life and cells - biochemistry chap 1

8/14/2019 Life and Cells - Biochemistry Chap 1

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What is Life Made of?

Physical and Chemical sciences alone

may not completely explain the nature of

life, but they at least provide the essential

framework for such an explanation.

All students of life science must have a

fundamental understanding of organic

chemistry and biochemistry.


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Organic Chemistry

Organic chemistry is the study of Carbon

compounds.

Organic compounds are compoundscomposed primarily of a Carbon skeleton.

All living things are composed of organic

compounds.


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Polymers ands Monomers

Each of these types of molecules are

polymers that are assembled from single

units called monomers.

Each type of macromolecule is an

assemblage of a different type of

monomer.


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Monomers

Macromolecule

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic acids

Monomer

Monosaccharide

Not always polymers;

Hydrocarbon chains

Amino acids

Nucleotides


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How do monomers form

polymers? In condensation reactions (also called

dehydration synthesis), a molecule of

water is removed from two monomers as

they are connected together.


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Hydrolysis

In a reaction opposite to condensation, a

water molecule can be added (along with

the use of an enzyme) to split a polymer in

two.


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Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are made of carbon,

hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, always in a

ratio of 1:2:1.

Carbohydrates are the key source of

energy used by living things.

The building blocks of carbohydrates are

sugars, such as glucose and fructose.


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Carbohydrates

What do the roots

mono-, di-, oligo-, and

poly mean?

Each of these rootscan be added to the

word saccharide to

describe the type of

carbohydrate youhave.


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How do two monosaccharides combine

to make a polysaccharide?


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Polysaccharides


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Lipids

Lipids are molecules that consist of long

hydrocarbon chains. Attaching the three

chains together is usually a glycerol

molecule. Lipids are NONpolar.


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Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fat


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Proteins

Proteins are building blocks of structures

called amino acids. Proteins are what

your DNA codes to make (we will talk

about this in great detail in a month or so).

A peptide bond forms between amino

acids by dehydration synthesis.


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Levels of Protein Structure


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Protein Structure

Level

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Quaternary

Description

The amino acidsequence

Helices and Sheets

Disulfide bridges

Multiple polypeptidesconnect


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Life, Cells, and

ThermodynamicsBiochemistry = Chemistry of life

Combination of Chemistry and biologyThe study of structure and interactions of molecules

and atoms; Also the biology structure andinteractions of cells and organisms

Uses physical and chemical principles to explainbiology at the molecular level

Requires sophisticated instruments for dissect spectrophotometer, chromatography

Reveals the workings of natural worldUnderstanding the diseases and mechanisms


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Important Compounds and

Functional Groups


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Cellular Architecture

Cellular components

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Common cellular organization: Organelle Membrane - Cell Tissue Organ -

Organism

Components of life: Amino acid (a.a.),Carbohydrate, Nucleic acid, Fatty acid


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Prokaryote and Eukaryote

Nuclear

Membrane

Structure

With nucleusNo nucleus

Extracellular

matrix;

Cytoskeleton to

maintain structure

Peptidoglycan

50: 50 lipid:

protein.

45%:55%

lipid:protein.

Enzymeembedded

EukaryoteProkaryote


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60S and 40S =

80S

50S and 30S =

70S

Ribosome

Presence of

organelles

Absence of

organelles

Organelles

Larger size,

more than

10000

components

3000 to 6000

components

Extra


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Prokaryote and Eukaryote

Prokaryote and eukaryote cell structure from Wikipedia


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Archaea

Extremophiles - Halophiles and

thermophiles

Extremozymes Taq polymerase

Prokaryote and eukaryote cell structure from Wikipedia


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Biological Structure and

Interactions

Van der Waals interactions

Hydrogen bonds

Ionic bonds Hydrophobic interactions


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References

Wikipedia

Biochemistry The Molecular of Basis of

Life 3rd Edition. Trudy McKee and James

R. McKee, McGraw-Hill.

Principles of Biochemistry. 3rd Edition.

Voet et al. Pratt. Wiley.

life and cells - biochemistry chap 1

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