Life Support Systems and Non-invasive Tools of Diagnosis

Anatomy of the Respiratory Tract Keywords

• Alveoli• Pharynx• Cilia• Larynx• Epiglotis• Trachea• Brochi• Bronchioles

Diagram of inhalation exhalation

Life Support Topics:

• Basic Anatomy• CPR• Organ Donation Surgery • Heart Lung Bypass• Artificial Respirators • -pressure and +pressure ventilators• Life Support for premature babies.

What would you do to save some ones life?

• Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is known to improve the survival chances of individuals who experience out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA); however, many OHCA witnesses do not attempt CPR

• CPR andEAR• St Johns Ambulance• Red Cross• Lifesaving Clubs• Pool Instructors• OHS • (never practiced on already beating heart)Training on a dummy (with vid)

• The Heart-Lung Bypass Machine• Extreme cases of damage where breastbone is cut under

general anaesthetic,• Tubes re-route through bypass machine

• Diseased organs removed and donors added then stitched together. willing donors are difficult to find as

• To reduce risk of tissue rejection, correct match will need to be found.

• This Donor needs to be declared brain dead on life support and all permission granted.

• Patient needs to be healthy enough to survive the surgery.

“The Iron Lung”

• Artificial Respirators• A history of different types of technology.• Impetus for design due to Polio virus affect on the nervous

system causing paralysis of respiratory system

1950’s

• Negative Pressure Ventilators.• Metal box alternatively increases then

decreases air pressure forcing lungs to respond.

Now….• Someone on Life Support needs to be ‘intubated’• Positive Pressure Ventilators• Technology that pushes high pressure air non-

invasively via a mask or• directly into trachea with a wide tube, It will then decrease the pressure, for a passive

exhalation.

• (used when a patient is in a deep coma or there has been an airway obstruction)

Life Support: Premature Babies

• Vital Systems continually monitored• Breathing• Heart rate• Temperature• In maternity and Neo-natal words.• Research: What technical components are

used in these machines?

Kidney Dialysis• Graphic• Explanation: Used as a compensation for a damaged or

removed kidney, the dialyser removes toxins such as urea across a semi permeable membrane and the dialysate which is a solution that is similar in its substances (bar toxins)

• A tube is inserted into the______ artery sent to the machine, ‘cleaned’ and returned to the patient via the _______ vein.

• process of diffusion and osmosis is slow and therefore Kidney Dialysis is time consuming.

• 3-4 days a week 3-4 hrs at a time. Affects ability to be gainfully employment

Tools for Diagnosis“X” raysTomographyCT Scans.AngiogramPET ScansUltra-SoundThermographyAnaestheticFoetal MonitoringMagnetic Resonance ImagingKey-hole SurgeryLaparoscopeLaser in Surgery

Tomography

• X ray tube spun around the body to obtain a series of images of organs and tissues.

• Computerised Tomography Scanning

CT Scanner

Thermography

• Angiogram• A harmless dye is added which blocks x rays

photons from reaching film and therefore displays path blood flow in the brain to detect brain tumours and strokes

PET Scans

• Positive emission tomography• Radio active substances injected. Gamma rays emitted are

converted to electrical signals processed by a computer to produce images

• For body functions such as • Blood flow• Glucose metabolism in the brain.• Area of study is determined by which molecule is radioactively

‘tagged’• PET scans can show changes in the brain as it carries out different

activities.• PET Scans must be located close to a particle accelerator (Lucas

Heights in Sydney)• Radioisotopes are short lived

SPECT

• Single photon emisson computed tomography

Cardio-Vascular Imaging• Use of radioactive thallium compound when

patient excercises on a treadmill then image is made using a gamma ray camera.

• Before and After Images allow detection of flow and blockages to heart and vessels

Detecting Bone Tumours

• Bone Scanning where radioactive technetium accumulates in bone tissue and there fore is useful in detecting bone tumours as in these areas metabolic rate is high and technetium accumulates