lims reporting manual
TRANSCRIPT
LIMS REPORTING MANUAL
ANIMAL HEALTH
Livestock Information Management System reporting templates and completingguidelines for
SADC, FANR, PRINT Livestock Project
July 2009
Southern African Development Community Secretariat Food Agriculture and Natural Resources Directorate
Livestock Development Unit
LIMS REPORTING MANUAL Livestock Information Management System reporting templates and completing guidelines for
ANIMAL HEALTH
Prepared by PRINT Livestock Project July 2009
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Disclaimer
This manual represents solely the views of its authors and cannot in any circumstances be regarded as an official position of the SADC Secretariat or the European Commission or as a formal commitment from the EC. This document and the possible attached files and annexes are intended solely for the specified target users and may contain information that is privileged and/or confidential.
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Acknowledgments
The PRINT Livestock Project would like to thank all those who contributed in one way or another to the preparation of this reporting manual. Special thanks goes to members of the Epidemiology and Informatics as well as the Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Sub-committee members who debated the different templates and the parameters to be collected. The comments received from LIMS trainees in Member States have contributed in improving the manuals. Last but not least, the directors of livestock and veterinary services in SADC Member States for their comments and timely approval of the manuals. Our sincere appreciation to all.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Disclaimer ........................................................................................................................... 1 Acknowledgments............................................................................................................... 3 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 7 2. CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................. 9 DESCRIPTION OF CROSS-CUTTING PARAMETERS AND ISSUES ........................ 9
2.1 Reporting procedures ................................................................................................ 9 2.2 Report headers .......................................................................................................... 9 2.3 Description.............................................................................................................. 10 2.4 PARTITIONS ......................................................................................................... 12
3. CHAPTER TWO - MEAT INSPECTION ................................................................... 13
3.1 Introduction............................................................................................................. 13 3.2 Description of column headers ............................................................................... 13 3.3 The report header .................................................................................................... 13 3.4 Ante-mortem inspection.......................................................................................... 16 3.5 Post-mortem inspection .......................................................................................... 18
4. CHAPTER THREE - DISEASE REPORT .................................................................. 20
4.1 Introduction............................................................................................................. 20 4.2 Description.............................................................................................................. 20 4.3 Clarification on the spatial and temporal extent of an outbreak ............................. 22 4.4 Report header .......................................................................................................... 22 4.5 List of diseases and frequently used abbreviations................................................. 26 4.6 Virus/agent type ...................................................................................................... 29 4.7 Symbols for disease status (Occurrence code)........................................................ 30 4.8 ISO abbreviation of SADC Member States ............................................................ 30 4.9 Possible source of infection .................................................................................... 31 4.10 Nature of diagnosis ............................................................................................... 31 4.11 Species .................................................................................................................. 31 4.12 Control Measures .................................................................................................. 32 4.13 Other Measures ..................................................................................................... 32
5. CHAPTER FOUR - VACCINATION REPORT ......................................................... 34
5.1 Introduction............................................................................................................. 34 5.2 Description.............................................................................................................. 34 5.3 The report header .................................................................................................... 34
6. GLOSSARY OF TERMS............................................................................................. 38
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1. INTRODUCTION In the SADC region, the lack of reliable information hampered the appraisal of large scale regional initiatives in support of the livestock sector. Without dependable statistics on livestock, it is difficult, if not impossible, to identify and quantify the constraints and opportunities of the sector. This in turn makes the development of regional harmonised policy, legislation and advocacy with international organisation difficult. To address this problem, the SADC Livestock Technical Committee (LTC), composed of directors of livestock and veterinary services in Member States (MS), recommended the establishment of reliable, standardised and sustainable livestock information system. It was suggested that this system should include technical and socio-economic data on livestock. More specifically, the system should include animal production, animal health, livestock marketing and trade information. The PRINT Livestock Project, which was launched in July 2005, was tasked mainly to establish the above mentioned Livestock Information Management System (LIMS) in view of the need to bridge the gap created by lack of reliable information. The development of LIMS started at an opportune time where the SADC Free Trade Area (FTA) and the SPS Annex to the Protocol on Trade are being launched and the dialogue on the development of the Regional Agricultural Policy started. It is hoped that reliable information generated by LIMS will contribute to the above initiatives and promote the development of harmonised policies and strategies and ultimately to regional integration. The establishment of LIMS is also in line with the urgent needs for reliable information to monitor indicators set by the SADC Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan and the Dar es Salaam Declaration on Agriculture and Food Security. The PRINT Livestock Project has engaged stakeholders in the public and private sector for the design and development of the LIMS. The livestock information needs of SADC Secretariat and MS and existing data collection and information generation and dissemination systems as well as capacities in human and material resources and technology were assessed and gaps identified. A special workshop, entitled Private and Public Partnership, aimed at engaging the private sector was organised in November 2006. The workshop assisted in identifying the type of information the private sector requires and what type of data it can provide to the system. The scope of data collection (type, frequency, and spatial extent), sources, actors, reporting procedures, data storage and analysis as well as information dissemination systems were proposed in details. The proposal was scrutinised by the SADC sub-committees such as the Epidemiology and Informatics and the Animal Production, Veld and Marketing. Valuable comments were also received from the remaining two sub-committees on Veterinary Laboratories and Diagnostics and the Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety. The LTC was instrumental in analysing the proposal and comments made by the different sub-committees before approving the final draft enriched with suggestions from different angles. Hence, the data collection formats (templates), the reporting procedures and submission deadlines at different stages of data collection and
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reporting and the database were prepared collectively and endorsed for use by the concerned authorities. This document is part of a series of LIMS reporting manuals prepared to aide field personnel in collecting and filing animal health reports on monthly basis. The target group to use the reporting manual is the filed officers working at grass roots level where collection of animal health data starts. Three reports i.e. Disease occurrence report, Vaccination report and Meat Inspection report are included in the manual. It is expected that field personnel use either the paper or the electronic copy to fill the forms (templates) following the completing guidelines and send to their supervisors in provinces. The Provincial authorities will review and compile the reports before passing them over to the national office without aggregating. Ideally, the data entry starts at provincial level provided that computers where the LIMS application can be installed are made available. At national level, data collected from provinces or directly from field (depending on the structure in the country) will be entered into LIMS database for analysis and generating information for national consumption. Only electronic files extracted from the national LIMS database is the one used to report to SADC Secretariat in line with Member States’ obligations. In this document, wherever reporting from SADC MS to the Secretariat is mentioned, it refers to this electronic file to be extracted from LIMS application and sent. The fact that LIMS responds to both national and regional interests should be clear to all stakeholders involved, and shouldn’t be considered as a sole need for meeting reporting requirements to SADC Secretariat. The reporting manual starts by describing cross cutting matters common to all the three types of reports and general procedures on how to file and report. Later, the individual reporting form is presented and the different columns described. The description highlights the type of data expected and how this should be written. Where applicable some examples are given. At the end of the manual, a glossary of terms and internationally agreed conventions are provided. Users are advised to refer to this section when in doubt. As this manual is for animal health, almost all terms and conventions used follow those described and approved by the Office International des Epizooties (OIE – the World Organisation for Animal Health).
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2. CHAPTER ONE
DESCRIPTION OF CROSS-CUTTING PARAMETERS AND ISSUES
2.1 Reporting procedures There are three LIMS reporting guidelines included in this manual. The data for all the three reports should be collected at lower level of data collection (i.e. village, dip tank, crush pen, slaughter slab, etc.) and compiled at district level. If organisational or capacity problems do not allow the compilation of data at district level, report can be prepared at regional or provincial level. Irrespective of where data would be compiled and report prepared, the level at which data is captured should be close to the data sources, preferably at village, dip tank, crush pen, slaughter slab, etc. with the corresponding geo-reference as latitude and longitude in degree decimal format and five decimal point precision. The three LIMS reports included in this manual are submitted on monthly basis. In each case, the report title, which is presented in the report header, indicates the frequency of submission. It is important that reporting officers understand and follow the reporting frequency and the deadline for submission. It is suggested that Modules 7, 10 and 11 (animal health monthly reports) are submitted before the end of the following month. In other words, reports for January (January 1st to 31st) are prepared and sent to SADC on or before 28 of February. The following table shows the spatial scale, reporting frequency and submission deadlines of the three LIMS reports included in this manual. The spatial details, frequency of reporting and submission deadlines of LIMS Animal Health reports Module Description Spatial detail Reporting
Frequency Submission deadline
7 Meat inspection Preferably district
Monthly End of the following month
10 Disease reporting Preferably district
Monthly End of the following month
11 Vaccination reporting
Preferably district
Monthly End of the following month
2.2 Report headers All reports prepared at data sources and submitted to the national livestock authorities have the first part introducing the report. This part referred to as Report Header deals with the name of the reporting country (or province in case the form is used in countries),
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the period for which the report is filed and details of the reporting officers. As all reports have a report header, most of the common parameters will be described here. Unless there is a specific issue related to that particular report, the description of the report header wouldn’t be repeated. The description starts with the layout of the template followed by the definition of the column headers and the expected values. Member States can modify the header of the reporting templates for their internal use. However, the details in the report header should be fully entered to the LIMS application by Member States, which is automatically extracted for sending later to the Livestock Unit of the Secretariat. Figure 1, The Report Header
2.3 Description Each Report Header starts with the title and the template number. The title is a short name of the reporting template indicating what is to be collected and how often i.e. monthly of yearly). The rest of the column headers are described as follows. i. Country – This column refers to the country for which the report is compiled. The
name of the country in full (e.g. Angola, or Lesotho, etc.) should be written here.
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ii. Month – In cases where the report is submitted on monthly basis (monthly report), enter here the name of the calendar month (e.g. January, May, etc.) for which the report is filed
iii. Quarter – Monthly reports are compiled at the end of every month but usually submitted to SADC on quarterly basis. In such cases reporting officers are expected to mention the sequence of the quarter in which the reporting month falls. e.g. First for months between January and March
iv. Year – is the calendar year in yyyy format in which the reporting month falls (for monthly reports) or in case of annual reports the year for which the report is compiled. In the later case, reporting officers are advised to avoid placing two years in the column (e.g. 2004 – 2005 or 2003/04)
v. Date report prepared – This is the date in dd/mm/yyyy format on which the report was compiled
vi. Reporting officer – Write here the name of the person in charge of compiling the report. This is a person who usually knows the report very well and is responsible for clarification or additional information on the report when requested. When writing the name of the officer in charge of compiling the report, provide the name and surname separately in the boxes prepared for this purpose.
vii. Position – This refers to the responsibility of the person preparing the report. Write the position of the reporting officer (e.g. head of the animal production division) in full and not abbreviated.
viii. Telephone – The telephone number used by the reporting officer. Enter here first the country code separated by hyphen from the city code and the actual number. E.g. +267-3959834
ix. Alternative Telephone – Same as above but a second telephone number on which the reporting officer can be reached.
x. Fax – The fax number the reporting officer uses in the format described above for telephone.
xi. E-mail – The official e-mail (institutional) address used by the reporting officer. In cases where the reporting officer does not have a personalised address (allocated to him/her), general office address e.g. [email protected] or the name of the office followed by the domain can be used.
xii. Private e-mail – Unlike the above, this is an alternative personal e-mail address of the reporting officer. This can be a home e-mail or a web-mail used by the reporting officer.
xiii. Data Sources – The name of offices or departments providing data used to compile the report. These can be departments within the Ministries in charge of livestock or external ones such as Central Statistics Offices, Custom Authorities, Dairy Boards, etc.
xiv. Methodology – This refers to the method used to compile this report. One of the four boxes provided should be marked with X. The four possible choices provided here are census, if the head count of the animals was used, sample survey, if a statistical method of selecting a sample to extrapolate the result to the entire population was followed, herd dynamics, if a periodic inventory of the number of animals introduced to or removed from the herds and flocks is used or just an
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estimate. A complete definition of these terms is provided in the glossary of terms at the end of this manual.
xv. Comments – At times reporting officers may require giving additional information on the report or remarks on the quality of data or sources. Use this column to write any comments or clarification.
2.4 PARTITIONS A partition is a geographic division of a specific country either on administrative (or political) or technical basis. These geographical boundaries are further sub-divided depending on the size of the country and individual needs. Partition Types – The two types of partition LIMS uses are the administrative or political division, referred to as administrative and technical division. The administrative partition, as the name suggests, is the division of the country for administrative purposes into provinces, districts, wards, etc. The second type of partition used here, the technical partition, is a custom made division of the country based on disease situation, production type or agro-ecological factors. The same as the administrative partition, there are defined boundaries of technical partitions as well as sub-divisions. For different reasons, field data collection may be done following either the administrative or technical partitions of the country, which need to be carefully documented. This piece of information becomes very essential for later data analysis or comparison with other countries or regions. Partition Levels – Usually, both the administrative and technical partitions are structured in such a way that bigger bounders are subdivided into smaller units. This hierarchical subdivision of say provinces in to districts or districts in to wards is what constitutes partition levels. Hence, the first instance where the country is subdivided say into Regions or Provinces is termed as Partition Level 1 and the units are referred to as Admin 1. Note that in the majority of SADC countries Admin 1 is equivalent to either Region or Province. When Admin 1 is further subdivided into smaller units, this is the 2nd level of partition named also as Partition 2 or Admin 2. In most countries Admin 2 refers to Districts. It is possible to have further subdivisions of Admin 3, Admin 4, etc. However, for now, LIMS uses the 2 partition levels; Partition 1 (Admin 1) and Partition 2 (Admin 2), which roughly translate to Provinces and Districts. Partition Name – This is a proper name given to the selected administrative or technical division. In other words, it is the name given to the province or the district, once the selection of the partition type and level is made.
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3. CHAPTER TWO - MEAT INSPECTION
3.1 Introduction The Meat Inspection template is designed to collect data on diseases or conditions that lead to the rejection of animals presented for slaughter at ante-mortem inspection and lesions that lead to full or partial condemnation of carcasses, parts of carcasses, organs, and parts of organs during post-mortem inspection. In addition, the template will capture data on economic losses arising from condemnation of carcasses, organs and parts of carcasses or organs. Data on diseases and lesions detected at ante-mortem and post-mortem will contribute towards epidemiological information on the frequency of occurrence.
3.2 Description of column headers The description of the Meat Inspection template starts by presenting the layout of the form followed by the definition of each of the column headers. Attempts are made to clearly define each column header. Terms and concepts requiring more clarifications are presented in the glossary of terms annexed at the end of the manual. For convenience, the templates for reporting meat inspection done at Industrial abattoirs are separated from the one used for reports from municipal abattoirs and slaughter slabs. While the contents of both templates remain the same, the name of the specific Industrial Abattoir had to be captured in the first case and the aggregate number in the later. The templates described here are the ones for reporting inspection findings from municipal abattoirs and slaughter slabs. Applying the same concept to templates for Industrial Abattoirs is not difficult.
3.3 The report header The description of the report header has been given at the beginning of this manual and there is no need to repeat it here. The method used to compile the report is also well described in the chapter dealing with cross-cutting issues. To this effect, reporting officers are referred to this chapter if in doubt.
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3.4 Ante-mortem inspection i. Partition Type (administrative or technical) - As above; refer to the previous
description. ii. Partition 1 (e.g. Region/Province) - As above; refer to the previous description. iii. Partition 2 (e.g. District) - As above; refer to the previous description. iv. Total number of Municipal abattoirs or slaughter slabs in this report - enter the
aggregate number of municipal abattoirs and slaughter slabs in the selected partition for which this report is compiled
In cases where this report is compiled for an Industrial Abattoir, the header and contents of the above column is changed as follows: Name of the Industrial abattoir - enter the name of the abattoir whose data is being reported on. v. Species - Enter here the species of livestock that were presented for slaughter at each
of the slaughter facilities. vi. Number of animals inspected - This column refers to the number of animals presented
at the slaughter facility and a judgment is made by an inspector on whether they are fit for slaughter or not. This is on the basis of a clinical examination.
vii. Total number of animals rejected – The total number of animals for the selected species rejected during the reporting month
viii. Breakdown of the number of animals rejected per specific disease or general condition, Disease 1, Disease 2, Diseases 3, etc. – Enter here the name of each disease suspected/diagnosed (clinically or otherwise) (from OIE list of diseases) leading to rejection of animals at ante-mortem inspection. The total number of rejected animals should be entered for each of the diseases.
ix. Condition 1, Condition 2, Condition 3, etc. - Similar to above, list the name of general condition (from the provided list) leading to rejection of animals at ante-mortem inspection and the corresponding number of animals in each case.
x. Not specified – The number of animals rejected due to unspecified reason, which neither falls under OIE listed diseases nor general conditions. Number of animals slaughtered - Enter here the number of animals finally found fit and slaughtered.
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3.5 Post-mortem inspection i. Partition Type (administrative or technical) - As above; refer to the previous
description. ii. Partition 1 (e.g. Region/Province) - As above; refer to the previous description. iii. Partition 2 (e.g. District) - As above; refer to the previous description. iv. Total number of Municipal abattoirs or slaughter slabs in this report - enter the
aggregate number of municipal abattoirs and slaughter slabs in the selected partition for which this report is compiled
In cases where this report is compiled for an Industrial Abattoir, the header and content of the above column is changed as follows: Name of the Industrial abattoir - enter the name of the abattoir whose data is being reported on.
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v. Species - Enter here the species of animal slaughtered and the carcasses inspected at
post-mortem. vi. Number slaughtered - Enter here the number of carcasses of the above species
inspected at post-mortem. vii. Number affected (cases) - Enter here the number of cases recorded for each type of
lesion. In other words, capture here the number of carcass having the lesions being reported.
viii. Number of carcasses, carcass parts or organs condemned due to lesions affecting multiple or specific organs is presented in a matrix form where numbers are expected to be entered in each cell at the intersection. Note that carcasses and carcass parts can be entirely or partially condemned, while for organs the assumption is total condemnation.
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4. CHAPTER THREE - DISEASE REPORT
4.1 Introduction Information is a perishable commodity. Unless it is used timely, there is no need to spend money, effort and time in its collection in the first place. Hence, expeditious reporting of disease occurrence (or absence) is expected from each country. However, this should be in line with the capacity of the national veterinary services for the collection and transfer of data from the field. Taking into account the current situation in some Member States of SADC, it has been agreed that each country should send the monthly report before the end of the following month to PRINT/SADC ([email protected]) and [email protected] with copies to the Epidemiology and Informatics Sub-committee chaired by Namibia [email protected]. If reports are not received by the end of the next month of reporting, countries will be served with a reminder to do so. Each disease outbreak should be reported using separate rows provided in the electronic form. It is possible to add as many rows as needed to the electronic form. Likewise, data corresponding to each species of animal, in case of multi-species diseases, should be entered in separate rows. Please avoid as much as possible aggregation of data for different species. It is believed that preparing and sending reports in electronic files in Excel format can be done in some provinces or regions in Member States at the present moment. However, from most districts, sending reports in paper format by fax or mail to the headquarters may be the usual practice. In such circumstances the Veterinary Services will enter the reports to LIMS before sending the electronic file to SADC. Directors of veterinary and/or livestock services of SADC Member States will be informed on a quarterly basis on the progress of disease reporting from their respective countries. This will include the number of pending reports if any. Reports collected from Member States will be compiled and analyzed and the spatial and temporal distribution of diseases in the region as well as some quantitative information will be published as bulletins and on-line periodically by PRINT/SADC in collaboration with the Epidemiology and Informatics Sub Committee. The flow of reports from countries to PRINT/SADC and EIS will determine the frequency of publications of the bulletins and the quality of SADC on-line disease database.
4.2 Description As in the previous chapters, the completing guidelines of this reporting form starts by presenting the template, followed by the description of each of the columns. The description gives examples where applicable and the type and range of values expected in each column. Readers will be referred to the glossary of terms in the annex of this manual for any ambiguous concept or terminology, which may cause confusion.
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4.3 Clarification on the spatial and temporal extent of an outbreak
The concept of an outbreak is not usually understood by all in the same manner. This has lead to some confusion while reporting disease occurrence in recent years in some countries. Some may record disease events or each farm and village (irrespective of their epidemiological relationship) involved in the outbreak. Aggregating the number of such disease events with genuine outbreak numbers lead to inaccuracy. Hence, clarifying the different parameters (particularly the spatial and temporal aspects) which help to define the extent of an outbreak is key to standardise data collection from field by all reporting officers.
The OIE defines an outbreak as the occurrence of one or more cases of a disease or an infection in an epidemiological unit. The key word here is an Epidemiological Unit, which again is defined by the OIE as a group of animals with a defined epidemiological relationship that share approximately the same likelihood of exposure to a pathogen. This may be because they share a common environment (e.g. animals in a pen), or because of common management practices. Usually, this is a herd or a flock. However, an epidemiological unit may also refer to groups such as animals belonging to residents of a village, or animals sharing a communal animal handling facility. This more or less clarifies the spatial extent of an outbreak.
The temporal aspect deals with how long does an outbreak last. At times reporting officers record the same disease outbreak over and over again during successive months. As a result of this inflated number of outbreak for some diseases is recorded. This is particularly observed for endemic diseases where the same disease or infection may continue for several months if not more. This is supposed to be registered as one single outbreak but captured every month as new outbreak. Although the above explanation may help understand the spatial and temporal aspect of disease outbreak, more rational decision is expected from the person investigating the field event because the situation may vary from one disease agent, host, husbandry practices, etc. to another.
Consistent with the above clarification regarding spatial and temporal aspects of an outbreak, it is envisaged that in future when reporting officers report outbreaks, it will be clear in their minds what epidemiological unit they are referring to. In addition, it should be clear that during subsequent reports, the reporting officer is either reporting a new outbreak or a follow-up of the previous one.
4.4 Report header The Report Header has been described earlier in this document and there is no need to repeat it here. There is no specific parameter which deserves additional clarification.
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Note that the disease report main form is very long as to fit on one page (a total of 31 columns). Hence, it was cut in to two parts (top, columns 1 to 14 and bottom columns 15 to 31) to fit in the previous page. For ease of referencing the below description with the columns, serial numbers are used.
1. Partition Type (administrative or technical) - As above; refer to the previous description.
2. Partition 1 (e.g. Region/Province) - As above; refer to the previous description. 3. Partition 2 (e.g. District) - As above; refer to the previous description. 4. New or Follow-up - Based on whether the outbreak is a NEW occurrence during
the reporting month or it was already reported during the previous month(s) and what is provided here is just additional information (FOLLOW-UP) reporting officers are expected to enter N for New or F for Follow-up in the column.
5. Outbreak reference code – This is a serial number given to the outbreak, which combines the abbreviated name of the country, the name of the disease being reported, the number of times in a particular year it occurred and the year of occurrence. For example, if a Foot and mouth disease outbreak occurs for the third time in Tanzania in the year 2006, the reference code will be TZ/FMD/03/2006. TZ is an ISO Abbreviation for Tanzania and FMD a widely used abbreviation of Foot and mouth disease. Abbreviations for disease names and country names (from ISO) are available from tables in section 4.1 and 4.4 of this manual. Please use the same outbreak code for reporting ongoing outbreaks reported during the previous month(s).
6. Type of the affected locality – For the name of affected locality, provide the type of unit (e.g. farm, village, cattle post/camp, abattoir, dip tank or crush pen)
7. Name of affected locality – Enter here the name of farm, village, cattle post, dip tank, abattoir and crush pen or settlement where the disease outbreak is detected.
8. Latitude - The latitude in degree decimal (to 3 decimal places precisions) of the locality affected by the outbreak.
9. Longitude - The longitude in degree decimal (to 3 decimal places precisions) of the village affected by the outbreak.
10. Disease – Provide here the name of clinical or pathological manifestation of infection of any of the OIE listed diseases or those considered important in the SADC region. Reporting officers are expected to use the list provided in section 4.1 of this manual and enter the names as they appear in the list and avoid the use of any synonyms interchangeably. For diseases caused by different serotypes, strains or type of agents, it is sufficient to enter here a generic name of the disease (e.g. FMD, Newcastle disease, Cysticercosis, etc.) and proceed to the next cell to enter the specific agent or serotype (e.g. A, C, SAT1, etc. for FMD)
11. Virus/agent type – For diseases caused by different serotypes or strains of virus or different types of agent enter the specific serotype or agent involved. If specific data is not available, please mention that the agent was not typed. Any report without specific serotype, strain or agent type will be considered as not typed. Please refer to table 4.2 for serotypes, strains and types of agent of some commonly reported diseases.
12. Occurrence Code – These are codes used by the OIE for presence or absence or unknown status of disease or infection. If the disease was present in the past but
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eradicated, the last year of occurrence should be entered in the column. For the rest, symbols to be entered for the presence, absence or unknown statuses please refer to section 4.3 of this manual.
13. Possible source of infection – This is the known or presumed reason for the on-set of the disease outbreak. Possible sources of infection and the abbreviations to use for reporting are listed in table 4.5.
14. Nature of diagnosis – This is the method(s) used to arrive at a tentative or final diagnosis of the outbreak. Select from the list provided in section 4.6 of this manual the type of diagnostic methods applied. Although more than one method might have been used to diagnose the outbreak, it is important to enter the type which sounds better scientifically for the diagnosis of that particular disease.
15. Date of first case/follow-up – This is the date in dd/mm/yyyy form when the first case of the disease was observed by the stockowner or in absence of an accurate date an approximate date the outbreak started. Note that in case of reporting a follow-up of an outbreak reported during the previous month enter the date a follow-up visit was made to the outbreak site.
16. Date reported to vet. – The date in dd/mm/yyyy form on which the outbreak was first communicated to the local veterinary authorities.
17. Date investigated – The date in dd/mm/yyyy form on which the outbreak was first investigated by the local veterinary authorities. The investigation may include collection of samples.
18. Date sample(s) submitted – The date in dd/mm/yyyy form on which samples, if any, collected from animals with clinical signs of the suspected disease were submitted to the laboratory to confirm the diagnosis.
19. Date of final diagnosis – The date in dd/mm/yyyy form on which the outbreak was confirmed by the laboratory or final diagnosis was made by clinical, postmortem or any other means or combination of these.
20. Date intervention started – The date in dd/mm/yyyy form on which the first disease control, prevention or eradication measures were implemented following confirmation of the diagnosis.
21. Species - The name of the species of animal affected by the disease in an abbreviated form provided in table 4.7. Note that details of each species should be entered separately in different rows for diseases affecting multiple species. Attempts should be made as much as possible to provide the specific name of the wildlife species involved and only when that fails use the generic name of Fauna.
22. Sex – The sex of affected species. If the disease is confined to animals belonging to one particular sex, indicate the specific sex. However, if animals of all sexes are involved in the outbreak indicate “all”
23. Age group - Similarly, if the disease being reported has affected only certain age group, indicate the group involved from the list provided below. However, if animals of all age groups were affected, the indicate “all” For cattle, buffaloes, equine and other large animals use 0 – 12 months, 13 – 24 months, 25 – 36 months, over 36 months and “all” For sheep, goat, pig and equivalent species, use 0 – 6 months, 7 – 12 months, 13 – 24 month, over 24 months and “all”. For chicken use young, old and “all” categories
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24. Number at risk - The number of susceptible animals (per species for multi-species diseases) in and around the disease outbreak at the beginning of the event. This number includes those animals since infected, show clinical signs or dead. The extent of the population at risk is not easy to determine. However, the experts investigating the outbreaks can use as a guide the management practices (sharing of corrals, grazing and watering resources) characteristics of the agent and the time lapse between the 1st and the following outbreaks as factors to determine how big or small the Population at Risk is. The reporting officers should note that obtaining the precise number of animal at risk is often not possible. In the absence of an exact figure, a realistic estimate of the Population at Risk is an acceptable compromise.
25. Cases -The number of animals (per species for multi-species diseases) affected by the disease being reported and showing clinical signs or symptoms or known to be infected. The number of cases always includes the number of animals which died as a result of the disease. In areas where active surveillance is conducted and samples are collected as a routine, positive animals for the agent under surveillance could be considered as cases. While reporting a follow-up of an outbreak reported during the previous month, it is sufficient to enter the number of affected animals during that particular month and not the cumulative figure since the beginning of the outbreak. This also applies to the number of deaths, destroyed and slaughtered.
26. Deaths - The number of animals (per species for multi-species diseases) which died as a result of the ongoing disease outbreak. This figure should not include those animals which died due to other reasons or killed.
27. Destroyed - The number of animals (per species for multi-species diseases) Killed and buried or burnt as part of control measure triggered by the ongoing disease outbreak.
28. Slaughtered - The number of animals (per species for multi-species diseases) Killed for consumption or other use as part of control measure triggered by the ongoing disease outbreak.
29. Control Measure – Here select one or more types of control measures applied to stop the progress of the disease outbreak being reported. A list of possible control measures is given in table 4.8 of this manual.
30. Other Measures – Enter here other possible measures taken as part of outbreak management listed in table 4.9. These measures are those described by the OIE.
31. Outbreak ended or continuing - The column expects an answer to the question on whether there are still clinical cases of the disease outbreak at the end of the reporting month or not. Reporting officers are expected to fill the column with “E” for ended if the outbreak stopped. If there are still clinical cases by the time of reporting, then enter “C” for continuing to show that the outbreak has not yet stopped.
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4.5 List of diseases and frequently used abbreviations The following table contains diseases listed by the OIE for monthly or six monthly reporting (1 to 95 former list A and B diseases now merged) and those which should be reported on annual basis (96 to 129 former list C diseases). For convenience, the disease list is presented in alphabetical order. No. Disease Common
abbreviation 1 Acarapisosis of honey bees AHB 2 Actinomycosis ACT 3 African horse sickness AHS 4 African swine fever ASF 5 American foulbrood of honey bees AFHB 6 Anthrax ATX 7 Atrophic rhinitis of swine ARS 8 Aujeszky’s disease AD 9 Avian chlamydiosis ACL 10 Avian encephalomyelitis AEM 11 Avian infectious bronchitis AIB 12 Avian infectious laryngotracheitis AIL 13 Avian leukosis AL 14 Avian mycoplasmosis (M. gallisepticum) AM 15 Avian salmonellosis (excluding B308 and B313) AS 16 Avian spirochaetosis ASK 17 Avian tuberculosis ATB 18 Blackleg BQ 19 Bluetongue BTN 20 Botulisim BTL 21 Bovine anaplasmosis BAna 22 Bovine babesiosis BBab 23 Bovine brucellosis BBru 24 Bovine cysticercosis BCy 25 Bovine genital campylobacteriosis BGC 26 Bovine spongiform encephalopathy BSE 27 Bovine tuberculosis BTB 28 Canine distemper CD 29 Caprine and ovine brucellosis (excluding B. ovis) COBru 30 Caprine arthritis/encephalitis CAR 31 Caseous lymphadenitis CL 32 Classical swine fever CSF 33 Coccidiosis COC 34 Contagious agalactia CAG 35 Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia CBPP 36 Contagious cap. pleuropneumonia CCPP
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No. Disease Common abbreviation
37 Contagious equine metritis CEM 38 Contagious ophthalmia CO 39 Contagious pustular dermatitis CPD 40 Dermatophilosis DPH 41 Distomatosis (Liver Fluke) LFLU 42 Dourine DUR 43 Duck virus enteritis DVE 44 Duck virus hepatitis DVH 45 Echinococcosis/hydatidosis HYD 46 Enterotoxaemia ETOX 47 Enterovirus encephalomyelitis EVE 48 Enzootic abortion of ewes (ovine chlamydiosis) EAE 49 Enzootic bovine leukosis EBL 50 Epizootic lymphangitis ELM 51 Equine coital exanthema ECOE 52 Equine encephalomyelitis (Eastern and Western) EE_EW 53 Equine infectious anaemia EIA 54 Equine influenza EIN 55 Equine piroplasmosis EPP 56 Equine rhinopneumonitis ERN 57 Equine viral arteritis EVA 58 European foulbrood of honey bees EFHB 59 Filariasis FIL 60 Foot and mouth disease FMD 61 Footrot FR 62 Fowl cholera FC 63 Fowl pox FPox 64 Fowl typhoid FTF 65 Glanders GLN 66 Goat mange GM 67 Haemorrhagic septicaemia HS 68 Heartwater HW 69 Highly pathogenic avian influenza HPAI 70 Horse mange HM 71 Horse pox HPox 72 Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis / infectious pustular
vulvovaginitis IBR/IPV
73 Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease) IBD 74 Infectious coryza IC 75 Intestinal Salmonella Infections ISI 76 Japanese encephalitis JE 77 Leishmaniosis LESH 78 Leptospirosis LEP
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No. Disease Common abbreviation
79 Listeriosis LIS 80 Lumpy skin disease LSD 81 Maedi-visna MV 82 Malignant catarrhal fever MCF 83 Marek's disease MD 84 Mastitis MAS 85 Melioidosis MLD 86 Mucosal Disease/Bovine Virus Diarrhoea MD/BVD 87 Myxomatosis MXM 88 Nairobi sheep disease NSD 89 New World screwworm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) NWS 90 Newcastle disease ND 91 Old World screwworm (Chrysomya bezziana) OWS 92 Other Clostridial Infections OCLI 93 Other Pasteurellosis OPAS 94 Ovine epididymitis (Brucella ovis) OEP 95 Ovine pulmonary adenomatosis OPA 96 Paratuberculosis PT 97 Peste des petits ruminants PPR 98 Porcine brucellosis PBru 99 Porcine cysticercosis PCys 100 Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome PRRS 101 Pullorum disease PD 102 Q fever QF 103 Rabbit haemorrhagic disease RHD 104 Rabies RBS 105 Rift Valley fever RVF 106 Rinderpest RP 107 Salmonellosis (S. abortusovis) SLM 108 Salmonellosis (Salmonella abortus equi) SAL-AE 109 Scrapie SCR 110 Sheep pox and goat pox SGPOX 111 Sheep Scab (mange) SS 112 Strangles STR 113 Surra (Trypanosoma evansi) SUR 114 Swine erysipelas SWE 115 Swine vesicular disease SVD 116 Theileriosis TLR 117 Toxoplasmosis TXP 118 Transmissible gastroenteritis TG 119 Trichinellosis TRC 120 Trichomonosis TRK 121 Tropilaelaps infestation of honey bees TIHB
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No. Disease Common abbreviation
122 Trypanosomosis (tsetse-transmitted) TRP 123 Tularemia TUL 124 Ulcerative lymphangitis UL 125 Varroosis of honey bees VHB 126 Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis VEE 127 Vesicular stomatitis VS 128 Vibrionic dysentery VBD 129 Warble infestation WI
4.6 Virus/agent type The following table lists some diseases with their corresponding serotypes, strains or causative agent types. Note that the different agents causing some diseases are also described under the respective species they affect in the list provided above (e.g. Bovine brucellosis, Ovine and Caprine brucellosis, Swine brucellosis, Bovine cysticercosis, Porcine cysticercosis, etc.) No. Disease Serotype, strain or agent
A C O SAT 1 SAT 2 SAT 3 Asia 1
1 FMD
Not typed New Jersey Indiana
2 Vesicular Stomatitis
Not typed Velogenic Lentogenic Mesogenic
3 Newcastle disease
Not typed East Coast fever (T.p. parva) Benign theileriosis (T. mutans) Corridor disease (T.p. lawrencei) January disease (T.p. bovis)
4 Theileriosis
Not typed
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4.7 Symbols for disease status (Occurrence code) The following symbols are used to indicate the different status (presence, absence or unknown) of disease No. Code Description 1 + Positive occurrence of the disease 2 +() Positive occurrence of the disease limited to certain zones/regions
of the country 3 +? Identification of the presence of infection/infestation 4 – Negative occurrence of the disease 5 0000 Disease never reported 6 ? Presence of the disease suspected but not confirmed 7 … No information available 8 yyyy the last year of occurrence
4.8 ISO abbreviation of SADC Member States The following table contains the abbreviation set by ISO for SADC Member States. This can be used to generate the reference number of outbreaks No. Country ISO Code 1 Angola AO 2 Botswana BW 3 DR Congo CD 4 Lesotho LS 5 Madagascar MG 6 Malawi MW 7 Mauritius MU 8 Mozambique MZ 9 Namibia NA 10 South Africa ZA 11 Swaziland SZ 12 Tanzania, United Republic of TZ 13 Zambia ZM 14 Zimbabwe ZW
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4.9 Possible source of infection The following is a list of possible causes for the on-set of a disease outbreak. Please use the corresponding abbreviation while filing reports.
No. Possible source Abbreviation 1 Illegal animal movement ILM 2 Legal animal movement LEM 3 Movement of animal product MP 4 Airborne spread AS 5 From endemic foci at locality EF 6 Vector VC 7 Fomites FM 8 Extension from wildlife WF 9 Unknown UN
4.10 Nature of diagnosis The basis for arriving at a tentative or confirmatory diagnosis of the disease could be one of the following. Please use the abbreviations provided for reporting purposes.
No. Diagnostic method Abbreviation 1 Rumour Ru 2 Owners Claim Oc 3 Clinical Cl 4 Post-mortem PM 5 Laboratory Lab
4.11 Species The data on the species of animal affected during an outbreak should be provided separately. The list of species and the abbreviations to use are as follows. No. Animal species Abbrevi
ation Remarks
1 Bees Api 2 Birds Avi 3 Buffaloes Buf 4 Camelidae Cml 5 Cats Fel 6 Cattle Bov
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No. Animal species Abbreviation
Remarks
7 Crustaceans Cru 8 Dogs Can 9 Equidae Equ 10 Fish Pis 11 Goats Cap 12 Molluscs Mol 13 Rabbits/Hares Lep 14 Sheep Ovi 15 Swine Sui 16 Wild species Fau It is important to specify the species affected 17 All susceptible species All
4.12 Control Measures Please use the following abbreviations for the most commonly employed disease outbreak control measures while filing reports. Note that more than one control measure can be implemented. In such cases, enter the corresponding abbreviations separated with a comma.
No. Control Measure Abbr. Remarks 1 Treatment T 2 Vaccination V Ring and mass vaccination 3 Quarantine Q Including isolation & prohibiting access
to the infected premises 4 Stamping out SO Destruction of infected and all in-
contact animals 5 Modified stamping out MSO Destruction of only infected animals 6 Control of wildlife
reservoirs CWR
7 Vector control VC 8 Destruction of infected
material & disinfection DD
4.13 Other Measures The following are additional measures suggested by the OIE. Reporting officers are expected to enter abbreviations corresponding to each one while filing reports.
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Notifiable disease (Nd)- National legal obligation to report any suspected or confirmed case of the disease to the relevant authorities. Precautions at the borders (Pb)- Measures applied at border posts to prevent introduction of the disease into a country: quarantine, requirement that a certificate specifying the health status of their country, zone or herd of origin be presented with the animals or products, or that control tests be carried out with favourable results before loading, etc. Monitoring – (Mo) On-going programmes to detect changes in the prevalence of disease in a given population and in its environment. Screening (Sc) - Diagnostic tests carried out systematically either within the framework of a control programme for the disease, or for qualifying herds/flocks as free from the disease in all or part of the national territory. Surveillance (Su) - Continuous investigation of a given population to detect the absence or the occurrence of disease for control purposes, which may involve testing a part of the population. Zoning (Zo) - Delineation (by regulatory means) of free, surveillance and/or buffer, and infected zones within the country for disease control purposes. Vaccination prohibited (Vp) - Use of a vaccine to control the disease is prohibited under any circumstances.
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5. CHAPTER FOUR - VACCINATION REPORT
5.1 Introduction The Vaccination template is primarily designed to capture data on details of the vaccination campaign and on attributes of the vaccine(s) used. On the vaccination campaign, the data collected will give information on whether it is routine (prophylactic) or control (in the face of an outbreak) vaccination. For each type of vaccination campaign, the data collected will be used to measure achievement towards the set targets i.e. comparing planned and achieved vaccination figures. In the event the need arises to determine reasons for apparent vaccine failure, details of the source, batch numbers, date of manufacture and expiry are also captured by the template.
5.2 Description The description of the vaccination template starts by presenting the layout of the form followed by the definition of each of the column headers. Attempts are made to clearly define each column header. Terms and concepts requiring more clarifications are presented in the glossary of terms annexed at the end of the manual
5.3 The report header The description of the report header has been given at the beginning of this manual and there is no need to repeat it here. The method used to compile the report is also well described in the chapter dealing with cross-cutting issues. To this effect, reporting officers are referred to this chapter if in doubt. i. Partition Type (administrative or technical) - As above; refer to the previous
description. ii. Partition 1 (e.g. Region/Province) - As above; refer to the previous description. iii. Partition 2 (e.g. District) - As above; refer to the previous description. iv. Outbreak reference – Enter here the reference code of the disease outbreak against
which control vaccination was conducted. In cases of routine vaccination (prophylactic), there is no need to enter any reference code.
v. Disease - Provide here the name of clinical or pathological manifestation of infection against which the vaccination was undertaken. The name of infection should be in accordance with the OIE listed diseases.
vi. Species - This refers to the species of animals vaccinated. Please provide quantitative information for each species separately.
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vii. Location type – The type of location refers to where the vaccination was conducted. These include farm, village, cattle-post, dip-tank, crush-pen or holding pen
viii. Location name - Enter here the name of the farm, village, cattle-post, dip-tank, crush-pen or holding where the vaccination campaign was undertaken.
ix. Latitude - The latitude in degree decimal format (to five decimal places precision) of the locality where the vaccination was undertaken.
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x. Longitude - The longitude in degree decimal format (to five decimal places precision) of the locality where the vaccination was undertaken.
xi. Prophylactic vaccination, planned - The planned number of animals per species to be vaccinated against any disease as part of routine practice to prevent disease entry or spread during the reporting month.
xii. Prophylactic vaccination, conducted - The actual number of animals per species vaccinated against any disease as part of routine practice to prevent disease entry or spread during the reporting month.
xiii. Control vaccination, planned - The planned number of animals per species to be vaccinated against a disease outbreak as part of control measures to prevent spread.
xiv. Control vaccination, conducted - The actual number of animals per species vaccinated against a disease outbreak as part of control measures to prevent spread during the reporting month.
xv. Vaccine source - This refers to the supplier or laboratory from which the vaccine was sourced or procured.
xvi. Batch/Lot number - This refers to a number coding affixed to each batch of the vaccine as a unique identity of that particular batch.
xvii. Manufacturing date - The exact date in dd/mm/yyyy format printed on the vaccine container informing the user when the vaccine was produced.
xviii. Expiry date - The exact date in dd/mm/yyyy format printed on the vaccine container informing the user that beyond it the vaccine is not supposed to be used as its potency, safety and efficacy cannot be guaranteed.
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6. GLOSSARY OF TERMS
The following glossary of terms used in disease reporting is extracted from the World Animal Health Organisation (OIE) Terrestrial Animal Health Code 2008 http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/mcode/en_glossaire.htm#terme_unite_epidemiologique
Acceptable risk - means a risk level judged by each OIE Member to be compatible with the protection of animal and public health within its territory.
Animal - means a mammal, bird or bee.
Animal for breeding or rearing - means a domesticated or confined animal which is not intended for slaughter within a short time.
Animal for slaughter - means an animal intended for slaughter within a short time, under the control of the relevant Veterinary Authority.
Animal handler - means a person with a knowledge of the behaviour and needs of animals who, with appropriate experience and a professional and positive response to an animal’s needs, can achieve effective management and good welfare. Competence should be gained through formal training and/or practical experience.
Animal health status - means the status of a country or a zone with respect to an animal disease, according to the criteria listed in the relevant Chapter of the Terrestrial Code dealing with the disease.
Animal identification - means the combination of the identification and registration of an animal individually, with a unique identifier, or collectively by its epidemiological unit or group, with a unique group identifier.
Animal identification system - means the inclusion and linking of components such as identification of establishments/owners, the person(s) responsible for the animal(s), movements and other records with animal identification.
Animal traceability - means the ability to follow an animal or group of animals during all stages of its life.
Animal welfare - means how an animal is coping with the conditions in which it lives. An animal is in a good state of welfare if (as indicated by scientific evidence) it is healthy, comfortable, well nourished, safe, able to express innate behaviour, and if it is not suffering from unpleasant states such as pain, fear, and distress. Good animal welfare requires disease prevention and veterinary treatment, appropriate shelter, management, nutrition, humane handling and humane slaughter/killing. Animal welfare refers to the state of the animal; the treatment that an animal receives is covered by other terms such as animal care, animal husbandry, and humane treatment.
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Antimicrobial agent - means a naturally occurring, semi-synthetic or synthetic substance that exhibits antimicrobial activity (kill or inhibit the growth of micro-organisms). Anthelmintics and substances classed as disinfectants or antiseptics are excluded from this definition.
Apiary - means a beehive or group of beehives whose management allows them to be considered as a single epidemiological unit.
Appropriate level of protection - means the level of protection deemed appropriate by the country establishing a sanitary measure to protect human or animal life or health within its territory.
Approved - means officially approved, accredited or registered by the Veterinary Authority.
Artificial insemination centre - means a facility approved by the Veterinary Authority and which meets the conditions set out in the Terrestrial Code for the collection, processing and/or storage of semen.
Beehive - means a structure for the keeping of honey bee colonies that is being used for that purpose, including frameless hives, fixed frame hives and all designs of moveable frame hives (including nucleus hives), but not including packages or cages used to confine bees for the purpose of transport or isolation.
Biosecurity plan - means a plan that identifies potential pathways for the introduction and spread of disease in a zone or compartment, and describes the measures which are being or will be applied to mitigate the disease risks, if applicable, in accordance with the recommendations in the Terrestrial Code.
Border post - means any airport, or any port, railway station or road check-point open to international trade of commodities, where import veterinary inspections can be performed.
Buffer zone - means a zone established to protect the health status of animals in a free country or free zone, from those in a country or zone of a different animal health status, using measures based on the epidemiology of the disease under consideration to prevent spread of the causative pathogenic agent into a free country or free zone. These measures may include, but are not limited to, vaccination, movement control and an intensified degree of disease surveillance.
Case - means an individual animal infected by a pathogenic agent, with or without clinical signs.
Central Bureau - means the Permanent Secretariat of the World Organisation for Animal Health which headquarters are:
12, rue de Prony, 75017 Paris, FRANCE, Telephone: 33-(0)1 44 15 18 88, Fax: 33-(0)1 42 67 09 87 Electronic mail: [email protected], WWW: http://www.oie.int
Collection centre - means a facility approved by the Veterinary Authority for the collection of embryos/ova and used exclusively for donor animals which meet the conditions of the Terrestrial Code.
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Commodity - means live animals, products of animal origin, animal genetic material, biological products and pathological material.
Compartment - means an animal subpopulation contained in one or more establishments under a common biosecurity management system with a distinct health status with respect to a specific disease or specific diseases for which required surveillance, control and biosecurity measures have been applied for the purpose of international trade.
Competent Authority - means the Veterinary Authority or other Governmental Authority of an OIE Member having the responsibility and competence for ensuring or supervising the implementation of animal health and welfare measures, international veterinary certification and other standards and recommendations in the Terrestrial Code in the whole territory.
Container - means a non-self-propelled receptacle or other rigid structure for holding animals during a journey by one or several means of transport.
Containment zone - means a defined zone around and including suspected or infected establishments, taking into account the epidemiological factors and results of investigations, where control measures to prevent the spread of the infection are applied.
Day-old birds - means birds aged not more than 72 hours after hatching.
Death - means the irreversible loss of brain activity demonstrable by the loss of brain stem reflexes.
Disease - means the clinical and/or pathological manifestation of infection.
Disinfection - means the application, after thorough cleansing, of procedures intended to destroy the infectious or parasitic agents of animal diseases, including zoonoses; this applies to premises, vehicles and different objects which may have been directly or indirectly contaminated.
Disinfestation - means the application of procedures intended to eliminate arthropods which may cause diseases or are potential vectors of infectious agents of animal diseases, including zoonoses.
Early detection system - means a system under the control of the Veterinary Services for the timely detection and identification of animal diseases. Characteristics of the system must include:
a. representative coverage of target animal populations by field services; b. ability to undertake effective disease investigation and reporting; c. access to laboratories capable of diagnosing and differentiating relevant diseases; d. a training programme for veterinarians and para-veterinarians for detecting and reporting
unusual disease occurrence.
Emerging disease - means a new infection resulting from the evolution or change of an existing pathogenic agent, a known infection spreading to a new geographic area or population, or a previously unrecognized pathogenic agent or disease diagnosed for the first time and which has a significant impact on animal or public health.
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Epidemiological unit - means a group of animals with a defined epidemiological relationship that share approximately the same likelihood of exposure to a pathogen. This may be because they share a common environment (e.g. animals in a pen), or because of common management practices. Usually, this is a herd or a flock. However, an epidemiological unit may also refer to groups such as animals belonging to residents of a village, or animals sharing a communal animal handling facility. The epidemiological relationship may differ from disease to disease, or even strain to strain of the pathogen.
Equivalence of sanitary measures - means the state wherein the sanitary measure(s) proposed by the exporting country as an alternative to those of the importing country, achieve(s) the same level of protection.
Eradication - means the elimination of a pathogenic agent from a country or zone.
Establishment - means the premises in which animals are kept.
Exporting country - means a country from which commodities are sent to another country.
Flock - means a number of animals of one kind kept together under human control or a congregation of gregarious wild animals. For the purposes of the Terrestrial Code, a flock is usually regarded as an epidemiological unit.
Free compartment - means a compartment in which the absence of the animal pathogen causing the disease under consideration has been demonstrated by all requirements specified in the Terrestrial Code for free status being met.
Free zone - means a zone in which the absence of the disease under consideration has been demonstrated by the requirements specified in the Terrestrial Code for free status being met. Within the zone and at its borders, appropriate official veterinary control is effectively applied for animals and animal products, and their transportation.
Fresh meat - means meat that has not been subjected to any treatment irreversibly modifying its organoleptic and physicochemical characteristics. This includes frozen meat, chilled meat, minced meat and mechanically recovered meat.
Greaves - means the protein-containing residue obtained after the partial separation of fat and water during the process of rendering.
Hatching eggs - means fertilised bird eggs, suitable for incubation and hatching.
Hazard - means a biological, chemical or physical agent in, or a condition of, an animal or animal product with the potential to cause an adverse health effect.
Hazard identification - means the process of identifying the pathogenic agents which could potentially be introduced in the commodity considered for importation.
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Herd - means a number of animals of one kind kept together under human control or a congregation of gregarious wild animals. For the purposes of the Terrestrial Code, a herd is usually regarded as an epidemiological unit.
Importing country - means a country that is the final destination to which commodities are sent.
Incidence - means the number of new cases or outbreaks of a disease that occur in a population at risk in a particular geographical area within a defined time interval.
Incubation period - means the longest period which elapses between the introduction of the pathogen into the animal and the occurrence of the first clinical signs of the disease.
Infected zone - means a zone in which the absence of the disease under consideration has not been demonstrated by the requirements specified in the Terrestrial Code being met.
Infection - means the entry and development or multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of humans or animals.
Infective period - means the longest period during which an affected animal can be a source of infection.
International trade - means importation, exportation and transit of commodities.
International veterinary certificate - means a certificate, issued in conformity with the provisions of Chapter 5.2., describing the animal health and/or public health requirements which are fulfilled by the exported commodities.
Journey - An animal transport journey commences when the first animal is loaded onto a vehicle/vessel or into a container and ends when the last animal is unloaded, and includes any stationary resting/holding periods. The same animals do not commence a new journey until after a suitable period for rest and recuperation, with adequate feed and water.
Killing - means any procedure which causes the death of an animal.
Laboratory - means a properly equipped institution staffed by technically competent personnel under the control of a specialist in veterinary diagnostic methods, who is responsible for the validity of the results. The Veterinary Authority approves and monitors such laboratories with regard to the diagnostic tests required for international trade.
Lairage - means pens, yards and other holding areas used for accommodating animals in order to give them necessary attention (such as water, feed, rest) before they are moved on or used for specific purposes including slaughter.
Listed diseases - means the list of transmissible disease agreed by the OIE International Committee and set out in Chapter 1.2. of the Terrestrial Code.
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Loading/unloading - Loading means the procedure of moving animals onto a vehicle/vessel or into a container for transport purposes, while unloading means the procedure of moving animals off a vehicle/vessel or out of a container.
Market - means a place where animals are assembled for the purpose of trade or sale.
Meat - means all edible parts of an animal.
Meat-and-bone meal - means the solid protein products obtained when animal tissues are rendered, and includes any intermediate protein product other than peptides of a molecular weight less than 10,000 daltons and amino-acids.
Meat products - means meat that has been subjected to a treatment irreversibly modifying its organoleptic and physicochemical characteristics.
Milk - means the normal mammary secretion of milking animals obtained from one or more milkings without either addition to it or extraction from it.
Milk product - means the product obtained by any processing of milk.
Modified stamping-out policy - see stamping-out policy.
Monitoring - means the intermittent performance and analysis of routine measurements, aimed at detecting changes in the environment or health status of a population.
Notifiable disease - means a disease listed by the Veterinary Authority, and that, as soon as detected or suspected, must be brought to the attention of this Authority, in accordance with national regulations.
Notification - means the procedure by which:
a. the Veterinary Authority informs the Central Bureau, b. the Central Bureau informs Veterinary Authority, of the occurrence of an outbreak of disease
or infection, according to the provisions of Chapter 1.1. of the Terrestrial Code.
Official control programme - means a programme which is approved, and managed or supervised by the Veterinary Authority of a country for the purpose of controlling a vector, pathogen or disease by specific measures applied throughout that country, or within a zone or compartment of that country.
Official Veterinarian - means a veterinarian authorised by the Veterinary Authority of the country to perform certain designated official tasks associated with animal health and/or public health and inspections of commodities and, when appropriate, to certify in conformity with the provisions of Chapters 5.1. and 5.2. of the Terrestrial Code.
Official veterinary control of live animals - means the operations whereby the Veterinary Services, knowing the location of the animals and the identity of their owner or responsible keeper, are able to apply appropriate animal health measures, as required.
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Outbreak of disease or infection - means the occurrence of one or more cases of a disease or an infection in an epidemiological unit.
Pathological material - means samples obtained from live or dead animals, containing or suspected of containing infectious or parasitic agents, to be sent to a laboratory.
Place of shipment - means the place where the commodities are loaded into the vehicle or handed to the agency that will transport them to another country.
Population - means a group of units sharing a common defined characteristic.
Post-journey period - means the period between unloading and either recovery from the effects of the journey or slaughter (if this occurs before recovery).
Pre-journey period - means the period during which animals are identified, and often assembled for the purpose of loading them.
Prevalence - means the total number of cases or outbreaks of a disease that are present in a population at risk, in a particular geographical area, at one specified time or during a given period.
Qualitative risk assessment - means an assessment where the outputs on the likelihood of the outcome or the magnitude of the consequences are expressed in qualitative terms such as ‘high’, ‘medium’, ‘low’ or ‘negligible’.
Quality - is defined by International Standard ISO 8402 as ‘the totality of characteristics of an entity that bear on its ability to satisfy stated and implied needs’.
Quantitative risk assessment - means an assessment where the outputs of the risk assessment are expressed numerically.
Quarantine station - means a premises under the control of the Veterinary Authority where animals are maintained in isolation with no direct or indirect contact with other animals, to prevent the transmission of specified pathogen(s) while the animals are undergoing observation for a specified length of time and, if appropriate, testing and treatment.
Registration - is the action by which information on animals (such as identification, animal health, movement, certification, epidemiology, establishments) is collected, recorded, securely stored and made appropriately accessible and able to be utilised by the Competent Authority.
Resting point - means a place where the journey is interrupted to rest, feed or water the animals; the animals may remain in the vehicle/vessel or container, or be unloaded for these purposes.
Restraint - means the application to an animal of any procedure designed to restrict its movements.
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Risk - means the likelihood of the occurrence and the likely magnitude of the biological and economic consequences of an adverse event to animal or human health in the importing country during a specified time period.
Risk analysis - means the process composed of hazard identification, risk assessment, risk management and risk communication.
Risk assessment - means the evaluation of the likelihood and the biological and economic consequences of entry, establishment and spread of a hazard within the territory of an importing country.
Risk communication - is the interactive exchange of information on risk among risk assessors, risk managers and other interested parties.
Risk management - means the process of identifying, selecting and implementing measures that can be applied to reduce the level of risk.
Sanitary measure - means a measure, such as those described in various Chapters of the Terrestrial Code, destined to protect animal or human health or life within the territory of the OIE Member from risks arising from the entry, establishment and spread of a hazard.
Slaughter - means any procedure which causes the death of an animal by bleeding.
Slaughterhouse/abattoir - means premises, including facilities for moving or lairaging animals, used for the slaughter of animals to produce animal products and approved by the Veterinary Services or other Competent Authority.
Space allowance - means the measure of the floor area and height allocated per individual or body weight of animals.
Specific surveillance - means the surveillance targeted to a specific disease or infection.
Stamping-out policy - means carrying out under the authority of the Veterinary Authority, on confirmation of a disease, the killing of the animals which are affected and those suspected of being affected in the herd and, where appropriate, those in other herds which have been exposed to infection by direct animal to animal contact, or by indirect contact of a kind likely to cause the transmission of the causal pathogen. All susceptible animals, vaccinated or unvaccinated, on an infected premises should be killed and their carcasses destroyed by burning or burial, or by any other method which will eliminate the spread of infection through the carcasses or products of the animals killed.
This policy should be accompanied by the cleansing and disinfection procedures defined in the Terrestrial Code.
The term modified stamping-out policy should be used in communications to the OIE whenever the above animal health measures are not implemented in full and details of the modifications should be given.
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Stocking density - means the number or body weight of animals per unit area on a vehicle/vessel or container.
Stunning - means any mechanical, electrical, chemical or other procedure which causes immediate loss of consciousness; when used before slaughter, the loss of consciousness lasts until death from the slaughter process; in the absence of slaughter, the procedure would allow the animal to recover consciousness.
Subpopulation - means a distinct part of a population identifiable according to specific common animal health characteristics.
Surveillance - means the systematic ongoing collection, collation, and analysis of information related to animal health and the timely dissemination of information to those who need to know so that action can be taken.
Surveillance zone - means a zone established within, and along the border of, a free zone separating the free zone from an infected zone.
The surveillance zone should have an intensified degree of surveillance.
Terrestrial Code - means the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code.
Terrestrial Manual - means the OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals.
Transit country - means a country through which commodities destined for an importing country are transported or in which a stopover is made at a border post.
Transparency - means the comprehensive documentation of all data, information, assumptions, methods, results, discussion and conclusions used in the risk analysis. Conclusions should be supported by an objective and logical discussion and the document should be fully referenced.
Transport - means the procedures associated with the carrying of animals for commercial purposes from one location to another by any means.
Transporter - means the person licensed by the Competent Authority to transport animals.
Travel - means the movement of a vehicle/vessel or container carrying animals from one location to another.
Uncertainty - means the lack of precise knowledge of the input values which is due to measurement error or to lack of knowledge of the steps required, and the pathways from hazard to risk, when building the scenario being assessed.
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Unit - means an individually identifiable element used to describe, for example, the members of a population or the elements selected when sampling; examples of units include individual animals, herds, flocks and apiaries.
Vaccination - means the successful immunisation of susceptible animals through the administration of a vaccine comprising antigens appropriate to the disease to be controlled.
Variability - means a real-world complexity in which the value of an input is not the same for each case due to natural diversity in a given population.
Vehicle/vessel - means any means of conveyance including train, truck, aircraft or ship that is used for carrying animal(s).
Veterinarian - means a person registered or licensed by the relevant veterinary statutory body of a country to practice veterinary medicine/science in that country.
Veterinary Authority - means the Governmental Authority of an OIE Member, comprising veterinarians, other professionals and para-professionals, having the responsibility and competence for ensuring or supervising the implementation of animal health and welfare measures, international veterinary certification and other standards and recommendations in the Terrestrial Code in the whole territory.
Veterinary para-professional - means a person who, for the purposes of the Terrestrial Code, is authorised by the veterinary statutory body to carry out certain designated tasks (dependent upon the category of veterinary para-professional) in a territory, and delegated to them under the responsibility and direction of a veterinarian. The tasks authorized for each category of veterinary para-professional should be defined by the veterinary statutory body depending on qualifications and training, and according to need.
Veterinary Services - means the governmental and non-governmental organisations that implement animal health and welfare measures and other standards and recommendations in the Terrestrial Code in the territory. The Veterinary Services are under the overall control and direction of the Veterinary Authority. Private sector organisations, veterinarians or veterinary paraprofessionals are normally accredited or approved to deliver functions by the Veterinary Authority.
Veterinary statutory body - means an autonomous authority regulating veterinarians and veterinary para-professionals.
Zone/region - means a clearly defined part of a territory containing an animal subpopulation with a distinct health status with respect to a specific disease for which required surveillance, control and biosecurity measures have been applied for the purpose of international trade.
Zoonosis - means any disease or infection which is naturally transmissible from animals to humans.
