life is cellular chapter 7
TRANSCRIPT
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Life is CellularChapter 7
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu
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Key Concept: Cells are the basic unit of life
Macrophages engulfing bacteria © Eye of Science/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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History
•Lenses and microscopes:▫Late 1500s – Italy: merchants develop
magnifying lenses to examine the quality of cloth
▫1600s – Holland: lenses combined to form microscopes and telescopes
The cell theory grew out of the work of many scientists and improvements in the microscope.
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History
•Lenses / Microscopes▫1665 – Robert Hooke (England)
built compound microscope – looked at thin sections of cork – called the small chambers that he saw “cells”
© The Granger Collection, New York
smithlifescience.com
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http://sebastianharmuth.fastpage.name/foundhookemicroscopesrobertusing/
http://www.cork.pt/cork-stoppers.html
http://lensonleeuwenhoek.net/microscopes.htm
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History•Lenses and microscopes:
▫1674 – Anton van Leeuwenhoek used a single-lens microscope to observe pond water. To his amazement, he found a whole new world of microorganisms.
http://lensonleeuwenhoek.net/overview.htm
http://www.museumboerhaave.nl/collectie/e_voorwerpen/aalkijker.html
© The Granger Collection, New York
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History• Looking at cells
▫1838 – Matthias Schleiden: all plants made of cells
▫1839 – Theodor Schwann: all animals made of cells
▫1855 – Rudolf Virchow: observed onion root tip cells and concluded that new cells could only be produced by division of existing cells
© The Granger Collection, New York
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The Cell TheoryThe Cell Theory has three principles:•All living things are made of cells.
Nowicki
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The Cell TheoryThe Cell Theory has three principles:•All living things are made of cells.•Cells are the basic units of structure
and function in living things.
Nowicki
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The Cell TheoryThe Cell Theory has three principles:•All living things are made of cells.•Cells are the basic units of structure
and function in living things.•New cells are produced from pre-
existing cells.
Nowicki
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Life is Cellular
•Most cells are 2-20 micrometers, about 1-10% of the diameter of a human hair.
•Mycoplasma bacterial cell: 0.1 micrometer
•Very large cells: human egg cell, amoeba proteus, skeletal muscles.
•http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/scale/
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Cell Types
•Cells fall into two broad categories, depending on whether they contain a nucleusNucleus: a large membrane-enclosed
structure that holds the cell’s genetic material (DNA)
Prokaryotes EukaryotesDo not have nuclei Contain nuclei
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Cell Types
•Both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes:▫Come in a variety of
shapes and sizes▫Cells tend to be
microscopic▫All cells are
enclosed by a membrane
▫All cells are filled with cytoplasm prokaryote cell © Dr. Kari Lounatmaa/Photo
Researchers, Inc.
cell membrane
cytoplasm
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Cell Types
•Eukaryotic cells ▫Have a nucleus▫Have dozens of
structures and internal membranes
▫Plants, animals, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes
nucleus
cell membrane
organelles
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Cell Types
•Prokaryotic cells ▫Do not have a
nucleus▫Do not have
membrane-bound organelles
▫The organisms we call bacteria are prokaryotes
Bacterium(colored SEM; magnification 8800x)
cell membrane cytoplasm
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Cell Types – Summary Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
• Genetic material is not contained in a nucleus• Does not have membrane-bound organelles• Bacteria
• Genetic material is contained in a nucleus • Does contain membrane-bound organelles• Plants, animals, fungi, and protists
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells : 1. Tend to be microscopic 2. Are enclosed by a membrane 3. Are filled with cytoplasm 4. Contain DNA
Liver Cell
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryote_examples.html
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html
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Plant and Animal Cells•Both plant and animal cells contain a
variety of organelles. ▫Organelles: specialized organs inside
the cell, also called “little organs”
http://www.goldiesroom.org/Note%20Packets/03%20Cytology/00%20Cytology--WHOLE.htm
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Plant and Animal Cells•Some structures are specific to either
plant cells or animal cells only▫What structures do plant cells have
that animal cells do not?
http://www.goldiesroom.org/Note%20Packets/03%20Cytology/00%20Cytology--WHOLE.htm
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
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Plant and Animal Cells
•Plant Cells▫Plant cells
have cell walls and chloroplasts
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Plant and Animal Cells
•Plant Cells▫A cell wall
provides rigid support
▫Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
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Images Produced by Light Microscopes
Amoeba Streptococcus bacteria Anthrax bacteria
Human cheek cells Plant cells Yeast cells
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Images Produced by Electron Microscopes
Cyanobacteria (TEM) Lactobacillus
(SEM)Campylobacter
(SEM) Deinococcus(SEM)
House ant Avian influenza virus Human eyelash Yeast
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Using Microscopes to Visualize the Three Shapes of Bacteria
•Cocci (round)•Bacilli (rod)•Spirilla (spiral)
Light microscope:Three shapes of bacteria
taken with an SEM
BacilliCocciSpirilla