c12 religion

8/8/2019 C12 Religion

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Chapter 12
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Central_temple.JPG


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Religione

- is believed to have originated from mansneed to explain the world.

- unified system and beliefs and practices

related to sacred things, uniting into asingle moral community all those who

adhere to those beliefs and practices.

- belief in something that is more powerful

than mortals, hence a supernatural being.


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Elements of Religion

Belief practices dealing with ultimate meaning oflife.

The Sacred and the Profane sacred referred to

supernatural while profane refers to the

irreverence for sacred things as manifested in

greed, selfishness, and adultery.

Rituals and ceremonies observance of rituals is

important.Examples of Rituals of the Catholics:

-The Holy Mass -Confirmation Rites -Wedding Rites

-Baptism -Station of the Cross


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Moral Community

- all religions have a community ofbelievers who share common beliefs,

rituals to heighten group identification.

Religious Structure

- it includes body of ideas, beliefs,

dogmas, rituals, and ceremonies.


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Religious Organizations

1. Church

2. Denomination3. Sect

4. Cult


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Church

The leaders administer the sacraments

and provide members with guidance and

direction.

This the largest and the most dominant

religious organization in the society, the

Roman Catholic.


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Denomination

Respectable organizations which has

positive relations to society.

Some of these are the Aglipayan,

Protestant Group, and Methodists.


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Cult

Religious group smaller than sect andecclesia, whose aim is to search mysticalexperience.

It lacks the organizational structure and ismainly influenced by the presence ofcharismatic leader, the main concern isthe unconventional form of worship.

Ex. Rizalista


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Functionalist Approach

1. Religion provides explanation about theunknown and some measure of certaintyin an unknown world. It gives peace ofmind.

2. Religion gives meaning and purpose ofcentral beliefs.

3. Religion integrates and maintains

fundamental values.4. Religion allays the fears and anxieties of

individuals.


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5. Religion has an integrative function and isa means of social cohesion or groupsolidarity.

6. Religion performs welfare, education, andrecreation functions.

7. Religion serves as a means of socialcontrol.

8. Religion legitimizes the foundation of the

societys culture and integrates valuesystem society.


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Divisions of the different religions

existing in the Philippines

2.80% 2.30%2%4.50%

0.60%

1.80%5%

0.10%

80.90%

Roman Catholic

Evangelical

Iglesia ni Kristo

Aglipayan

other Christian

Muslimother

unspecified

none


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Social Conflict Perspective

According to Marx: Opiate of the people

Divisive factor

Conflict between genders

Critics of Marx:

Religion brought equality(Abolition of slavery)


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Opiate of the people

- To Marx people had the sense of reassurance

because of their religion.

- People become complacent for they were made

to believe the ideas of an after life & sufferings

will be rewarded, & will enjoy eternal life.- Ruling elites used religious ideology to favor the

capitalist, impede social change, dominate the

workers mislead them about their true interest.

- Social inequality is legitimized & passivity amongthe workers is encouraged.


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Divisive factor

It can provide unity for those with the

same faith.

Conflict between opposing religiousgroups.

Religion had created wars.


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Conflict between genders

In many religions, God is always a malewho is vested with power and wisdom.

(Muslims) Koran proclaims that men take

charge over women. (Christians) Patriarchy is favored.

Feminists advocated a break from thetraditional patriarchy & reforms in religiouslanguage, symbols & rituals to eliminatethe elements of patriarchy.


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Religion brought equality

(Abolition of slavery)

Critics of Marx claim that, in many ways, religion

has brought about changes as well as equality.

Religious groups in the United States were at

the forefront to abolish slavery. Many members of the clergy in the United

States, Vietnam, and the Philippines have

opposed oppression and struggled to bring

about changes in society.


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Symbolic Interaction Perspective

Focus on the meanings and

significance of the teachings, doctrines

and symbols of a religion in an

individuals life.

Religion serves as a reference group.


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Religious Patterns in the Philippines

Animistic religion:

Early Filipinos believed in spirits called

anitos.

Rituals where prayers and food offering to

appease the spirits.

Amulets or Agimats were used asprotection against danger and other evils.


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Islam

An Arabic word which means

peace and submission to thewill of God and obedience tohis laws.

14th Century Arab traders

introduced Islam to thePhilippines and gained astronghold in Mindanao.

Koran, their Holy book are

revelations of God to theprophet Mohammed.

Five pillars of Islam.


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Christianity

It was introduced to thePhilippines whenMagellan landed in thecountry in 1521.

More religious missionfollowed to spread thegospel and rich Christianvalues.

Friars attended the needsof their flock both spiritualand physical.


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Other religions

Protestantism - missionaries from the US whocame and spread their religion in the rural areas.

These early missionaries were mostly :

Methodist

Congregationalist Baptist

Episcopalians

Disciples of Christ

Christian missionary alliance

7th day Adventists


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Baptism

The religious practice, one of the

sacrament commanded by Christ open of

sprinkling a person with water, or

immersing him in it, in the name of theTrinity, to symbolize the washing away of

sin and to mark admission into the Church,

generally accompanied by Christening.


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Methodism

The tenets or organization of several

protestant denominations which sprang

from the revival within the church of

England led by John and Charles Wesleyfrom 1729.

It has 13 million members and about

two thirds being in the USA.


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Congregationalism

The doctrine of a protestant evangelical

and Trinitarian church based on this form

of Government which began in England

(1567) and gained strength in NewEngland of early 17th century.


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Episcopalism

The doctrine held by Gallicans that

supreme authority in the church lies with

the Bishop assembled in Council and not

(as laid down by the Vatican Council of1870) with the Pope.


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Christian missionary alliance

Alliance of evangelical believers, joined together

in local churches, dedicated to fulfilling the great

commission given by Jesus Christ, maintain a

big tent stance in reference to many doctrinalmatters, encouraging believers of diverse

backgrounds and theological traditions to unite

in an alliance to know and exalt Jesus Christ and

to complete His Commission.


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Disciples of Christ

Protestant Congregationalist sect, founded

in the USA (1832).

It adheres to the New testament,

commemorates the Lords supper weekly

and strives for the unity of the Christian

Church.


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7th day Adventists

A member of an Adventists sect, founded

1844 in the USA, which keeps Saturday as

the Sabbath.


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Separation of Church and State

During 1984, at the height of Pres.Marcos conflict with the church, heaccused it of politicizing the pulpit andavoid partisan politics or being based

against the government. He claimed that the church is breaking the

principle of the separation of church andstate.

In response, the church maintained thehuman rights violations and graft andcorruption are moral issues.


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And they are just doing their duty ofhelping the exploited by (upholding)

fighting for their dignity of the person. According to Bishop Bacani since politics

is a dynamic organization of the societyeverybody should be involved especially if

the issues are the defense of humanrights, promotion of the full development ofa person and pursuit of peace and justice.

Cardinal Sin denounced state violenceand enjoined the people to use theparliament of the streets.


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The church and other groups like the

Protestants National Council of Churchesof the Philippines and other non-

ecumenical groups who were critical about

martial law politics were active during

February 1986 snap elections.

It played a crucial role in the EDSA1

revolution which overthrew Pres. Marcos.


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Folk Catholicism or Folk

Protestantism

It refers to beliefs and practices of

indigenous origin that are woven into

Christian practices.


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Catholicism

It refers to the doctrines and rituals which

are prescribed, approved and maintained.

It has saints who may substitute for minor

spirits.


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Split-Level Christianity

it is where two or more thought-and-

behavior systems which are inconsistentwith each other coexist within the same

person.

Occult it is derived from the Latin word occultus

which means mysterious things and

practices related to supernatural forcesbeyond the five senses.


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Researches on Filipino Religiosity

1. Gender and religiosity

2. Ages and religiosity

3. Class and religiosity4. Education and Religion

5. Locale and Religiosity


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Gender and Religiosity

-Abad cited a previous analysis on Filipino

Religiosity by Arroyo(1992:5) which

indicated that gender is the only category

which shows a difference between malesand females, i.e., that females are more

religious than males.


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Ages and Religiosity

Expressions of religiosity are seen to

move through phases - formative, official,

and independent.


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Class and religiosity

Compared to the ABC classes and the

working D class, persons in the lower tend

to accept folk beliefs, encounter special

experiences, have a fatalistic view of life,uphold moral norms, show a lower level of

self-efficiency, and believe in Divine

Providence.


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Education and Religion

Education has a weak association with

religiosity self-ratings and orthodoxy,

relationship with God, and belief in Divine

Providence.


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Locale and Religiosity

Rural people rate themselves as more

religious than urban residents and are

more likely to believe in Divine

Providence, take a more fatalistic view oflife, and to some extent, accept folk

beliefs.


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Religion in the 21st Century

Various church organizations are active in

social action program.

Some cults have disappeared.

Some preachers and programs have

become household names.


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Ecumenism

It is sort of rapprochement aimed at a

better understanding between churches

regarding beliefs and break down

prejudices in order to undertake varioussocial activities in the spirit of cooperation.


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The EndThank you for listening.....

c12 religion

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