“Victorious defeat”) Part 3: (Para.47-48) the ending (the effect the trial brought and the changes in the town)

Structure

Rhetorical Devices Metaphor Hyperbole Transferred epithet Antithesis Assonance Repetition Synecdoche

Metonymy Simile Pun Oxymoron Irony Ridicule Sarcasm

Irony 　 ( 反语） a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by s

aying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense.

The use of words to express something different from and often opposite to their literal meaning. 反语用词语表达与它们的字面意思相异或相反的用法

An expression or utterance marked by a deliberate contrast between apparent and intended meaning. 反语句以表面含义与实际含义相反为特征的表达或措词

A literary style employing such contrasts for humorous or rhetorical effect.

反语一种文学风格 , 使用这类对比以达到幽默或修辞的效果

e.g. marching backwards to the glorious age of the 16th century

Hiroshima---the liveliest city in the world. He was such a marvelous teacher that whene

ver he recognized a spark of genius you could be sure he’d water it.

( 他真是个了不起的人，只要他发现了一点天才的火花，你就可以相信他一定会把它浇灭。 )

Ridicule ( 嘲弄） unkind descriptions that are intended to

make someone or something seem stupid

Example: Bryan, ageing and paunchy

Sarcasm （讽刺） a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taun

ting ( 嘲弄 , 奚落 ) and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. 　

A cutting, often ironic remark intended to wound. 讽刺挖苦意在伤害他人的尖刻的、常带讽刺意味的话语

A form of wit that is marked by the use of sarcastic language and is intended to make its victim the butt of contempt or ridicule.

讥讽一种措辞巧妙的话语，以运用讽刺性语言为特征，意在使被讥讽者成为被人蔑视或讽刺的对象．

For example, Laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small

flies, but let wasps break through. There is some doubt about that.

Sarcasm, Ridicule & Irony

Irony is a subtle form of humour which involves saying things that you do not mean.

If you ridicule someone or ridicule their ideas or beliefs, you make fun of them in an unkind way.

Sarcasm is usually intended to mock or insult someone.

Transferred epithet ( 转类形容词） It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adj

ective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify to another to which it does not really apply or belong.

Or: A figure of speech in which the epithet is transferred from appropriate noun to modify another to which it does not really belong.

把本应该用来描述甲事物状态的定语去形容乙事物，而乙事物却根本不具备这种性质或功能。 ( 转移描述词 ; 移就修辞格）

E.g. Darrow had whisper throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder.

an easy writer （作品通俗易懂的作家）＝ a writer whose works read easy

I spent sleepless nights on my project. Two high points of color appeared in the palene

ss of the Duchess of Croydon’s cheeks. (two points of high colour --- high colour 指红晕 )

“Thank you,” he said as the three of them shared a lingering hug.

“ 谢谢你们。”　他说道，这三个人久久地拥抱在一起。

He must be doing some cold calculating just now.

刚才他肯定是在冷静地计算着。 I have been exhilarated by two days of storms,

but above all I love these long purposeless days in which I shed all that I have ever been. (V. Sackville-West, No Signposts in the Sea)

持续了两天的暴风雨使我欣喜若狂，我爱这漫长无所事事的日子胜过一切，在这些日子里，我抛弃了我过去的一切。

Paraphrase: On that hot July day of 1925 the court teemed with people who had come to watch the trial. As I went to my seat, the audience began to whisper excitedly in low voices.

(Suspense) The trial is concerned with the origin of man and the result will effect the whole country, or even the world. Therefore it receives much attention.

counsel: a group of one or more lawyers (barristers) acting for someone in a court of law 出庭律师（团）

cf: 　 council: a group of people appointed or elected to make laws, rules, or decisions委员会 ,理事会

prosecution: the act of bringing a criminal charge against sb. in a court of law 　起诉；控告

silver-tongued: (lit.) able to give fine persuading speeches, eloquent 　能言善辩的

a silver tongue 　能言善辩的人； silver wedding 　 ( 婚后二十五周年的 ) 　银婚 Speech is silver, but silence is gold. （沉默是金）

orator: a good public speaker, a person who delivers an oration (formal and solemn public speeches) 　演说者 , 演讲者 , 雄辩家

　　

Republican Party 　 (symbol: elephant) Democratic Party 　 (symbol: donkey) nominee: a person who has been nomina

ted, who has been named officially for election to a position, office, honor, etc.

a Nobel Prize nominee a presidential nominee 　　

fundamentalism （原教旨主义） fundamentalist movement (原教旨主义运动 ): Conservative religious movement that arose a

mong members of various Protestant （新教） denominations （命名） early in the 20th century in strong opposition to modern scientific tendency. Its aim is to maintain traditional interpretations of the Bible and what believed to be the fundamental doctrines of the Christian faith. Nowadays this word can apply to other religions.

bring about: cause 带来 ; 引起 e.g. Scientists have brought about great changes i

n our lives. Why does the author say the movement had broug

ht about his trial? --- It was the fundamentalist movement that made t

he trial necessary, because it was this movement that had created the religious atmosphere that was responsible for the law which prohibited the teaching of evolution in public school, and it was the existence of that law which made it necessary to hold a trial to challenge the law.

　

Insurgencies tend to be resolved at the bargaining table. 叛乱只能在谈判桌边才能解决。

On his sick bed he summoned his sons and daughters into his presence.

He passed many an anxious hour in the train. I spoke to him in hesitant English. He lives by honest labour.

Para.2 involve: to cause sb. to become connect

ed or concernede.g. We are all involved, whether we like it or not.

---All of a sudden I found myself in a trial that was reported all over the world.

on hand: available, present, within reach 在手头 , 在场 ; 现有

at hand: near in time or place 　即将到来，在附近

e.g. Always have your dictionary on hand / at hand when you study.

All his old friends will be on hand (present ) to see Jack receive the medal of honor.

I want you to be at hand (near) during my interview with the boss of the company.

The post office is at hand (near). I have a great deal of important work on hand.

A jury trial: a trial that has a jury （陪审团） --- a gro

up of 12 responsible, impartial(公正的，不偏不倚的） people chosen to hear the case and make the decision or reach a verdict of being guilty or not in accordance with their findings.

The prosecutor and the defense counsel present their cases by examining and cross-examining （质问） witnesses appearing in court so that they can testify. The judge presides （主持） and acts as a referee （裁判） , but the jury is absolutely silent. When both lawyers have finished presenting their cases, the jurors deliberate （商讨，权衡） and pass the verdict. （裁定，判决）

reassure: comfort and make free from fear; stop worrying often by saying sth. kind or friendly安慰；使安心

e.g. The doctor reassured the sick man about his health.

She won't believe it in spite of all our reassurance.

When the child was afraid in the storm, his parents reassured him.

cf: assure: try to cause to believe or trust in sth.; promise 保证；确信；使放心

e.g. The captain assured the passengers that there was no danger.

He assured me that he had finished. I can assure you of the reliability of the n

ews.我可以向你保证这消息是可靠的。

Throw a reassuring arm around my shoulder.

--- throw an arm round my shoulder in a reassuring manner; putting his arm in an informal, friendly manner around me; with the gesture he wanted to put John at ease.

Transferred( 转移的 ) epithet( 修饰词 ): 移就（转移修饰词）

A figure of speech in which the epithet is transferred from appropriate noun to modify another to which it does not really belong.

把本应该用来描述甲事物状态的定语去形容乙事物，而乙事物却根本不具备这种性质或功能。

Para. 1 & 2 Flashback: The description of the scene

in the court first then narration of the story from the beginning

erupt: (of a volcano) explode and pour out fire

Here, emerge, happen suddenly; come down upon unexpectedly and violently (Metaphor Synecdoche)

Explanation: The case had come down upon me unexpectedly and violently; I was suddenly engulfed or overwhelmed by the whole affair.

indict: to indict sb. for a crime means to charge sb. with it officially

(charge, accuse, prosecute)【律】控告 , 控诉 ; 对 ...... 起诉 indict a person for murder 以杀人罪控告某人 Five men were caught at the scene and in

dicted.

When I was indicted: --- When a formal accusation was made against

me of breaking the law Least of all I: I, less than anyone else anticipate: to expect, to see what will happen 预期；期待

snowball: (Metaphor) grow or develop rapidly in size or significance

---- When I was accused of breaking the law, I was the last one to expect that my case would develop into one of the most famous trials in US history.

reassure: comfort and make free from fear; stop worrying often by saying sth. kind or friendly安慰；使安心

e.g. The doctor reassured the sick man about his health.

She won't believe it in spite of all our reassurance.

When the child was afraid in the storm, his parents reassured him.

volunteer to do: to offer one’s services or help without payment or reward; make a willing offer to do sth.

Why ironically? -- It refers to incongruity between what have been

expected and actually happened. One would have expected that he would have known Darrow, who was going to defend him and not have known Bryan who was going to prosecute him.

Revision Information from Part 1 (the setting of th

e event) Try to describe the time, place, leading c

haracters and the event in your own words. (Discussion)

festoon: decorate (If you festoon sth. with decorations, lights or other things, you spread or hang these things over it in large numbers in order to decorate it.)

e.g. The garden was festooned with colored lights.

sprout: to grow or come out, appear and spread rapidly 发芽，开始生长； (Metaphor)

here, to emerge and develop rapidly 迅速出现 rickety: liable to fall or break down because of b

eing weak; shaky; ramshackle 摇晃的 e.g. a rickety old man / stairs / cart stand: a small often outdoor shop or open-front

ed place for showing things; stall Sprouted with rickety stands: shaky stalls or bo

oths suddenly appeared

evangelist: (usu. Evangelist) one who preaches the gospel (good news) 福音传道者，尤指新教传教士

exhort: urge earnestly or advise strongly sb. to do sth.

--- The traveling preachers erected /put up tents to urge people who passed by to believe in God.

infidel: (old & derog.) (used esp. in former times by Christians and Muslims) someone who does not follow one’s own religion; unbeliever无信仰者 , 异教徒 , 异端

draw up: to form and usu. write quickly and roughly 草拟；拟订

to draw up a plan/draw up a contract; draw up a list 拟订合同；写出一张清单

Old Testament （旧约全书） : Christian name for the Hebrew （希伯来人，原来的犹太人） Bible, the first portion of the Christian Bible. The part of the Bible that refers to events before the birth of Jesus Christ.

a literal interpretation: word for word acceptance of what is said in the Bible

call for sth: require, demand or need sth.邀约 ,请求 ,需要 , 要求

e.g. The situation calls for prompt action. I've been promoted. This calls for a celebratio

n! a call for sth: request or demand for sth. e.g. The President made a call for national unit

y. There were calls for the Prime Minister's

resignation.

aim at: point or direct towards some object, esp. with the intention of hitting it

squarely: directly --- The theory of evolution was opposed

openly and directly by passing the new law.

preliminary: coming before and introducing or preparing for sth. more important, introductory, preparatory预备的 , 初步的

spar: argue or dispute (with sb), usu in a friendly way 争论，辩论；舌战

drawl: to speak or say slowly with vowels greatly lengthened

drawl out one’s words慢吞吞地说；拉长语调地说

ignorance: lack of knowledge bigotry: obstinate narrow mindedness; the stat

e of having very strong, unreasonable attitudes and opinions偏见

rampant: widespread and impossible to control; excessive, used esp. of undesirable conditions, such as crime or disease 猖獗的 , 蔓生的 , 猛烈的

e.g. Mosquitoes are rampant in the dormitory.

Today it is the teachers, … Metonymy -- Today the teachers are put on trial bec

ause they teach scientific theory; soon the reporters and writers of newspapers, books and magazines will not be allowed to express new ideas, to spread knowledge of science.

We are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century. (Irony)

marching: it usu. Implies going forward for a great cause; here used ironically, meaning withdrawing to the dark age of the 16th century.

Irony: ( 反语 ) a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense.

Part 2 (Para. 10-46) the process of the trial

three days Day 1(Para.10-15): preliminary encounter Day 2(Para.16-43): calling witnesses Day 3(Para.44-46): reaching verdict

Time: a hot day of July in 1925

Place: courthouse in Dayton of Tennessee of US

Characters: high school science teacher accused of

teaching evolution in public schoolfamous criminal lawyer volunteering to defend the accused

John Scopes

Darrow

Bryanfamous statesman in America and fundamentalist who volunteered to prosecute the author, a representative of being biblical, antiscientific side

event

A trial will be held in the local court because of teaching the theory of evolution. (a battle between the religion and science)

when bigots lighted faggots to burn... Assonance: 类音 , 类韵 bigot: one who obstinately or intolerantl

y devoted to his own opinions and prejudices, esp. religious beliefs 执拗的人；固执己见的人

fagot/faggot: a bundle of sticks of firewood柴把 , 束薪

enlighten: cause to understand, free from ignorance or false beliefs, give more knowledge

启发 , 启蒙 , 教导 , 授予 ... 知识 , 开导 e.g. The tour to our country enlightened the f

oreign visitors on China's open policy. work for the enlightenment of mankind The Enlightenment

The statement implies that there is nothing lofty, noble or great about human beings in the evolutionists’ view. The two statements are expressed in such a way that they form a contrast. The first statement about Christian belief is definite. The second one with “must have come” about evolutionist belief means that the evolutionists are only guessing. They think that if people don’t come from God, they must come from somewhere else, and coming from below is as good as guess as any.

enlighten: cause to understand, free from ignorance or false beliefs, give more knowledge

启发 , 启蒙 , 教导 , 授予 ... 知识 , 开导 e.g. The tour to our country enlightened the f

oreign visitors on China's open policy. work for the enlightenment of mankind The Enlightenment

brandish: to wave menacingly sth. esp. a weapon about, It stresses threat.

挥舞 (刀、剑等 ); 威胁地挥舞 (武器 ) e.g. Swords brandished and banners wav

ed. 刀剑挥舞 , 旌旗飘扬。 (antithesis)

denounce: to condemn as evil; to criticize severely and publicly, announce threateningly公开指责 , 公然抨击 , 谴责

e.g. The newspapers denounced the new taxes.

A mass meeting denounced him as a traitor.

he thundered in his sonorous organ tones

Metaphor sonorous: having a pleasantly full loud so

und洪亮的，嘹亮的（声音） e.g. a sonorous oration 铿锵有力的演讲

they can reconcile evolution, with its ancestors in the jungle, with man made by God in His image and put here for His purpose as part of a divine plan.

reconcile: make peace between; make friendly again 使和解 , 使和谐 , 使顺从

e.g. I cannot reconcile the two points of view.

image: likeliness, form, copy, an object made to represent a god or person to be worshipped 图象 , 肖像 , 偶像

e.g. The coin bears an image of the emperor. The government has a very bad image because i

t continues with plans that nobody likes. divine: of, related to, or being god or a god 神的 ,

神圣的 , 非凡的 , 超人的 -- They can prove that the theory of man desce

nding from monkey is consistent or compatible with the theory of man created by God.

Gone was the fierce fervour of the days when Bryan had swept the political arena like a prairie fire.

Simile fervor: passion, zeal, enthusiasm 热情 , 热烈 , 炽热

e.g. speak with great fervor fervent: passionate 炽热的 ; 强烈的；热烈的 e.g. fervent hatred 强烈的恨 He's a fervent believer in free speech. 他是言论自由的强烈信仰者。

arena: an area of land or a large room where sports, entertainment and public events take place 竞技场 , 舞台

e.g. withdraw from the political arena 从政治舞台上退出 the world as an arena of moral conflict. 世界象一个道义冲突的竞争场所 The city built a new sports arena. After World War II Japan entered the arena of

international trade. prairie: a wild treeless grassy plain 大草原 , 牧场

scorch: to wither, burn 烧焦 ,烤焦 ,枯萎 Here metaphorically used, condemn hea

tedly, attack with strong words e.g. I scorched my dress with the iron.我用熨斗熨衣服时烫坏了我的衣服。 The grass was scorched by the sun.草被太阳晒枯。 scorching hot / heat

Mr. Bryan, with passionate spirit and enthusiasm, has given post of his life to politics.

--- Although Mr. Bryan was emotional and enthusiastic, he has been devoted to God and religion less than many other people because he has devoted most of his energy to politics, not religion. Malone here is making a highly ironical statement, he hints that Bryan is more a politician than a defender of God.

He appealed for intellectual freedom… appeal: to make a strong request for help, sup

port, mercy; beg 请求 , 呼吁 , 上诉 , 吸引 , 要求 e.g. He appealed to the passersby for mercy. He appealed to me for help. Some people say Peking Opera is too old-fashi

oned to appeal to people any longer. calling for a duel to the death: demanding that

a life or death struggle be fought duel: preplanned combat or fight with deadly w

eapons, here metaphorically

--- Malone, was both a Catholic and a liberal. His view was that people should be allowed to think all sorts of things. Science and religion could coexist and there needn’t be a deadly fight to prove one right and the other wrong.

The truth is eternal, immortal and needs no human agency to support it!

Repetition mortal: 1) a human being as compared with a god,

a spirit, etc. 凡人 e.g. All human beings are mortal. 终有一死 2) causing death; fatal 致命的 , 重大的 , 命运注

定的 e.g. a mortal wound, injury, etc mortal enemies 不共戴天的敌人

mortal sin: (in the Roman Catholic Church) sin that causes the loss of God's grace and leads to damnation unless it is confessed

immortal: living forever, everlasting, eternal, permanent

--- The truth is everlasting and unchanging regardless of human activities. It does not need any human effort to support it.

How did Malone attack Bryan in the oratorical duel?

(Or: What’s the main idea of Malone’s address?)

--- He expressed the idea that Bryan was more a politician than a defender of God. The truth is eternal which needs nobody to support it. Religion and science can coexist.

Then the court broke into a storm of applause that surpassed that for Bryan.

Metaphor

Now Darrow sprang his trump card by calling Bryan as a witness for the defense.

spring: (sprang or sprung, sprung) present suddenly and unexpectedly; produce as a surprise

trump card: 王牌 to play one's trump card: to make use of one's

most valuable resource sprang his trump card: use the most advantage

ous tactic in order to improve his position

His reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throughout the world.

Hyperbole & Sarcasm --- People all over the world admitted that

he was an expert on the Bible. This is an exaggeration meant to ridicule Bryan and to put him in a disadvantageous position.

Bryan was suspicious of the wily Darrow, yet he could not refuse the challenge.

wile: a trick intended to deceive; skill in outwitting 诡计 , 阴谋 , 欺骗

e.g. All her wiles were not enough to persuade them to sell the property.

wily: full of wiles, sly, cunning, tricky, crafty狡猾的；诡计多端的

--- Bryan suspected that Darrow had some tricks up his sleeves, but it was impossible for him not to accept the call to fight.

Resolutely he strode to the stand, carrying a palm fan like a sword to repel his enemies.

Ridicule & Simile resolute: fixed in determination, firm坚定的，坚决的；不动摇的

stride: (strode, stridden) walk with long steps in a vigorous manner

stand: the position for witnesses repel: to drive back by force, rebuff 击退；逐退 ;

使厌恶；使反感 (to repel an attack 击退进攻 ) e.g. His accent repels me. 他说话的腔调使我厌烦。

The author depicts Bryan as a soldier going to battle with the palm fan as his weapon. The depiction creates a vivid and ridiculous image in the reader’s mind: the authority on the Bible walked bravely to the witness stand to meet the challenge with a palm fan in his hand.

and the crowd punctuated his defiant replies with fervent "Amens".

punctuate: a) to put periods, commas, colons, quotation marks, etc. into a piece of writing 加标点于

b) to interrupt from time to time 不时打断 ;屡次打断

e.g. a speech punctuated with cheers演讲不时地被喝采声打断 defiant: showing no fear or respect fervent: passionate, enthusiastic

-- The spectators, who were mainly fundamentalists, supported and appreciated Bryan, and took his words as if they were prayers, interrupting frequently with “Amen”.

Note the change.

slur: an unfair damaging remark; any action or remark that harms one’s reputation 诽谤，中伤，诋毁

quell: to suppress; to quiet; to cause to cease; to put down镇压；扑灭；制止

e.g. The dictator (独裁者 )quelled the uprising.

hubbub: a mixture of loud noises; din 吵闹声 , 呐喊声

forlorn: (typical of one who is) left alone and unhappy; deserted and in poor condition; sad and lonely because of isolation or desertion 被遗弃的；绝望的

My heart went out to the old warrior as spectators pushed by him to shake Darrow's hand.

heart goes out to: feel sorry for; feel pity or sympathy for

--- Darrow had got the upper hand of Bryan, who looked helplessly lost and pitiable as everyone ignored him and rushed past him to congratulate Darrow. When I saw this, I felt very sorry for Bryan.

verdict: the official decision made by a jury in a court of law, declared to the judge at the end of a trial 裁定 ;裁决

victorious defeat Oxymoron( 矛盾修饰法 ): A rhetorical figu

re in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combined.

矛盾修饰法一种把互相矛盾或不调和的词合在一起的修辞手法

Part III The effects and changes brought about to

the town

Transferred epithet e.g. Darrow had whispered throwing a re

assuring arm round my shoulder. Antithesis e.g. The Christian believes that man cam

e from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below.

Assonancee.g. when bigots lighted faggots to burn...

Repetitione.g. The truth always wins...the truth...the

truth...

Hyperbole e.g. The trial that rocked the world His reputation as an authority on Scriptu

re is recognized throughout the world. Now I was involved in a trial reported the

world over.

Oxymoron Malone called my conviction a "victorious defeat".

Pun Darwin is right --- inside.

Synecdoche The case had erupted on my head.

习题全解 I ． 1)In the 1920s ，when he was a teacher at a secondary school in Dayton ， a little town in the mountains of Tenessee ， he was charged with teaching evolution and had to be present in the court ． The trial ，however ， rocked the world ． After the trial ， he studied at the University of Chicago and became a geologist for an oil company later ．　 2)The struggles were in fact struggles between ignorance and wisdom ． religion and science ． That showed the spread of science and truth was no easy task ． 3)Because the result would effect the whole country ， even the world ．

　 4) Darrow and Malone thought that the Bible could co—exist with the Evolution Theory and it was acceptable for a Christian to be an evolutionist ． Besides ， the Bible should not be interpreted and accepted literally ． Bryan just thought the opposite way. 　

5) The trial began with prayer by a local minister. This showed the connection of the religion (Christianity) with the law. Among 12 jurors three had never read any book except the Bible. One couldn't read. That showed that the religion and ignorance play an important role in the law. Judging by the fact above, the law and legal procedures in the U. S. at that time were not sensible.　 6) John Scopes lost the case in the court, but he won in a real sense. 　 7) We cannot take the Bible literally. Actually there is something inconsistent in it. It can be accepted as a religious book whose interpretation should not be defined by some people only. 　 8)This article is intended to draw the world's attention to the Evolution Theory and persuade people not to be stubbornly hostile to science.

II. 1)We have some clever and unexpected tactics and we will surprise them in the trial.2)The case had come down upon me unexpectedly and violently. 　 3)The fundamentalists believe in a word-for-word acceptance of what is said in the Bible. 　 4)that all life had developed gradually from a common original organism　 5)Let's accuse Scopes of teaching evolution and let the court decide whether he is breaking the law or not. 　 6) People from the nearby mountains, mostly fundamentalists, came to support Bryan against those professors, scientists, and lawyers who came from the northern big cities and were not fundamentalists. 　 7)As my father complained angrily, "That' s no jury at all. "8)He is here because unenlightenment and prejudice are widespread and unchecked.　 9)People had to pay in order to have a look at the ape and to consider carefully whether apes and humans could have a common ancestry. 　 10)and the crowd, who were mainly fundamentalists, took his words showing no fear as if they were prayers, interrupting frequently with "Amen"

Ⅳ.　 1)legal terms: court, defence, criminal lawyer, leading councel for the prosecution, state legislature, trial, testify, a jury trial, case, indict, the U. S. Supreme Court, defend, presiding judge, attorney-general, open the session, juror, legality, witness, evidence, accuse, adjourn, verdict, jurymen, guilty, conviction 　 2)religious terms: fundamentalists , modernists, the Old Testament, fundamentalism, the Bible, agnostic, Catholic, Jew, infidel, God, Amen, Genesis"

Ⅴ. 1)Today the teachers are put on trial because they teach science, soon the magazines, books and newspapers will not be allowed to express new ideas. 　 2)"It is doubtful whether man (rather the fundamentalist) has reasoning power," Darrow said in a contemptuous way.　 3)The Christian believes that God in heaven made human being but the evolutionist thinks human beings come from lowly animals. The implication is there is nothing lofty, noble about human beings in the eyes of the evolutionist.　 4)This is a pun, i. e. playing on words. This sentence may have two different interpretations, depending on how you read it. If you pause before the dash, it means Darwin, the naturalist is correct. If you read out the whole sentence, it means Darwin the shop owner is directly inside.

5)Even the ape shuddered when it realized that it might share the same ancestry with human beings (especially the fundamentalists).6) Malone considered the defeat a blessing in disguise, although Scopes was found guilty, they had succeeded in drawing the attention of the people all over the United States to this issue.

　 7)The statement conveys false modesty about being with the people and indicates regional narrow-mindedness and bigotry.　

　

8)This shows that the jurors were ignorant, prejudiced and narrow minded. There couldn't be a fair and impartial trial.　 9)Bryan's role is self-appointed. There is no need for Bryan to act as the spokesman. If a thing is true it does not need anyone, least of all Bryan, to defend it. 　 10) Bryan was dead against knowledge, Science and new ideas, so it was ironical to name a university after him because the function of a university was to spread knowledge, science and new ideas.

Ⅵ. 1)snowball: metaphor; grow or develop rapidly 　 2)circus atmosphere: metaphor; riotous or noisy holiday spirit 　 3)sprout: metaphor; grow or spring up quickly 　 4)spar: metaphor; fight with words, engage in argument 　 5)thunder: metaphor; say loudly and angrily 　 6)like a prairie fire: simile; spreading quickly, rapidly and overcoming all obstacles 　 7)scorch : metaphor wither, thoroughly defeat;

hot breath of his oratory: metaphor; the fiery speech, the caustic condemnation 　 8)a duel: metaphor; a life and death struggle　

9)a storm of applause ： metaphor； loud applause by many people 　 10)the oratorical duel ： metaphor； the speech contest 　 11)spring the trump card ： metaphor； take the most decisive course of action which one believes cannot fail 　 12)oratorical storm ， blew up ： metaphors； the great debate that took place;

like a fresh wind ： simile； brought new and healthy changes

The great debate initiated by Clarence Darrow and Dudley Field Malone in the little court in Dayton brought new and healthy changes throughout the schools and legislative offices of the United States.

Ⅶ ．　 1)hyperbole 　　　 2)transferred epithet 　　　 3)synecdoche 　　　 4) ridicule 　　　 5)sarcasm 　　　 6)irony 　　　 7)sarcasm 　　　 8)antithesis 　　　 9)hyperbole 　　　 10)ridicule ， simile 　　　 11)ridicule 　　　 12)oxymoran

•Ⅷ ． 1)初级法院的裁决有利于父母，后来又作了相反的裁决。•2) 立法部门制订法律，行政部门执行法律，司法部门解释法律。•3) 三个证人出庭作证，证明他无罪。• 4) 他们呼吁速由一个公正的陪审团进行公审。•5) 在美国法院，证人宣誓照实直说时，要把一只手放在《圣经》上。•6)自助者，上帝助之。• 7) 不管什么种族、民族和宗教信仰，在法律面前，法官应一视同仁。• 8)Barristers 是在法庭上进行控告或辩护的律师。• 9) 作为原告辩护律师，他就要尽力证明被告有罪。作为被告辩护律师，他就要为被告辩护。

Ⅸ. 1)At that time metaphysics was rampant ．2)I did not anticipate that 1 would get involved in this dispute

3)You must involve yourself in the work if you want to learn something.

4)The jury brought in a verdict of guilty and the judge sentenced him to three years' imprisonment.

5)Racial discrimination still exists in various forms in the United States though racial segregation is against the law. 　

6)I think we can reconcile the two views. 7)He seemed reconciled to the idea. 8)The spectators' hearts went out to the defend

ant. 9)The London papers expressed the view that t

he collapse of Nazi Germany was at hand. 10)He estimated the number of scouts on hand

as ranging from three to five. 11)The project got under way soon after the sig

ning of the contract.

X. 　 criminal, guilt, defendant, legal, defence, afford, at, prison, prepared || trial, cross-examine, prosecution, witnesses, attend, compelled, court, counsel, right || jury, evidence, accused, verdict, innocence, unammous, majority|| appeal, tried, offence

　 XII. Because of the wording of the anti-evolution law, the prosecution had to believe that the Bible must be interpreted word for word. And Darrow sprang his trump card by calling Bryan as a witness for the defence. Bryan agreed. Darrow read from Genesis : "And the evening and the morning were the first day. " Then he asked Bryan if he believed that the sun was created on the fourth day. Bryan answered yes. Darrow asked, "How could there have been a morning and evening without any sun?" At this, Bryan did not know what to say. Darrow then asked if he believed literally in the story of Eve. Bryan answered yes. Darrow asked, "And you believe that God punished the serpent by condemning snakes for ever after to crawl upon their bellies?" "I believe that." "Well, have you any idea how the snake went before that time?" This made Bryan angry. "Your honour," he said. "I will answer all Mr. Darrow's questions at once. I want the world to know that this man who does not believe in God is using a Tennessee court to cast slurs on Him .-. ""I object to that statement," Darrow shouted. "I am examining you on your fool ideas that no intelligent Christian on earth believes. "The spectators burst into a brawl. The judge used his gavel to calm them down and adjourned court until next day.