linked list, stacks and queues saras m srivastava, pgt – comp. sc. kendriya vidyalaya tengavalley
TRANSCRIPT
LINKED LIST, STACKS AND QUEUES
Saras M Srivastava, PGT – Comp. Sc.
Kendriya Vidyalaya TengaValley
LINKED LIST
Singly Linked List: Contains the address of the next node.
Doubly Linked List: Contains the address of the next node as well as address of previous nodes also.
SARAS M SRIVASTAVA, PGT (CS), KV, IISC, BANGALORE - 12 2
OPERATIONS TO BE PERFORMED IN LINKED LIST
Insertion of Node◦ In the beginning◦ At the End of the Linked List
Deletion of the NodeTraversal of the Linked List
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INSERTION OF THE NODE ( IN THE BEGINNING)
Algorithm
1.Ptr = start
2.newptr = new node
3.If newptr = NULL
4.Print “No Space Available (Overflow)! Exiting”
5.Else
6.{ newptr -> data = item
7.Newptr -> next = NULL
SARAS M SRIVASTAVA, PGT (CS), KV, IISC, BANGALORE - 12 4
8. if start = NULL then9. start = newptr10. else {11. save = start12. start = newptr13. newptr -> next = save14. } }15. End
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IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ALGORITHM IN PROGRAM#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<process.h>
struct node { int info;
node *next;
} *start,*newptr,*ptr,*save;
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node* create_new_node( int n )
{ ptr=new node; ptr->info=n; ptr-
>next=NULL; return ptr; }
void insert_beg (node* np)
{ if(start==NULL) start=np; else { save=start; start=np; np->
next=save; } }
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void display(node* np) { while (np!=NULL) { cout<<np-
>info<<" -> "; np=np->next ; } cout<<"\n!!!!!
>>>>>!!!!!!"; }
void main() { start= NULL;
int inf ; char ch='y';
while(ch=='y' || ch=='Y')
{clrscr();
cout<<"\n enter information of the new node..";
cin>>inf ; cout<<"\n
creating new node ! ! press enter to continue...";
getch();SARAS M SRIVASTAVA, PGT (CS), KV, IISC, BANGALORE - 12 8
newptr = creat_new_node(inf);
if( newptr!= NULL) {
cout<<"\n \n new code created successfully. press enter to cointinue.."; getch();
}
else
{ cout<<"\n cannot create new code \t "; exit(1);
}
cout<<"\n \t now inserting this node in the beginning of the list ";
cout<<"\n \t press enter continue ";
getch();
insert_beg(newptr);
cout<<"\n now the list is: \n";
display(start);
cout<<"\n \a \t press enter y to enter new node, n to exit: " ;
cin>>ch;
}
}
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INSERTION OF THE NODE ( AT THE END)
Algorithm
1.Ptr = start
2.newptr = new node
3.If newptr = NULL
4.Print “No Space Available (Overflow)! Exiting”
5.Else
6.{ newptr -> data = item
7.newptr -> next = NULL
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8. if start = NULL then {9. start = newptr10. rear = newptr
}8. else {9. rear -> next = newptr10. rear = newptr
} 8. End
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IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ALGORITHM IN PROGRAM
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<process.h>
struct node { int info;
node *next;
} *start,*newptr,*ptr,*save, *rear;
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node* creat_new_node( int n )
{ ptr=new node; ptr->info=n; ptr-
>next=NULL; return ptr; }
void insert_End (node* np)
{ if(start==NULL){ start=np;
rear = np; } else { rear -> next = np;
rear = np; } }
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void display(node* np)
{ while (np!=NULL) { cout<<np-
>info<<" -> "; np=np->next ; } cout<<"\n!!!!!
>>>>>!!!!!!"; }
void main() { start= rear =
NULL; int inf ; char ch='y';
while(ch=='y' || ch=='Y')
{clrscr();
cout<<"\n enter information of the new node..";
cin>>inf ; cout<<"\n
creating new node ! ! press enter to continue...";
getch();SARAS M SRIVASTAVA, PGT (CS), KV, IISC, BANGALORE - 12 14
newptr = creat_new_node(inf);
if( newptr!= NULL) {
cout<<"\n \n new code created successfully. press enter to continue.."; getch();
} else {
cout<<"\n cannot create new code \t "; exit(1);
}
cout<<"\n \t now inserting this node at the end of the list ";
cout<<"\n \t press enter continue "; getch(); insert_end(newptr); cout<<"\n now the list is: \n"; display(start); cout<<"\n \a \t press enter y to enter new node, n to exit: " ;
cin>>ch; } }
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DELETION OF THE NODE FROM THE BEGINNING
Algorithm
1.If start = NULL then
2.Print “Underflow”
3.Else {
4.Ptr = start
5.Start = start ->next
6.Delete ptr }
7.End
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IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ALGORITHM IN PROGRAM
void DelNode( ){if (start == NULL)
cout << “\n Underflow!!!!!”;else
{ ptr = start; start = start ->next; delete ptr;}
}
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STACK
A LIFO Structure
Can be implemented as an array or as a linked list.
Operations in Stack:Push (Addition of Elements)Pop (Removal / Deletion on elements)
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STACK AS AN ARRAY (POP)
Algorithm
1.If top < -1 then
2.print “underflow !!!!!!! Aborting”
3.Else {
4.Data = stack [top]
5.Top = top -1 }
6.End
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STACK AS AN ARRAY (PUSH)
Algorithm
1.Top = - 1
2.Read item
3.If top == (size – 1) then4.Print “No Space Available (Overflow)!
Exiting”
5.Else
6.{ top = top + 1
7.Stack[top] = item }
8.End
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#include<iostream.h>#include<conio.h>#include<process.h>const int sz = 50;void push(int stack[], int &top, int ele) {
if(top == (sz - 1)){cout << "\n Stack overflow";exit(1);}
else{top ++;stack[top = ele;}
}
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void pop(int stack[], int &top){if(top < 0){cout << "\n Underflow";exit(1);}else
cout << "\n Poped Element: " << stack[top--];
}void Display(int stack[], int top) { if(top == -1) return;for( int i = top; i >= 0; i--)
cout << stack[i] <<endl;}
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void main(){ int stack[sz], item, top = -1, res; char ch = 'y'; clrscr(); while(ch == 'y' || ch == 'Y') {
cout << "\n Enter item for insertion: ";cin >> item;push(stack, top, item);cout << "\n Do you want to enter more elements (y/n) : ";cin >> ch;}cout << "\n The stack now is: ";Display(stack, top);
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cout << "\n Do you want to delete elements (y/n) : ";
cin >> ch;
while(ch == 'y' || ch == 'Y'){
pop(stack,top);
cout << "\n Do you want to enter more elements (y/n) : ";
cin >> ch;
}
cout << "\n The stack now is: ";
Display(stack, top);
}
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STACK AS A LINKED LIST (PUSH)
Algorithm1.Newptr = new Node2.Newptr -> info = item; Newptr -> next =
NULL
3.If top == NULL) then4.top = Newptr5.Else6.{ Newptr -> next = top 7.top = Newptr }8.End
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STACK AS A LINKED LIST (POP)
Algorithm1.If top == NULL then2.Print “Stack is Empty
(Underflow)”, Exit3.Else {4.Print Top -> info5.Top = top -> next }6.End
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IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ALGORITHM IN PROGRAM
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<process.h>
struct node { int info;
node *next;
} *top,*newptr,*ptr,*save;
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node* creat_new_node( int n )
{ ptr=new node; ptr->info=n; ptr-
>next=NULL; return ptr; }
void Push (node* np)
{
if(top==NULL)
top = np;
else
{
save = top;
top = np;
np-> next = save;
}
}SARAS M SRIVASTAVA, PGT (CS), KV, IISC, BANGALORE - 12 28
void display(node* np)
{ while (np != NULL) { cout << np->info
<< " -> "; np = np->next ; } cout<<"\n!!!!!
>>>>>!!!!!!"; }
void Pop( ){
if (top == NULL){cout << “\n Underflow!!!!!”;exit(1);}
else{ ptr = top; top = top ->next; delete ptr;}
}
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void main() { top = NULL;
int inf ; char ch='y';
while(ch=='y' || ch=='Y')
{clrscr();
cout<<"\n enter information of the new node..";
cin >> inf ; cout<<"\n
creating new node ! ! press enter to continue...";
getch();
SARAS M SRIVASTAVA, PGT (CS), KV, IISC, BANGALORE - 12 30
newptr = creat_new_node(inf);
if( newptr != NULL) {
cout<<"\n \n new code created successfully. press enter to continue.."; getch();
} else {
cout<<"\n cannot create new code \t "; exit(1);
}
cout<<"\n \t now Pushing this node into the stack ";
cout<<"\n \t press enter continue ";
getch();
Push(newptr);
cout<<"\n now the Stack is: \n";
display(top);
cout<<"\n \a \t press y to enter new node, n to exit: " ;
cin>>ch;
}
}
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APPLICATIONS OF STACK
Reversing a StringPolish StringConversion of Infix Expression to Postfix Expression
Evaluation of Postfix ExpressionProcessing of Function (Subprogram)
CallsMatching Parenthesis
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Infix NotationOperators placed between two operands. E.g. A + B, A – B, A * B, A / B, A ^ B etc
Postfix Notation (Reverse Polish Notation)Operators placed after two operands. E.g. AB +, AB -, AB * etc.
Prefix Notation (Polish Notation)Operators placed before two operands. E.g. + AB, - AB, * AB etc.
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The Name Polish Notation and Reverse Polish Notation are named after Polish Logician Jan Lukasiewiez
CONVERSION FROM INFIX TO POST FIX (ALGORITHM)
1. Enclose the exp in Parenthesis i.e. ( )
2. Read Next symbol of the exp and repeat steps 3 to 6 until the stack is empty and go to step 7
3. If symbol read = operand then add it to Postfix Exp.
4. If symbol read = ‘(‘ then push it into the stack
5. If the symbol read = operator then 1. Repeat while (Priority of Top(stack) >= Priority of operator)
1. { pop operator from stack2. Add Operator to Postfix Expression }
2. Push Operator into Stack
6. if the Symbol read = ‘)’ then1. Repeat while (Top(stack) != ‘(‘ )
1. { pop operator from stack2. Add Operator to Postfix Expression }
2. Remove the ‘(‘, It must not be added to Postfix Expression
7. End SARAS M SRIVASTAVA, PGT (CS), KV, IISC, BANGALORE - 12 34
EVALUATION OF POSTFIX EXPRESSION:
1. START
2. Read the element
3. If element = operand then Push the element into stack
4. If element = operator then Pop two operands from stack (One operand in case of NOT
Operator) Evaluate the expression formed by two operands and the
operator. Push the result of expression into stack
5. If no more elements then Pop the result
6. Else Goto step 2
7. END
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QUEUESARAS M SRIVASTAVA, PGT (CS), KV, IISC, BANGALORE - 12 36
THE QUEUE OPERATIONS
A queue is like a line of people waiting for a bank teller. The queue has a front and a rear.
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$ $
FrontRear
THE QUEUE OPERATIONS New people must enter the
queue at the rear. The C++ queue class calls this a push, although it is usually called an enqueue operation.
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$ $
Front
Rear
THE QUEUE OPERATIONSWhen an item is taken from the queue, it always
comes from the front. The C++ queue calls this a pop, although it is usually called a dequeue operation.
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$ $
Front
Rear
ARRAY IMPLEMENTATION
A queue can be implemented with an array, as shown here. For example, this queue contains the integers 4 (at the front), 8 and 6 (at the rear).
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[ 0 ][ 0 ] [1][1] [ 2 ][ 2 ] [ 3 ][ 3 ] [ 4 ][ 4 ] [ 5 ][ 5 ] . . .. . .
An array of integers to An array of integers to implement a queue of implement a queue of integersintegers
4 8 6
We don't care what's inWe don't care what's inthis part of the array.this part of the array.
ARRAY IMPLEMENTATION
The easiest implementation also keeps track of the number of items in the queue and the index of the first element (at the front of the queue), the last element (at the rear).
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[ 0 ][ 0 ] [1][1] [ 2 ][ 2 ] [ 3 ][ 3 ] [ 4 ][ 4 ] [ 5 ][ 5 ] . . .. . .
4 8 6
sizesize3
firstfirst0
lastlast2
A DEQUEUE OPERATION
When an element leaves the queue, size is decremented, and first changes, too.
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[ 0 ][ 0 ] [1][1] [ 2 ][ 2 ] [ 3 ][ 3 ] [ 4 ][ 4 ] [ 5 ][ 5 ] . . .. . .
4 8 6
sizesize2
firstfirst1
lastlast2
AN ENQUEUE OPERATION
When an element enters the queue, size is incremented, and last changes, too.
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[ 0 ][ 0 ] [1][1] [ 2 ][ 2 ] [ 3 ][ 3 ] [ 4 ][ 4 ] [ 5 ][ 5 ] . . .. . .
28 6
sizesize3
firstfirst1
lastlast3
AT THE END OF THE ARRAY
There is special behavior at the end of the array. For example, suppose we want to add a new element to this queue, where the last index is [5]:
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[ 0 ][ 0 ] [1][1] [ 2 ][ 2 ] [ 3 ][ 3 ] [ 4 ][ 4 ] [ 5 ][ 5 ]
2 16
sizesize3
firstfirst3
lastlast5
AT THE END OF THE ARRAY
The new element goes at the front of the array (if that spot isn’t already used):
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[ 0 ][ 0 ] [1][1] [ 2 ][ 2 ] [ 3 ][ 3 ] [ 4 ][ 4 ] [ 5 ][ 5 ]
2 16
sizesize4
firstfirst3
lastlast0
4
ARRAY IMPLEMENTATION
Easy to implement
But it has a limited capacity with a fixed array
Or you must use a dynamic array for an unbounded capacity
Special behavior is needed when the rear reaches the end of the array.
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[ 0 ][ 0 ] [1][1] [ 2 ][ 2 ] [ 3 ][ 3 ] [ 4 ][ 4 ] [ 5 ][ 5 ] . . .. . .
4 8 6
sizesize3
firstfirst0
lastlast2
INSERTION IN THE QUEUE:Algorithm
1. Start2. If rear = null (-1) then {3. Rear = Front = 04. Queue [0] = item }5. Else if Rear = N – 1 then6. Print “OVERFLOW”7. Else 8. Queue [Rear ++ ] = item9. END
SARAS M SRIVASTAVA, PGT (CS), KV, IISC, BANGALORE - 12 47
DELETION IN THE QUEUE:Algorithm
StartIf Front = null (-1) then Print “UNDERFLOW”Else {Item = Queue [Front] If Front = Rear Then
Front = Rear = 0 }
Else Front ++END
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#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<process.h>
int insert_in_Q(int[],int);
void display(int[],int,int);
const int size = 50;
int Q[size], front=-1, rear=-1;
SARAS M SRIVASTAVA, PGT (CS), KV, IISC, BANGALORE - 12 49
Implementation of the Algorithm in Program :int insert_in_Q(int Q[ ], int
ele) {
if (rear==size-1)
return -1;
else if (rear==-1) {
front = rear = 0 ;
Q[rear]=ele; }
else {
rear++;
Q[rear]=ele; }
return 0;
}
int remove(int Q[ ]) {
int ret;
if(front == -1)
return -1 ;
else
{
ret = Q[front];
if(front==rear)
front=rear=-1;
else
front++;
}
return ret;
}
SARAS M SRIVASTAVA, PGT (CS), KV, IISC, BANGALORE - 12 50
Implementation of the Algorithm in Program :void display (int Q[ ],int front ,int
rear)
{ if( front == -1) return; for(int i=front;
i<=rear; i++)
cout<<Q[i] << '\t';
}
void main() { clrscr(); int item, res ; char ch='y' ; while(ch=='y' || ch=='Y') { cout<<"\n\t enter element to
be inserted : ";cin>> item;res = insert_in_Q(Q,item);// res= remove(Q) if( res==-1) {cout<<"n!!! sorry OVERFLOW !!! aborting## "; exit(1); }
cout<<"\n \a\tnow the queue is : ";
display (Q,front,rear);cout<<"\n\t\twant to insert
more elements (y/n) :";cin>>ch; }
SARAS M SRIVASTAVA, PGT (CS), KV, IISC, BANGALORE - 12 51
Implementation of the Algorithm in Program : cout << "\n DO you want to
remove items from the queue: ";
cin >> ch;
while(ch == 'y' || ch == 'Y') {
int de = remove(Q);
if (de == -1)
cout << "\n Queue is empty, !!!!! UNDERFLOW !!!!!!";
else {
cout << "\n Deleted item is : " << de;
cout<<"\n \a\tnow the queue is : ";
display (Q,front,rear);
cout << "\n Do you want to remove more items from the queue: ";
cin >> ch; } }}
LINKED LIST IMPLEMENTATION
A queue can also be implemented with a linked list with both a head and a tail pointer.
SARAS M SRIVASTAVA, PGT (CS), KV, IISC, BANGALORE - 12 52
10
15
7
null
13
head_ptr
tail_ptr
LINKED LIST IMPLEMENTATION
Which end do you think is the front of the queue? Why?
SARAS M SRIVASTAVA, PGT (CS), KV, IISC, BANGALORE - 12 53
10
15
7
null
13
head_ptr
tail_ptr
LINKED LIST IMPLEMENTATION
The head_ptr points to the front of the list.
Because it is harder to remove items from the tail of the list.
SARAS M SRIVASTAVA, PGT (CS), KV, IISC, BANGALORE - 12 54
10
15
7
nullhead_ptr
13
tail_ptr
Front
Rear
INSERTION IN THE QUEUE:Algorithm
1. Newptr = new Node
2. Newptr -> info = item; Newptr -> next = NULL
3. If Rear == NULL) then {
4. Front = Newptr
5. Rear = Newptr }
6. Else {
7. Rear -> next = Newptr
8. Rear = Newptr }
9. EndSARAS M SRIVASTAVA, PGT (CS), KV, IISC, BANGALORE - 12 55
DELETION IN THE QUEUE:
SARAS M SRIVASTAVA, PGT (CS), KV, IISC, BANGALORE - 12 56
Algorithm1. If Front = NULL then
2. Print “UNDERFLOW”
3. Else {
4. Ptr = Front
5. If Front = Rear Then
6. Front = Rear = NULL
7. Else Front = Front - > next }
8. Delete ptr
9. End
#include<iostream.h>#include<conio.h>#include<process.h>struct node { int info;
node *next; }
*front,*newptr,*ptr,*save,*rear ;
int itemdel;
node* creat_new_node( int n){ptr=new node; ptr->info=n; ptr->next=NULL;
return ptr; }
SARAS M SRIVASTAVA, PGT (CS), KV, IISC, BANGALORE - 12 57
Implementation of the Algorithm in Program :void insert_end (node* np) {
if(front==NULL)
front= rear=np;
else {
rear->next= np;
rear=np; }
}
void display(node* np) {
while (np != NULL) {
cout << np->info << " -> ";
np = np->next ; }
cout<<"\n<--->";
}
void delnode_q( ){
if (front==NULL)cout << "\n < Underflow >";else{ ptr = front;
itemdel = ptr->info;
front = front ->next;
delete ptr;}
}
void main() { front = rear = NULL;
int inf ; char ch='y';SARAS M SRIVASTAVA, PGT (CS), KV, IISC, BANGALORE - 12 58
Implementation of the Algorithm in Program :while(ch=='y' || ch=='Y') {
clrscr();
cout<<"\n enter information of the new node..";
cin >> inf ;
cout<<"\n creating new node ! ! press enter to continue...";
getch();
newptr = creat_new_node(inf);
if( newptr == NULL) {
cout<<"\n \n CANNOT CREATE NODE";
exit(1);
getch(); }
insert_end(newptr );
cout<<"\n now the queue is :";
display(front);
cout<<"\n \a \t press y toenter new node, n to exit: " ;
cin>>ch;
}
cout<<"\n Do you want to delete element (y/n): " ;
cin >> ch;
while (ch == 'y' || ch == 'Y')
{
delnode_q();SARAS M SRIVASTAVA, PGT (CS), KV, IISC, BANGALORE - 12 59
Implementation of the Algorithm in Program :cout << "\n The deleted item
is: " << itemdel;
cout<<"\n now the Queue is: \n";
display(front);
cout<<"\n Do you want to delete another element (y/n): " ;
cin >> ch;
}
cout<<"\n now the Queue is: \n";
display(front);
getch();
}
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Questions