life span chapter 15 & 16
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TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 15 & 16
Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood
60’s – 70’s to deathPowerPoints developed by Jenni Fauchier, Metropolitan Community College -- Omaha
60’s – 70’s to death
Life Span and Life Expectancy
Life spanMaximum number of yrs an individual can live
120 – 125 years; remains unchanged
Life expectancy# of yrs average person, born in a particular year, will probably live
Increased 31 years since 1900
Average U.S. life expectancy = 78 years
60’s – 70’s to death
Differences in Life ExpectancyInternational differences due to
Health conditions
Medical care
Sex differences Women 5 yrs longer
Due to Health attitudes
Habits
Lifestyles
Occupation
Biological factorsFemales live longer across species
Onset of Physical Changes
Varies from person to person due to factors such as:
60’s – 70’s to death
60’s – 70’s to death
Living to be 100
Increasing numbersGenes
Family history
Health
Education
Personality
Lifestyle
Geographic locationFood availability issue
60’s – 70’s to death
Aging & Adapting Brain
Brain loses volume & weight
Some areas shrink more than others
As brain ages, it adapts
Lack of dendrite growthMay be lack of stimulation
Activity in brain
Using both hemispheres may improve cognitive functioning
60’s – 70’s to death
Sensory Developments & Declines
Inevitable if we live to old age:
Vision declineVisual acuity
Color vision
Depth perception
60’s – 70’s to death
Sensory Developments
HearingDegeneration of cochlea
Smell & tasteMost lose some ability
60’s – 70’s to death
Circulatory System and Lungs
Lung capacity drops 40% between 20 & 80 years
Lungs lose elasticity
Diaphragm weakens
60’s – 70’s to death
Sexuality
Sexuality can be life-long
Males orgasm less frequent
erectile dysfunctionEducation may help deal with these issues
– Insert tab A into tab B
60’s – 70’s to death
Health Problems
Probability of illness increases
Most common chronic disordersArthritis
Hypertension (high blood pressure)
Connection between lower SES and debilitating chronic disorders
60’s – 70’s to death
Six Leading Causes of Death
Heart disease
Cancer
Stroke
Chronic lung diseases
Pneumonia and influenza
Diabetes
60’s – 70’s to death
Nutrition & Weight
Strength training & aerobic activity recommended
Leaner adults live longer, healthier lives
Calorie restriction Increases life span of animals
Not know in humans
60’s – 70’s to death
Multidimensionality & Multidirectionality
Speed of processing information declines
Likely due to decline in functioning ofBrain
Central nervous system
Influencing factorsHealth
Exercise
60’s – 70’s to death
Memory
Declines in older adultsEpisodic memory
Retention of information– Where– When
Semantic memoryPerson’s knowledge about world
– Fields of expertise– General academic knowledge– Everyday knowledge of
» Words» Places» Things
60’s – 70’s to death
Working memoryClosely linked to short-term memory
Emphasizes memory as a place for mental work
Perceptual speed Amount of time it takes to perform simple perceptual-motor tasks
Decline in perceptual speed linked to decline in working memory
Memory
60’s – 70’s to death
Training Cognitive Skills
Training can improve cognitive skills
Some loss of plasticity
Especially older than 85
60’s – 70’s to death
Cognitive Neuroscience and Aging
Lack of use of working memoryMay cause
Neural connections in prefrontal lobes to atrophy
Mental stimulation Most important in delaying brain deterioration
60’s – 70’s to death
Work
Increasingly work part-time in retirementProbability of men’s employment:
Correlated with educational attainment Married to a working wife
Lower rate of absenteeismFewer accidentsIncreased job satisfaction
60’s – 70’s to death
Adjustment to Retirement
Best adjustment for those who areHealthy
Adequate income
Active
Educated
Extended social network
Satisfied with life before retirement
Flexible
60’s – 70’s to death
Depression
Major depressionMood disorder
Deeply unhappy
Demoralized
Self-derogatory
Bored
Symptoms increase, 85 & up
Predictors of depression:Earlier symptoms
Poor health
Low social support
Chapter 16
Socioemotional Development in Late Adulthood
60’s – 70’s to death
PowerPoints developed by Jenni Fauchier, Buthered by Professor Carney
60’s – 70’s to death
Activity TheoryActivity theory
The more active and involved that older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives
Satisfied associated with being:Active
Energetic
ProductiveContinuing early adult roles
– Or
Substitutes that keep them active & involved
60’s – 70’s to death
Stereotyping Older Adults
AgeismPrejudice because of age
Increased numbers living longer & healthier
Policy IssuesHealth care costs
Caring for patients with chronic disease
Eldercare
60’s – 70’s to death
Lifestyle DiversityLifestyles changing
Married older adultsHappier
Live longer
Consequences of divorce for older adultsSocial
Financial
Physical Divorce
Weakens kinship ties
Negative social sanctions for elders who remarry
60’s – 70’s to death
Cohabitation
Increasing numbers
Goals are primarily for companionship
Not marrying allows for retention of personal assets
60’s – 70’s to death
Friendship
People choose close friends over
New friends as they grow older
FriendsAssociated with contentment
Maybe more important than family in predicting mental health
60’s – 70’s to death
Social Convoy Model
Social convoy modelSocial support enhances coping skills
Lonely & socially isolated significant health risk
60’s – 70’s to death
Altruism and Volunteerism
Volunteering as an older adult is associated with number of positive outcomes
Higher satisfaction
Less depression
Less anxiety
60’s – 70’s to death
EthnicityMinority Elderly
Over-represented among poorFace
AgeismRacism
History ofLess educationUnderemploymentPoor housing conditionsShorter life expectancy
Strong coping mechanismsChurch membershipFamily support
60’s – 70’s to death
Gender
Males become more androgynous
Women faceAgeism
Sexism
Poverty increased for elderly females
Minority females Ageism
Sexism
Racism
60’s – 70’s to death
CultureFactors that predict status of older adults in a culture
Have valuable knowledgeControl key family/community resourcesPermitted to engage in useful functionsRole changes involve more responsibility & authorityParticipation in extended familyRespect for older adults greater