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LET’SGET RADICALFACED WITH SOARING UNEMPLOYMENT AND ALACK OF PROSPECTS, MANY EDUCATED YOUNG HUNGARIANS ARE BEING DRAWN TO THE RADI-CAL RIGHT. BUT WILL IT GIVE THEM THE BETTER FUTURE THEY SEEK?

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Until last year, the international media paid little attention to Hungary. This changed when the na-tionalist and conservative Fidesz party, under the leadership of Viktor Orbán, won a two-thirds ma-jority in the 2010 elections, thereby gaining the power to push through radical changes. Orbán moved quickly to nationalise private pension funds. In addition, he pushed through a controversial media law, which stipulates that a government-appointed media authority should monitor whether journalists provide “moral” and “objective” reporting. More recently, in July of this year, his gov-ernment passed a new church law, which official-ly recognises only 14 religions, and hence strips the others of the right to receive state subsidies. The Institute on Religion and Public Policy (IRPP) called the legislation the “worst religion law in Europe.” But Orbán and his party are not finished yet. His latest idea is to allow secondary school children to study “basic military science” starting in the next academic year. Yet Fidesz is not the only party that is mak-ing news in Hungary. Further to the right on the political spectrum the radical Jobbik party, which won 16.7% of the vote in the 2010 elections to become the third largest party in Hungary, is drawing significant attention. The Movement for a Better Hungary’s (A Jobbik Magyarországért Mozgalom) manifesto is mainly based on, among other things, nationalism and the combating of so-called “gypsy criminality” (cigánybűnözés). Many believe that the party was closely linked to the Magyar Gárda (the Hungarian Guard that is now dissolved, but still active under different names), which was established to protect the population against this “gypsy crime.” Jobbik’s main support base is not only found in the ranks of the poor and poorly educat-ed workers in the northeast of the country, but increasingly amongst the urban young. In early 2010, some 15% of under-25s said they would vote for Jobbik – the party was particularly popu-lar among university students specialising in the humanities or history. This raises the question of why Jobbik would be attractive to more highly educated stu-dents in Budapest. Most narratives paint a pic-

ture of a faceless crowd of “societal losers” who vote for the radical right. Can the same terminol-ogy be used to describe these students? I trav-elled to Budapest to find out. During a month of extensively interviewing students and hearing their stories, while trying not to judge and to re-main objective, I learned that radical right voters can be far from being the indistinguishable mass of victims they are often taken to be.

JEWS AND GYPSIES

Farkas Gergely (25), a recent graduate in econom-ics and sociology, is a Jobbik member and one of the youngest members of parliament. According to Gergely, the lack of prospects many students face leads them to vote for his party: “Many stu-dents in Hungary cannot find work once they graduate… For 20 years, no party stood up for young people and so they looked for something new. We have filled that gap.” A lot of the students I have spoken to in-dicate that having a university degree in Hungary is no guarantee for a secure future. According to Marcell, a 25-year-old public administration stu-dent, the bad socio-economic situation is a result of, amongst other things, foreign interference: “Multinationals, transnational companies and foreign banks have come to the country in droves since 1989. They were able to operate here with-out paying any taxes while local firms had to pick up the tab – they got no special perks,” he says. “The result is that the multinationals have devoured our economy. They became the rulers of our homeland. Every Hungarian government over the past 20 years has been their unques-tioning servant.” Szuszanna (21), a medical student in Buda-pest, believes that it is mainly Jewish enterprises that have received this beneficial treatment: “We’re not happy with the Israeli companies which buy up everything here – they ruin every-thing. They take a lot of money out of the coun-try and invest very little,” she argues. In Szuszanna’s view, the trouble is that if you want to do something about the situation, you’re immediately labelled as an anti-Semite. According to her, the same problem arises around

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the “gypsy question.” The Jobbik party introduced the term “gypsy criminality” into Hungary’s political discourse, which finally made it, in Szuszanna’s view, possible to talk about the situation - something that is very urgent, she believes: “During communist times, everybody was obliged to work, but that changed with the advent of capitalism,” Szuszanna explains. “Now that you can get benefits, a lot of gypsies don’t work anymore. They spend their benefits on alcohol and cigarettes and when this runs out, they often steal.”

RADICAL CHANGE

Student supporters of Jobbik greet one another by saying “Szebb Jövőt”, meaning “A better future”. They would like to see change not only in the socio-economic conditions but also in the political situation. János (26), who studies IT, be-lieves that students vote for Jobbik because they want radi-cal change. According to him, Hungary never underwent a change of regime (rendszerváltás). He thinks that many com-munists continue to be in power under the guise of socialism and that communism actually never went away in Hungary. Moreover, like János, a lot of students view the socialists as being corrupt. For a lot of the students, 2006 was the time they de-cided to join the Jobbik party. That year, an audio recording surfaced from a closed-door meeting, featuring the then so-cialist president Ferenc Gyurcsány. In the recording, Gyurc-sány admitted that “we have been lying for the last one and a half to two years” about the economic situation in Hunga-ry. The leak led to public outrage and mass demonstrations, including the occupation of the state television building by football hooligans and radical-right students. Many of the Jobbik supporters believe that socialist “indoctrination” does not only occur in the political sphere, but also in the education system. Jószef, a PhD student in po-litical science who is researching euroscepticism, would like to build an academic career but, in his view, it is very difficult to earn money as an independent political scientist in Hun-gary: “You need to have a political colour, otherwise you’ll

Student supporters of Jobbik greet one another by saying “Szebb Jövőt”, meaning “A better future”.

caption:Jobbik demonstrationin Budapest

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get nowhere in this field,” he says. “Personally I have had no problems but I have heard others say that it is difficult to get a good position if you’re not a socialist.” And it’s not just academia. In Katalin’s opinion the media is also dominated by “liberal leftists” (referring to the socialists). The “simplistic and oversexualised” American programming on television annoys her: “The Hungarian me-dia is extremely prejudiced and, above all, extremely liberal,” she complains. “People watch MTV, use drugs, find it normal to be gay and encourage others to become so too. That’s just ridiculous.”The “bias” of the Hungarian media does not stop Jobbik from reaching the public, János stresses. He says that the party bypasses the mainstream media by being very active on social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter. Moreover, this helps the party to connect better with young people.

Eszter, a master’s student in public administration, thinks that Jobbik is a party for the young generation in a country where there is an intergenerational divide in poli-tics: “Older people lived through communism and miss the security and stability of those times. In those days, there was still work for everyone. This means that older people vote more frequently for the socialists. Young people don’t have the same experiences and sympathies.”

HUNGARY’S YOUNG TURKS?

Péter is a university lecturer at both ELTE and Corvinus Uni-versity. He says that students who vote for Jobbik regularly voice their political views in their essays and assignments. According to him, history students in particular are drawn to the party - a phenomenon that does not surprise him in the least: “Hungarians have a history of lost wars and lost independence. This gives you a reason to become national-istic. Young people are convinced that, given all they’ve lost, Hungarians can only count on themselves.” Many of the students I spoke to integrate their politi-cal views not only into their studies but also their plans for the future. Ákos (21) describes knowledge as his “weapon”

“People watch MTV, use drugs, find it nor-mal to be gay and encourage others to become so too. That’s just ridiculous.”

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with which he can build his future and change the world. Towards that end, he is studying his-tory and Turkish. He believes that Hungarians must have more control over their country, and the only way to achieve this is to become more independent from the West. Surprisingly, for all those right-wing Euro-peans who oppose Turkish membership of the EU because of the supposed civilisational differ-ences, Ákos wishes to strengthen ties between Hungary and Turkey, as he believes the two coun-tries share a common history: “Most people be-lieve that the Hungarians are descendants of the Finno-Ugric tribes, but this is untrue. The Turks and Hungarians are brothers and there is a lot of research which shows that Hungarians are relat-ed to tribes in Kazakhstan.” For other students, Jobbik is more a part of their daily reality than their future dreams. Barnabás (20), also a history student, wears black jeans and a leather jacket bearing Hungarian na-tionalist iconography, as well as an armband in the colours of the Hungarian flag. His interest in the Hungarista subculture began when he turned 16 and started listening to nationalist rock bands like Kárpátia and Romantikus Erőszak, whose songs include 100% Magyar (100% Hungarian) and Lesz még Erdély (Transylvania will be ours).

“It is very, very important for me to be part of the Jobbik movement. It is an integral part of my Hungarian identity,” Barnabás admits. “You really get the feeling that you belong to a group. Job-bik helps people who feel out of place but have a strong bond with Hungary to find a communi-ty. Before I joined Jobbik, I often felt alone, like I didn’t belong anywhere.” According to Ákos, this sense of loneli-ness is common among young Hungarians who have few extracurricular activities to engage in or groups to join. For him, Jobbik is almost more like a family than a party: “At Jobbik, you feel that you’re at home. You are surrounded by people who think just like you and who want to reach the same goals.” He ended our conversation with the following words: “We’re there for each other. We fight for each other. Also for you, a better fu-ture!” The students I talked to are trying to change their future through the Jobbik party. The way they actively engage their political ideas in their daily activities, studies and career plans, and use modern utilities like social media, makes it impossible to label them as ‘losers of the modern world’ or the modernisation process. But despite the solidarity and belonging that Jobbik inspires in its young members, the question is whether

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the radical right path they are treading is the way to achieve their dreams of independence, pride and well-being.

Name: Swaan van Iterson Studies: Social Sciences

Swaan van Iterson recently finished her bachelors in general social sciences (mainly conflict studies and in-ternational relations) at the University of Amsterdam. In her studies, she focused on ethnic tensions, nation-alism and extremism. Being half-Hungarian, she was struck by the developments in the country. In January, she decided to visit Hungary for a month to interview students about their affiliation with the Jobbik party.Read Swaan’s thesis here