LGK LOA May2004Laura Gallardo Klenner , lgallard@dim.uchile.cl

IMPACTS OF NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC AEROSOLS ON THE

STRATOCUMULUS DECK OFF CHILE

LGK LOA May2004

Outlook• Some background

– How come there is a UMR-CNRS in Santiago de Chile?

– Ongoing research within atmospheric science at CMM

• Aerosol-cloud-climate interactions

– Anthropogenic sulfur and Sc

– Volcanoes and new particles in the upper troposphere

– Perspectives and aims (BASIS)

LGK LOA May2004

“CMM-Uchile-CNRS-UMR 2071”Moisés Mellado

LGK LOA May2004

Atmospheric Science at CMMThemes• Inverse modeling

applications: assessing sources for linear tracers

• Megacities

• Stratosphere-troposphere exchange processes and ozone in the subtropics

• Sulfur aerosols and cloud processes

Projects• INRIA-CONICYT (2003-

2004)• CLARIS (2004-2007)• IAI (2004-2005)

• FONDECYT (2003-2006)

• ECOS Syd (2004-2006)• Swedish Research Council

(2003-2004)• FORMAS (2005-2007)

LGK LOA May2004

LGK LOA May2004

STRATOSPHERE-TROPOSPHERE EXCHANGE PROCESSES AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE OZONE BALANCE IN THE

SUBTROPICS OF THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE: A MULTI-SCALE INTEGRATED STUDY

BASED AT CERRO TOLOLO (30ºS, 70ºW, 2200 M.A.S.L)FONDECYT 1030809 (2003-2006)

LGK LOA May2004

Oxidized sulfur (SOx=SO2+sulfate) is perhaps the

most "natural" species to focus on in Chile …

LGK LOA May2004

Potential effects on Sc clouds?

LGK LOA May2004

Step one: establishing tools

LGK LOA May2004

Regional-scale dispersion of oxidized sulfur over Central Chile using

HIRLAM-MATCH L. Gallardo, G. Olivares y A. Aguayo

National Commission for the Environment (CONAMA)

J. Langner, B. Aarhus, M. Engardt y L. Gidhagen

Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI)

S-SO2 S-SO4

Em

issi

ons

(95%

)

Em

issi

ons

(5%

)

Dry

dep

osit

ion

Dry

an

wet

dep

osit

ion

OH

LGK LOA May2004

Coastal lows

Type A

Type BPF

LGK LOA May2004

Coastal lows and off shore transport episodes in Northern Chile

Sulfur burden mgS/m2

To be continued…

LGK LOA May2004

There are more than 100 active volcanoes along the Andes!!

WE KNOW LITTLE ABOUT THEM

ZVN

ZVC

ZVS

ZVA

Alvaro Amigo

LGK LOA May2004

Radiative Forcing -0.65 W/m2 : 39.6% (75 TgS/yr man made) vs 32.9% (10 TgS/yr volcanic).

LGK LOA May2004

Láscar Volcano (5593 m.a.s.l.)

Nov. 1989: Fumarolic emissions

19-20 Ap 1993:

Subplinian eruption

LGK LOA May20042300 1120 [Mg/d] 400 [Kton] 30%

LGK LOA May2004

Fumarolic (2300) vs. anthropogenic (2100 )emissions (MgSO2/d) Svolc

Svolc + Sant

LGK LOA May2004

New particles may be formed! (Ekman connection)

Nucl Aitken

Acc H2SO4

LGK LOA May2004

Subplinian emissions as pulses

19 Km

14 Km

11 Km

4 Km

26 Km

LGK LOA May2004

SO2 burden as observed by TOMS

And ashes

LGK LOA May2004

Deposition (mgS/m2/d) and ice cores (Illimani & Tapado)

LGK LOA May2004

Next stepsMATCH model:– Convective mixing over the

Andes (Tiedke scheme)

– Biogenic emissions & Humboldt current (LMDZ approach)

– Coupling with CPTEC (Brazil) and MM5 (Chilean Weather Office)

– Systematic comparisons with satellite products

DMS Emissions

LGK LOA May2004

Volcanoes

•Estimating aerosol formation in the

UTLS (c/o Annica Ekman & MIT)

•Using ERA 40 ECMWF (61 levels,

0.5°)

•Including effects of deep convection

on transport

•Using 3-D wet deposition scheme

•Simulations of ash deposition

Next steps

LGK LOA May2004

Other steps and projects

• In situ measurements of activated aerosols in Sc by the Chilean coast (c/o Kevin Noone & Ana María Córdova)

• Implementation of a regional scale climatic model (Rossby Center), with S-Sc parameterizations

• MBL and Sc: cloud base and MM5 simulations (c/o José Rutllant & colleagues)

• STE processes and ozone soundings• Implementation of MATCH adjoint for linear tracers

plus other inverse techniques

LGK LOA May2004

Altogether

• The S cycle and its interactions with clouds (Sc!) is

amazingly interesting in the west coast of South

America… but barely known

• There are increasing capabilities in Chile regarding

people, modeling and monitoring

• We are confident of having a fruitful

collaboration with the LOA team