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LEZA Low Emission Zone in Amsterdam:

Implementation and evaluation of effects on air quality by long-term monitoring

GGD Amsterdam

Pavlos Panteliadis Department of Air Quality, Municipal Health Service Amsterdam

Tackling Tomorrow’s Air Pollution Today

Leicester 21 May 2014 Low Emission Zone Amsterdam

Traffic-related air pollution Adverse health effects Authorities response Air Quality Action Plans

Public transportation expansion, ring roads utilization, traffic flow improvement,

speed limit reduction and…LEZs: • “Low Emission Zones (LEZs) are areas or roads where the most polluting

vehicles are restricted from entering”

• 403 LEZs in 15 EU countries (http://www.lowemissionzones.eu/)

• Affect heavy duty vehicles (>3.5 tons) and buses Occasionally affect vans, cars and motorcycles

• Operate 24 hours a day, 365 days a year

Low Emission Zone Amsterdam

Introduction


Leicester 21 May 2014

http://www.lowemissionzones.eu/

http://www.lowemissionzones.eu/


• EURO 0, 1 and 2 heavy-duty

vehicles entrance prohibition:

9 January 2009

• EURO 3 with no diesel particulate

filter: 1 January 2010

• 1 July 2013 EURO 4 or better

• Traffic camera enforcement

• 220 Euros penalty for violators

• Average of 20 fines per day




Source: Municipality Amsterdam (http://www.amsterdam.nl/parkeren-verkeer/milieuzone/ )

http://www.amsterdam.nl/parkeren-verkeer/milieuzone/




Study’s objective Evaluate LEZA implementation effects on Air Quality

Experimental design

• 2 Monitoring Stations: Traffic and Background Amsterdam Air Quality Monitoring Network

• 5 Measured Pollutants: NO2 NOx, PM10 and Soot (Absorbance and EC)

• Measurement period: 2 Jan 2007 – 31 Dec 2010

Low Emission Zone Amsterdam Tackling Tomorrow’s Air Pollution Today




Instrument setup / analysis

NO2 and NOx chemiluminescence monitors

(42i-TL Trace Level NOx Analyzer,Thermo Scientific)

24-h averages from hourly concentrations

CEN 14211 (2005)

PM10 24-h continuous sampling Quartz filters

(47 mm; Whatman QMA). Derenda LVS 2.3 m3/h

CEN 12341 (1998)

The reflectance of selected PM10 filters

Smoke Stain Reflectometer EELM43D

(Diffusion Systems Ltd, London, UK)

ISO 9835 (1993)

Elemental Carbon, 1.5 cm2 punches from PM10 filters

Thermal/Optical Carbon Analyzer (Sunset laboratory)

NIOSH 5040 thermal-optical transmission (TOT)

EC/OC CEN/TR 16243

Traffic contribution concentration = Intercept + a·Wind speed + b·Wind direction + c·Type of day + d·LEZA Traffic contribution concentration = Traffic – Urban site concentration

Statistical analysis • Parameters for linear univariate analysis:

Wind speed, Wind direction, Temperature, Radiation, RH, Sunshine, Precipitation, Pressure, Type of day

• Type of day: Weekend / Weekday

• Wind direction: South/ North



Results





LEZA effect on traffic contribution

(95% CI)

Crude Adjusteda

NO2 (μg/m3) -2.47*

(-3.83 – -1.11)

-2.65*

(-3.70 – -1.61)

NOx (μg/m3) -5.45*

(-9.34 – -1.57)

-6.40*

(-9.07 – -3.73)

PM10 (μg/m3) -1.54*

(-2.30 – -0.77)

-1.67*

(-2.40 – -0.94)

EC (μg/m3) -0.28*

(-0.53 – -0.02)

-0.33*

(-0.52 – -0.13)

Absorbance (10-5/m) -0.16*

(-0.30 – -0.03)

-0.16*

(-0.26 – -0.05)

*p<0.05

a Adjusted for type of day, wind direction and wind speed

Effect of implementation of LEZA



LEZA effect (% to traffic station concentration)



Air quality health effects

Source: European Environment Agency (CAFE Program)

0.33 μg EC/m3 reduction possible increase ~2 months per person life expectancy (Janssen et al. 2011)



Future suggestions

• Real time PM and EC measurements (hourly) • More monitoring sites within LEZ • Background and traffic sites outside LEZ • Traffic counts

Conclusions

• LEZ decrease traffic contribution concentrations • Stricter LEZ implementation periods

Further improvement local Air Quality • Long term monitoring Useful evaluation tool • NO2, NOx and soot suitable traffic pollution indicators • PM10 background dominated • Potential improvement environmental health conditions



Take home message

“Observation of significant decreases in traffic-related air pollution concentrations in the vicinity of a roadside monitoring station after the implementation of the low emission zone in Amsterdam city center”

Thank you!

GGD Amsterdam

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