List of intelligence gathering disciplines1. HUMINT (Human Intelligence) *Espionage/Spying

2. GEOINT (IMINT) geospatial intelligence / imagery intelligence

3. MASINT (measurement and signature intelligence)4. OSINT (open source intelligence)5. SIGINT (signals intelligence)6. TECHINT (technical intelligence)7. FININT (financial intelligence)

HUMINTHuman Intelligence - gathered from a person on the ground.• Patrolling (Military police, patrols, etc) • strategic reconnaissance, as by Special Forces • military attaches • Friendly accredited diplomats • Prisoners of war (POW's) or detainees • Refugees• Traveler debriefing(e.g., CIA Domestic Contact Service)• Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)

GEOINT (IMINT)

• GEOspatial INTelligence, [IMINT = Imagery Intelligence] is an intelligence discipline comprising the exploitation

and analysis of satellite information to describe, assess, and visually depict physical features and geographically referenced activities on the Earth.

GEOINT sources include imagery and mapping data, whether collected by commercial satellite, government satellite or by other means, such as UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) or reconnaissance aircraft

MASINT [1]• Measurement and Signature Intelligence (1982)• is scientific and technical intelligence information

obtained by quantitative and qualitative analysis of data (metric, angle, spatial, wavelength, time dependence, modulation, plasma, and hydromagnetic)

• Comes from specific technical sensors for the purpose of: 1. identifying any distinctive features associated with the

source, emitter, or sender and 2. to facilitate subsequent identification and/or

measurement of the same

MASINT [2]MASINT includes: • Radar Intelligence (RADINT) • Acoustic Intelligence (ACOUSTINT) • Nuclear Intelligence (NUCINT) • Radio Frequency/Electromagnetic Pulse Intelligence (RF/EMPINT) • Electro-optical Intelligence (ELECTRO-OPTINT) • Laser Intelligence (LASINT) • Materials Intelligence • Unintentional Radiation Intelligence (RINT) • Chemical and Biological Intelligence (CBINT) • Directed Energy Weapons Intelligence (DEWINT) • Effluent/Debris Collection • Spectroscopic Intelligence • Infrared Intelligence (IRINT)

OSINT• Open Source Intelligence is an information processing

discipline that involves finding, selecting, and acquiring information from publicly available sources and analyzing it to produce actionable intelligence. – Media– Public data– Observation and reporting– Professional and academic - conferences, symposia, professional

associations, academic papers, and subject matter experts– Most information has geospatial dimensions, but many often

overlook the geospatial side of OSINT: not all open source data is unstructured text

SIGINT• SIGnals INTelligence, which is a intelligence-

gathering by interception of signals, whether between– people (i.e., COMINT or communications intelligence) or – machines (i.e., ELINT or electronic intelligence)

• As sensitive information is often encrypted, SIGINT often involves the use of cryptanalysis

However, traffic analysis—the study of who is signaling whom and in what quantity—can often produce valuable information, even when the messages themselves cannot be decrypted.

TECHINT• Intelligence about weapons and equipment used by the

armed forces of foreign nations (often referred to as foreign materiel).

• Intelligence derived from the collection, processing, analysis, and exploitation of data and information pertaining to foreign equipment and materiel for the purposes of – preventing technological surprise, – assessing foreign scientific and technical capabilities, and – developing countermeasures designed to neutralize an

adversary’s technological advantages."

FININT• Financial intelligence (FININT) is – the gathering of information about the financial affairs of entities

of interest, to understand their nature and capabilities, and predict their intentions.

• Examples of financial intelligence analysis could include:– Identifying high-risk housing tenants on the basis of past rental

histories. – Discovering safe havens where criminals park the proceeds of

crime. – Accounting for how a large sum of money handed to a targeted

individual disappears – Checking to see if a corrupt individual has had any sudden and

unexplained windfalls. – Detecting relationships between terrorist cells through

remittances.