rrrrrtrrtJrllllrti.[,f,y [mn,US T:::::Y:::'::-::e::=:::5:::[_*,1

r;,ii;,i1r.,'i;r' L,tiirsier' iititiq'\/ 1,'/li;it,llili; ;ih# i.Iijt"]tji'ilii rlt iti i:i$ll" ,!'icChnrril:lll

0cf{llTinl,,i.iill{ltiil "'l"J,l'rrr;r5.

$1iilh,t$ risrbitJ jinht. r:lt"tr:1.r. lrriir.,ir riri:!\, Ic 1i: i.tgiludinrll irftrl;'rf;rlle, iJr" d ir{li'iriliil"r,:rtr{1fl fi hl;'rth.

i1{}[ir*f,]diftii ilir iirs l'jir,3ilfifri m !',ihi{lh tlie '1ri:rijim iiinraiss ilrrr:lnljcn t*

i{ii ',,'tij{i:ttrii"'r)irr; iitl ilalls'l'ersH !i,./;:t!,,'{}s Ltrit riii.ratinns iit"n ilf[!\r]ndiiltjialihe r:l'lalijcier-i[i1ifl15 ilf a peilndil: i,varr'e nciLld(. $p{tafl, r,'l/nvel{iil0lth,

lrl:qL;ency ail{l ilBt"iild. ;lnil *lnplituilfl AmnnU [lr,,+ ur0ncrilrjs of pen-rl{"iiu .vilr,"flr$ ar{: rsilililiiDil, i"flfrilcti,in (thi: ch;ugu ln lfie direction rrf awfiric ihff erlni's a nlrlrjlun: at fifi ilJtiJlri). inte rJer;:rir:n lthe rr:mbina[lr:n0f [i,'i{"r i]r- lrrlr',r} wir.\/il}s iirir"rultnn0{.iirsly in ;a rrr*r"trrr.'lrrri rJri'lraction lthr:;19p1!'riliri'i:elrslinfi" ilf i] r,ufive arntnrJ iln nh5tililJill anr:l ihf i..r.,lpille|"rrferr ltlti; a{lpilr,}ilt;Iinlr]c rri rhe irnquefifli/ r-1f I idii\/u;[]j perceil'ec[;i/

.til lL:ill',ij,' ti,:;l ....,:. .1. .r* r'ltiil;.ir,* t[:'tirj]r .tri1-./Frr" lt,* ,.r...r.../0'irlrilui-] Sfrr' ,it9 ,lls;^, gl''

$fi#_&r*dtffi iffi r,$hitl't) tffi lffi ,hl fl1il} fr) ;W ll,,il,'1 ilJiffittrlii$\ilil:rllffirt{h,,{ li.}tfir \inllrrd!,i]ri,rr'ljt$ ,itliilrf*.1-1,rprl,

'.ii:tt:,hiat'.,.:..'. .rt' r,' r. .::...,,. lq-:t,"..ti'T.i .)11,.;i ,,:... 1t,.,r.:.... i.:l.rtr,;" ..:i I i .,.lirs[xS liir,i]l cI!1,!'" h't.ll if :i lLLi1ris is lrnns fi:rretl i.t:i 1,,,,r;,' LJ.'!r.rrt,..'t. ,.{,.i ,. irti ,.,,,. lt.l. tt ll.L: ,l.r.rr_,.i .ti,,...,1 i,f,-. ii.firl.l i r-.ct ..tt:ili,.lt. iit.,.,:i,

.t .t.L:.1 i1lr,r.ili i.ltr .t.tLt 1l.rr1 1.. ir1,, ., i1x.i, 11,r4 .ilrr,.-'.1 ,,,,,,1_ .., t i: ilr,, :nr:r3]

p eriod [ *,l'r uvrc ), l rityls li: r:l ii.-]nd i,ur,/" l.: ril rr cri. llri.l l; s.,''"

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{''}l v' {.}t$,il F"C'{'X\'ilr.$,\i th,u crlnclusicn ul- thi:i ciriiptr.lr rc,ii r,r.,i]l Lro ,:rble lu,:

[]L:f ine thc reimslr*r,':i'r.rtlir'r'r'rn.'c', rr!.J!d irroljrJrt, !ti:ttL\,\'s,,J'ia, t,tttt'e, lttg-,ql1:r.iirrirl li r:n!r, al){i .llu./iirr''i' t.ttJi.,*," ill1d pr0rrirlrl c.Lun":pl*s al each"L,'r'rnipnrc and cLlnft'asl :rccJi,rniclrl iia'es u,.ith cl,:crr*rriugnetic warq:s.Ifef irrc the lenns ptt.it.-d, fi.equenr'.t,, ilm{}!i,!:it.u.N{, and rrrn.,ller*gl*,und soli e prlrirl*nrs l.hfit relillc thcsr: rlr.lantirie s to n,in c sp"eecl_t-tsc r cliagranr oi"r lrerioriic wa'c tr, idenril}, the r.ilor,r,i*g: crest.rroirgh. rrnplitnilc, iihasu. and r.rar,.*i*ngtlr.

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f,]*iine tho tcnn n:'ll*;ritsn. irnri *ppl.,, ttrc llp,, r:;lllcline thc t*rm rtr.r,, tnd fipplir i; to rlinorrs\\ iL|c.\.L]*1in. ths terl:lt.r'c'lrrii'il{ll. irnd npph, Sne11'.si-)efine t.he ternis rr{ rir.{f.,rryg/l.t,s i,i ieilfe,.e ur, e,,t; il L' t:,. re,r ( ) fi { ri ri::i:,. ii nd a! i.I,f i ft t' t k.t n.

t1,'ilcs of, pc,rio"lic

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lrr,'tplain htlli' int*rfbre*I{J1J c*11 irrorinc* stnrrding rrirr e s ilrrd bcah;.ijeiinc thc le rm lltt,r.t{tl+,tr e.rrt:,crr:. tnd cxplain tiils ulrtln,crlrenan,.d ,,, ,..,

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i I L t l t 1l., ] ] l,t 1ili t,l rii " I it,,.l L-t,Ji,i- i"{r1,, "1i:,1 i,.; ti.;t;.|1,,. t::

flr ll ;l i;t ilil-,l,,,rll' ;::,E ft ;l i-p 5itiSirtfi lrl ilt[,pffi FriJffilg;1{_]\,i'\lt",t}.,',1,,, lfilil,l:lii

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a.::-:=::=::=::r-':-:,1 l1.d,,,fl{r 11 iiUpf lir,Lri -r.::-.::y:1:-::::1a:ai-r-y:y::rr:=':l

Eortrl [o {irf$t5. ,anel rare [iLclions lo ti'{]lru[]n. rrrn*iu; il{'[{.)i'r(ic.r.rriii.lli{}11 ]ilii.L i',il'r:factitrn nrt-r sitor,,'lt irr the r"iiil.sriirxtt bo1','r,l',

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"\e5t-tti1i1i 1t iln ill\.ililliliil *i'e longitlrdinal \\ra\ir. FlLriril.i rLsLrirlliv tr.ansnrjt on[1, la*-i:i,,Jtit;tt r.'..;,[,hr rhr surili*,: irr 'i:rirfr:r'". [h.rl rnciions,:rf'Sraitir:ies ar* both parailcI anci pt:r.

i:lcndicLiliu'fc flr* llilrcri*n cf"mr;,rion ut"rlic,!vii,!,d. lil tlrr. cliagr.airr. tlle co.,l.lr_[ri'natilrtr r,]if:franrif ii:rrii.: .tr:r.i itlnt{irLttiin;,ir ,,r,,ar,.;-ri prorluces lrhat is knorvn i,s it.t I I rt:n It' rr :;1,. c,

Ilest o,.r:riion i-,h I

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frrrltllllrrrFfffl'iil{ ilrir il ', L 1 lli'.' , lll I ,llil. ,l i'r'r'r'i11;-r1,"'1';1,

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ir ,llriir,.rlr:c*rnL1jti. ildt r,.li1i{ f.jt"llrj. iI iJ:r-: finre

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&b 1 tr.ffi $qffiFLrffi ffill'#,,{}ulfr\\''hen u rn','tt,o r13l,cl:i ilt:iti oti: n:itilirll:r i.* .rrurrilL-i, ;r;.1t 1. uf iltrl *iii:L.l\ ;t'i-i abs{t}rild'ri. arlil par:t flt$ve}i LLnrl.fi in1.r.,r ih;: rrri,l{tn;li ltn,;'ilitint. iliitL is. r1 i,:rc,iJci'rsl/. l', i r ii llt r:, $;uu d ii,ilrlxtr"llc.i"{itlrr r.lil'lirerrc* hdt\liilcdr. ttrc inelil;1. ill smril. r1u}i{i r..:i t.iiit

'r,,;ir,i+t; oil0rs_\' r.)1.l:ulprli;114* ,,r'iil be lransrnitied iintl ,'er')' 1iii1-r *. ili brl: r-i:flcr.:rr:ri. {t: h.iiic.,trr. lhr'.r rli l',"' r':il,-'r'r.-'d.

Ii' tltt lilttr'.: ilt'nr, n:ll; l!'iltn lr i*:r$ dil1.r$* 1.r) i[ irr]r'-.r Ll*rrr,ic r irr:ciic.lilr. llic,reilccti:d 11';1r,'9 r.r"i11 bu illlcr-t,tli. iti i i{ll" i),1.Il ,i);t: ilL1ii"nc,

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llope;

.'\.ithlirlugi.l transue r'$* \\ti\d$ a[{-'uscd ifl [[]c [\{"o rliagrlrmu a[-.$t,e fu iitilltrill.ethis 1ilrr6".cl"ty', lr:ngitLrdnlll ,,'r'llr,'cri beirar,'e in thc r;ame lnannef.

rvil{r;r", lirr resr.r,ir ,i'i,|{ be ;l sir'r'its oi'pIi+ne r,i,,it1/r]s1 as sh+l'r,v'n in the i,ii;'r,urrtunr e I

'trr,,r.

tn {he ur:xt diagrntm [h*,r,var''fl hrlnt* ar*, sttlrgi:Lt ]iil'r:s."fhe ray-s all [ldltli inth* same iilrectiu,n. [hi+t i5" rhel; arr: p.ilutilcJ ttr rrne anulh,i;r"" ,'\t ciisrlnces \r*r-]lar trunt rt poittl sou[cf, ''\il:l\/g:i i]fc1Jlll* n.*arlr,'I-.lirnl* ii1 $hi[i:]g.

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ffLlflrrrrr:rr:'-iL){,.t] ,,r I rr,, iL. I, ,i r,'. i i r.t.lr t.r;r Lt t r-: , .il Il

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litl tLr, ,11 1,., 11 rrl l,lr , j ll

ir{li{lii -, i ir'rr

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l

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il [rilia{ir:a:j1], :;ii,

"'l n,J rl.li;.t ul':t iil s r;;it I r''t

frri ) [1 ]. ii .

$ ilm*"';iqlmn'fr ift{1"ili ,fi*ffremt*dl \iIf:ffiil s!i,'ll;lt .i tllj.lilf \r,:l\;: ,iir:L,ir.r t-'ililutrllrl 'Lt;'1.ir-,:;Lf irtt ;,i,iitl'tlC- it ir; r'tlltUtCi.l l-rIlil,: :iiiL$tul iillU,l\l' Ll), gltr;llrtt ilt thll i.iinlt:r';rtn llol{.r\,1'"

'iijr: lr;lr"tl rtlrlr lllrikcs thc surhlcc is cilllcd tl"lr: lirri.'iLilrr,rtl r,l'al'i:. -[]te lrtgllr: Iriirlr[';;:s i,r,ith th,,: srjrrr,l,"]u il the lnglr i.ri'inciclenrrc Il'epresentcil h; t], in thr: clia-sriurnj. lliLrrl.lrrrl,,'. thJ,,r,a.oc lhiil lell",'es lltusurt,accr is lcnned ihe rl//i.'i/*,:i'u;ir\,c" rrrrl tlrr:;rn!ll* rt rnakcs u'ilh thg sunt'lce is lhc ru[lccted angle (ri,, in theriil!ir'ilrni. lLr dvdr',, r.rL$c. ilncl tbr rll ll'iir,,:s. tire nrigle of iuciliettc* is cr:1uir1 toiiir ilr'rrie lt"ri;-flcctinn. i-his rqiatir'rnship is knrtu'tt ils thr- lalr oi'nctlcctiern.

Ft*$'t$ fi rlttclils -::-:::

fifi r), .. d,{l i:.i ilir}l lrtrrlri",,'li.ciLnr,'enient tu rtii:r fcl ihc llrilr,,c ti{lflfs lhL-llIsel.ies in lnclrsLrrin;lilrill*$ ,l)l rtxriclenc,-';urri rr-:i'treutirin^ {-}ltcn il is r-itsicr to rellr Io thr: r?1.,.- imisc'ci-;l1cr.i rr itlr lhql'ul'a,,"es;rnd lo rnetsur,e thc angles +l'incidencc nntl reflecticn lr,'ith

ile i :ff,{$ iF{iffiFffiil{h'fr}ifl'ilffiff',{..1 1 :'... '.rr..r.i:: -.'l:l 'l.rL' .1 "'lil.:i;r I,: .ii;\' '.li .li .t.l -rli:r. ., ll": ','. '.1:i.

ir5 ,!rh{)1,;\'in in hr: lliiLorL'r.tllt hrld\\'.!pfi ltjllitf .r\,,;:1\,,9 i tj j..i lS

'The rval'e tlx&t $trikij$ ttr* hor-rndar;ir itr nttjllir.tui I is ihe inr:idt'ir! l'v;tl.'*..;ltltJ fh**ugle it ruukps lr,ith fhe hounetar.i iit[fllace {.81) i.i ll:': tlngl,; ulirrcidemc*. T}ac1r,,i11,'c ifl nr*rlilml l. is caiitirl the ;,r:ii/r''rl,:.,rtrrl lva,,',;":, rl.l.nt1 the lngie i{. tllill{tes lvilhtlie lrr-rrrntlar3,' sni: ibce ( t],.) is t irc ;ln gle u i ri::fl'ilrlti \ilx.

,,,\s lhc li';l1'rl rrti.rirsi tire secr'lttti rndd,tx..tt1l. itr.s Xi,;qrLr'.ncr"*,"lo*s noi *hirngc-;rherefirrr;. ils t:han11g in ",'illc'citr,'irr r,tccttnttlnt:i*iJ ]:ry i.r *hangu i11 !15 11:11r*:-1t:ngfh. In th* dilgm.ir], tltc,,i,,itr,rrir:n$Itit,in mc,.liuiu ,1. is lcss tlitil t.hc r;,iir-r,'r:-lengfh nl mi;,"liuur i {1,.: t; conscqricntl'\,'. thr: spceti t-i'Lite ',i';tr,'e in nltdir"rnr ] isalstl less thun the s6,'eed rrtl'the "!\'1,]v\.1 lil inu'dltLtu [.

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n:!r. ir iit\,t.r'1 i -.tit rL' .i .,.i.: ,i.r; ir: ,-.1{ii ,:I rltc..rrr-.,-"1:, itt. t-: ..1.r: llL.fi,j ,.rr.i:i;it{1l ii.:i;.llr irifii).ri'l.lic sirtcll .L1x"tl1d ifrgio,' in lh*st: met.ti*. I ins in:l,rtionshLnt#i1l-; br'*r,r.1 SLr* i l.

r$ll'l {tlr V2sir. iii : lri

Ii*e i';lir trr rinls l'r.rrirdr'i:hlln',"r,'alr l"icnt$. ihc picture is as ii.rlloi,u,s

lnr:ioeri': i'i,li,,

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[-,]ncc ilrliliir, 1x.'r rntrri]rir-rrc ihur angle.s of incitJ*nce and rctl.acriun rr,ith rcrip*clti.r a not"nll.

lJt,'ex:rnlininq tlre siz*.s of thr: ang[ts. \\.1'ci]n dra'v'r;onclr,rsiollr a6upt trrcr*[aftl.e srpcetlr; r:rt the r,viLr,,rs in the tii,o irrciiia. l-ir* rry repr.r_rscniinga sli"ixrer',.'';,,'rl is trir.rsititlneri L-lo$Lr to rile nurmal rhan is rhe rrry ,*pn*r..nrl,rg.r itstcr.'r''ar-'*.

\fuc r,rill urxpl*re Fliis phetu*itre uorr tirrth.el.in ChupieL. i:.i* '{ P-}' $h0TffiffiFHffiffiMffiH

'Jr,r,',_.r' i*(,"e \4i'r'cs pr.r.sing si*rLrltitncouslrl. tlir.Lrgh l[ri: sarnr: iuru nl attrclliutlt Ilt'1L"0r thqr tlrectir.lrn iitL!cp*nrlctrtll'{rur du irti affi:ct esclr other. "['tre3CI0

I

tfill0llfimilnmfimlffilmffiMm,mw6,M,illnilrmil I

srfr;: directiilis. lrs iLll;ri.r,.:1r'rl h;L,,rr,r. Irirlii., -.,r:.;. iir,l r^r:srLliiirri. i]ii-rirlillrdc i$,lc|'isLl:i:i.l;t\ ,1.'r'.,,lrt:Li,r.t.' -i.,i;,. ;., .' :- .:: ..

,rLi;. ,.',,n'r,.,.,,1 ,,,,-,;,,;;]i'i,;.,,.r.,',1.'',, ";1".,;;,ll ,":,"1: i.,

'i,:,,i:,1,'i;:-llliliLit:i lltc llot t:qt.trli in ntlt:nilttch;. lhe lr:sr,rIl is parriai dcstlir.:tir,.e irlreri]c,rcnce.

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tz'iiiltai ulii'cr:iir:11.,'-\.rtiltr:;ni r;)r!-rrriIri ilnd trougLrs rvili rnol,'c \'crriilili1]i ill np,pr,,sif,'

i !,nniir u,i uri .riridir(;ii {,., " -firt.: ,ll iirLl i"l.ltn bcl Lrrv illfisrrates thi."; pftcnonletrc,n.

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fl [d(.]{i[[, [i.\ frA pti:'rlttt hfli-rrs toilrs r:t, 4-li] hi:rlz lni.l 4'[:1 i1;'r"1- siniuirltncuusl;,'" t-'ltlculuUr,1i fhe nuilliicr r,{rll:l}ts hrr:lrrd ci:ch s*rnnd nnri lh,} tire pir*h oi'tlri: r*sttlt;iirl:r) L" { Lrl.

5(}il-"uTx{.}l\in) liic iriLi-[]ll]{-:t- rrt'L"r;iils ptrt" :l,ic{trnd {tllc bell fi'c-r}uenr:)''} is fbi-lnLi Lr,rr 51ifr-it'ilri11lg lh* iitn+1lr-'l'tlr;:ulLti:uul' ;l'r,rnl lili: iitrgr-'t'irnu:;

".,.,r,- ;i-li ; .r*f.-,,;'*",,,,1;-i+i i,tli !r:a;*-ii &'\

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ffi t tr.ffi ffiffis{i${As,ffffiffiii'ii. p*rsr:n',{'r)t'!: lrt p.lirck a :itrctchr,'d giritar string thlrt rras rtr)l r'{illItd{]l.gl] ti}rr g:.ritar" the strulld rr;lrulil uot bc fucord. \\,hat c:xact11,,tities tir* ruitrr.firr,,/r.,iJ,i'lrItrit]uli' ttr tltc 11r$c.iuciittn ul lrrrilibte sc,Lrnds':,

x'\r'lrr-ur ix sti!ng is plu,:ltctL a stafiriins lr'ave part*n1 ls csiuhlirihcil i1 thi:stling. Tirr: r"fi-nrar [ro:l ;rr capiitjlc *t'r,itrrutir.lg at the frequcncies prociucr,:ci b;;,rltr: stilt:ps. lnrl rt sran,.iing-llari* pdftcnt is ssiublished in'rh.- grlitJr it$eit TirisFll*ttfrtilu*ott is kilr]il'l''r a$ r"os$minr{:r- The ,l*i7r/iillc/*"r of the siaruilirrg lygl,*s irrfli* *i.rilci;,ur nrurrli lrru";r rhlrr thosu in tlrc ,trins. lio,,vrtrer. and rhJr.*l$r,l ,,&ehili.rr fird gr.:'Lritii. Ili ilul1*r'll, musicill itrstr.urn,-nts *.rfi a$ r.rsorlancc dcr,ti:cs,

lir)llotiil1eii. j'csr.lnanc can br.- itu urtrvartted phen$rnr;non. \"enrs itElo,, irglir;-1,rlr"r.:c lqiilil *aurlr:t1 a [:l'itige in -l'ecornl. \&.irshingtou. to rr:sorrnfr:: uI itii

;1..l.} [i;r l,l{} ll'{z - 4 Xrcitls'/lrI hc piLuh tr,['ritr; rrlsultixl{ tr;ilr,'e L.'r l'ir* svcr;1,!:ic of thi: l'"ln tt'ecllti-:nciesl

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ih$,ruur,r lchln'llr*m, lsft"rm*f'r lJ\/lmrnvl*l$o mmmd lsmn.ric ff$armt-ns

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tht li:i,ilJrittg 1,i\'ir\ic, dt)tnpi.rt"r:r;.i ir: lir,,J-,ill"rillri,;,X .,ull,,,u,s. ,* iii i,,, _iI I ili irict'ulrr;e in sprecrl i.l I a lilrll.Jr urui:lift:trir..{i.i til iilr{lt.cit$f ln ii*quencv {-{l a l,.|.|i,:r.p,:i,,,,,11

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r( )lilrLii.1.f1,.,0ll''.

{1,h. [n thc ciiugrirrn lrelolv, r'tr1' .trt] is incitlcnt on surfhcc "t )'- nt pcinl ,9. Itr'fite t:orrespr:rnding w'ar"c is traveling more ri:rpidlv in mediurrr I thauin rncdiurn 1" through vl,ilch poitt u'ill thc rily t"nost likciy pass'i

rlr

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fulerliLrm 1

l-h\) Lii:rlJnlJt Lt.;iir'tri:ii i.lL":,,rilr,',; iir.lnts jn lil**jiLnll I is 1-).{-}4 rne[en anr.1 iflmer-iil"rrtr I irl {).1)l t'xiri.lt!::r'. l-lLrt tir:i:lucnul' r.:1'lrlth n,u'aues is lL] herLi.M ,6S" 'l-h,l ch*ngr- rn thc dil'cction oIihe,,vl.rlie liorrts is cli]cil

1 1) relrncti'on [] lr rlisptrsrorr (31 r{i1}iactitru i,+i r.'llcctiorliffi {lQ" li-'ol"uparccl tLr rlic spr'rr{.1

")t'lhtl \!iltrs in rlc-riiurn !. lhe sper:d rrf'th'-\!'a\'es ir[ rurediirm [ 1s{ !i onu-hal l'nri grdttr.{l') lhe samcli'itngl* {Ji xl,r-,rlirt incrcaseti. nngle 01 rryou[dl. I I rl,ecr:ens': il l irrcrcase (3i ri:nrrin th,,: siinle{iolripar,;d t,it lJr* pen+rl ct rhe,,r,il\,es in medirrm I, the pcnotl tittltc urates ir' rnr:ciirtnl 1 lsi 1 l ,lrnc-h*il i1s grcill(l) 1lxe r,a!l1r

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( 1 ) ainplitud'; Il ) il'eqtir:nc1' 1.'i ir pnrul* il i iipri:*lJT4, The diugranr h*lon' t'eprrlsErnts :![l''i]ight ';rr;l'':il f16nl:r it1,'prolii:hlttg l1t

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75" A u,al'e spreactrs itrto the regir:u frehinr.{ a barnicr. Ttrris phen'rmenoriis callcd( 1 ) rtiflracticn {l ) rct'lei:tion (3) refi'action (4 | interf'erence

?6. \l'hich wave phenr:rnrcnon is lcprescrrted [n lhe rtriugnam helurv'j

([) rcf]nction {"2) dilfi'action {j) rcflu'ctior (-{) intert'erence

7ii}" {. glri tli{.rr\,r'lii .t\r,r';i.[\,' ii,*rn l] ,i{ltLrus i}f' $on[ir] 'rt ,r ccri;:tlnnt spcerl.'l-.loftt['lxF;r11 Ifi d]f ir,Jrjl.ri'rrr;r tlf lhc :lolrnti r,r,'111,41 pr"oderccri hy the${.l{.lrL^1;r, tlte f'rr:r:ilrLr:nr:ti',irlthe sr.rund u,'ars hcard b1'the girl is{ [ l loril'rir i ,l ) iiigh*r i3 1 thr sarnc

lltt: frilft;tl 'l"llctt r""tt1l:t tttrlrlllls

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ir:rrrir.r' tn llrr: liitr;rl)ilr\ll:.1 or,crIrr:irtl.'l ltrs

,itil riltut-{.ti.l$e ui wit\,$ Llll-lii.il.l"l llltlC1il.Liil [n \\,?I\/rJ I

rl :"t I

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B&se.,roLrr itrnsr,,\rilr$ tr;r rqur;:stion$ ${.} i;hn:ugit 8-l un rhe diagr:nrn beltrtr,'whicl'lrfiprpr!'sntr; the l\'ltvtlpiitt{Jnl prcttrr.lr:ed b5i a r''ibrating s(-}urx'cc inor,-ins Iinearittin a $hatrlur,,v ftink ,lf irrah;r. Th.e pirttenl is viell,ird tri'*rn s[']crve, atrr"tr ttrll trinesif pr;scni. \i ii1 *' ,lr,::,13

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,, il, tl' "l. ,,1,,r r'' ,l

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( l) .{ t]\ ,/J ti I L (+) 1l

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fulec!ilrrn r5

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il,l'* in piriisr.j..srlt-Jili ill vollunte. ancl c11ruul in l,i*c1rL.i,;ncr,'""\ r'uir:i'r3L.,11il[rr tjpiacctl at p,r-isiticn.t,'q!hiuh is,;quictisur;Lll liorn hrllh rirri:ukr:1"s, antl th,en is]n{lrrerd;rlottg a linc paral!ul lur the lin* irlinlng til.lr sueui,-err; Lrntil r:o r:iiri,.Lil"ld i$huortl. irhis is posritir:n r9.l rhe mricruphur-lrl is ihr:n rriil\'fld to posirirn {-'.rryh,Jl'e lioturd is again picked jrp h_,y thrJ nrici'l.rpilrilnrt,m6 $$' \q'51ri, ptleuortrcni,rn ilLilrriL:(l [i1e :icilr]{1 lr be loLrr-ler ili uoslil irr,n t.-'

ttrirn at poslrir:n l3',,i {} Leflcctiqirr 1J) diul.rt:t'r;i'"111 1Jl p*1u,rir,uniln i4 jr iirtdi-t{j,j'i::nL,J

im l4l{,lr" Drsraiicu .D, ir; :il'itrr"t;r r}r,il{ {iibr-lfirrj 1..} b,r'rir'r ii}xi{lilni ji"ii.ri}l i:1r,i i) thc r,1,;11,g1i"1gtl1 (il"Lite dfil'titIdd tr.rrrrrt.lt.l) ona-haIf^rhe !tu'ul'eienigth of fhc erxlirtcil rioLut(j1i-:l ) trl',icu Lh,* ,,-l'ur,'elength lrf lire *rnlttcr-tr sut_unrir-l) lhc c{ist;urce hr-ttr'*err the tr,r,,.o rpcrkrr-s

$ lfit. tf rhe stirind ,&;l!rl$ crriitrlri h;, il, ;lnai c. lla,,e a ii.cqu*nc1r rrr'btitlhertz und a :ipeed of 3lt] lnetrrrs p*;r'sr,corlrJ. rheir ,,;q,in,*1.tlgrh is{1} i.t} m (1) l.{} m 1J) {}.t_i nr {4} .5{l ru

't& l{l?. ,'\s thc L'ilst s;reak..r'is adjusted $o trhi:rt rlre sorrncl rhat ir eprrts islEtlo orrt of phasc r,r'ith rhc sound cmitted by the secr.rnd speakc'r.thc loirr"luerss of the scrnnrl rr:ce i.,'*d at ..i istll.Jr*ittcr' ,ri lcss l.li iire::;-tr1*

ft* ['t|:1. tt':ip*i,rIsr J], wcnr' r1.fi}rved and *pe,ai,ler ,D1 i!-ilff acc*l*rutcdfo,n'ilrd rricroFrhone fi. f.hi: fiequcrc)/ of the litl*s r[-trr:te,j at g,,iould1 l ) tlecrcasc {.1) incrcasc {} ) i'r:lnalrr thc s*rne

if$ ll {1,'il" t.lntir,:r ril.i.u-]di]ril doili.iirri{.}11$ li'ti:mncnltiLti it.il.ci prlrsrsul;,.:.,i*n{th itt :in ol'.'i isr.,-...ir.r Ll' jlrp r.lt ]il ,Lt -Lr.i'.

"l r /[.,

iiitlj 1t, il.1,"i:'-

(3] o{Nl) [{ir t,'lt il0(l i'l;r'l; ili :.:. :l

iM' i[fffi" riil[r1r{,1 r,'s'it!*ts pri.}riuceri b.,'tr.rning iorLi; ll.;II) lLtn*lruilinai (1) hvptrrholi,l iI i intilirlnltl

1[) h,ris l]) greul*t' {-i} thrsalnu,frfr 1ilrt4,, L i:rnpnrerrl lo thu spdcil of'$'alc ,'], ihe spcerl uf'',lai'c # is

l I ) less (2lr grettcr il) lhe surne

1-i"1,,":iltipt.i,:;.il,11;11:i',],,l-i,i'lrl

'I r'::' i

'..ri :l :l -

" ll) rr e,: hc "r

,.:,"',

l{.i1/ nnd i l{} *n the tiiagrntn hel*u' ,irncl ilnti,lr-l'.

0s

lvledium '1

32r:i, s25

rrfrfrllwfff$iltsMulilmflilffilll

-"lfr'..q!'"rlri 1rLti,-'l.r"liThnrti:t't

rimffiMfrffiHm$$lWl

l\l/\::::-:::==-::::rt::r::. }{ur ilmrras

fi'rs;ijji[r lir;n].:rj pi:id-l t:rf the "qlurir,:ffitaLlfti:tj{l $i}r:{tlrilm ill' irrr;jrr,i:jrsi,

il:lgr;ir.,;:ntii{.lil'*iii; rvitt,r*s ar8 lriltsvf,rse aild il;tr\Jg;t rl.t{lr'}stnfil. iiilr.rHd inl;itarJ. B*0i:rilrjH li[iht is a nersrlic rrvii\/e, it ]10$ss5$fi$ ihe chara,rleris-tjnr anrl nr0pBfi!ss of all psricdic i,va',,/rls: r"sflettirr rHfi'ilcli{rfi jntBl.i'r)t-i:jii{lt}. and d:fJraclinn, dnd il r-'xllibt[s ih* Dcptpler,;ffetl.

"i"le r;l'inciual;rp0iic,ati{lns r:i nlllecled lirtht lniint,s the usil r:iiirtarirB,itl.rd ilur'r{iltinri[r0r$. [-enses, prr-isrns, anrJ fiber'.,rptic bunLllrs tt'r] ttp0ld-ilations or rflrraciiilri ni light.

llrilrnr:tir:r'r and iiltnrfereflcr: ilffn be demonstrate d l:ri pii$$nr{j li0f tihrnr"ilth .1 siilUl#- 0r ij0uhle-sLit an'ange meltt fheriB devicris ,rff[ N,rJililefl til ffist$iLrrs [hB rilJaveien0{h nf Ilgnt. lnterf{]renn* alxi0 r}cr;*rs lruiljtthe relilentecl light trcrn thin lrlrtts iinrl i$ resplrnsii:ln fcr lh* r:r.:inrss{}H|l riil snfrtrJ itubtlles and nii slir;its.

lf innnqlchrrlrratic Night is ge ne raled sc that al$ ni lhe ilJa),,r;ls hit,ir:'r i;lir{lr"ur,ii:ifit [.]hase iBliltl0nship thr-, Llght is sniri 1n he rr:lierenf . i-,iisr]i|]ipr0dilrfi intcnse heanrs ui coherent light.

KH\' $B;I{lC]'[b',HS,r\t thc- conch.rsion of this chaprter,vou li'111 lre able r.c,:" Lleiine tl"re tsrtn polarizalit.vt, irnd cxpiain 1f i1t' pr.,rlnrization r,listin-

gui,lires betlveen tra-n.sverse nnd {ongitudinaI lvll'es." [Jrplain lror,n'ref]ection c'rl'ligirrf produces nu hl"lugt: in a plane mlr*

l'ol'. and desr-:ribe the chaurcteristics of sueh an ituilg.-.' Dcscnibe lrurv images are produccci [r3' sphericl{ rnil'rors, nttci use

fhc rnirror equatioirs to sclve pruble ms re lirtillg f* tircse iiltas*s." llraw ray diagruLirs thai iliusnrltrl irtago {bnrtittion by plnnc rtltti

c Lrr'\ r'{.i tri irrElrs,. [i:tplain holl' light reJracts ils it passes fitni otrc ]'ttilLtriuru r* itnolhcL:," De t'ine fhr: t*rrrr uhsLtlute iwle.v rt!'r:i:ii'tl.'I;{ri/r, iln{j s(}l\'e prohl{imii

using this cancept.- Statc Srir:il's llnu in lirrrtrs of absohlte indices of l'cfl'ectiurl. anitr

llolve prohlsrns nsitrg this *qultitrlr.' t]*t''ins the terrils critit.:tti Lr;rEls untl fttrut iutct'rtttl rtl/a:i.'/ir:rl, anri

rillirne therr to Sne11'ri lalr'.

,"rral,e sltteri in rll,':r-lli.ttlt ':l'ir ].i) lll*t,i-tl-l.j.orjf i{.j1]l.jl-liti,;M t{}9" i1,.11'., ;'l , is t,r,l:i, rhcn ,,;in hl,,r rLri

l I I {).), rl;) ,11 :i j -l j i,,Ii j,i.-ii# I [{]. Iiu,irlr:lrngrh ,\,, is 1.il tn" fh.:tl ,\,;]r,r:i\:ngllr j\,,,1 ii;

{1r l.ij m t,l} l"t} r:n i.ji E}.,5 rn t4) "{,1,r rr-,

t"jl ffil tl-C I Ail\{l,[J tffi ,Efi] {\lh ffi rfr' F{ il rffi lffi P T} ffi rffi