list of plant species from northern nsw that may be used as...

List of plant species from northern NSW that may be used as food plants

This information sourced from data collected by Greg Steenbeeke as part of the Plants Directory project. of 65 Copyright © 2001 Orkology Kreations. http://members.dodo.com.au/~orkology/index.html

SPECIES COMMON NAME LOCATION USE

Acacia baileyana (Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 386

Cootamundra Wattle This species is introduced to the region.

This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains

Widely used as an ornamental plant.

Acacia binervia (Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 348

Coast Myall This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The leaves contain prussic acid making them poisonous to stock.

Acacia concurrens (Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 352

Curracabah This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The unripe fruit cause severe discomfort in the mouth and throat.

Acacia decurrens (Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 390

Black Wattle This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The bark of trees at last 7 years old was harvested and stored for a year before preparation and use as an astringent (including being exported to Britain). The exuded gum, dissolved in water, can be used as a treatment for inflamed mucous membranes.

Acacia farnesiana (Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 392

Mimosa Bush This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The Aborigines are recorded as eating the pods after roasting them. The flowers are the source of the perfume oil cassie, the gums are astringent and used in treating inflamed mucous membranes, and the Javanese use the juice squeezed from unripe pods for bathing the eyes and as a plaster over wounds. The Algerians consider the flowers to be an aphrodisiac, and also an insecticidal agent.

Acacia myrtifolia (Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 380

Red-stemmed Wattle This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The leaves have been used a s a hops substitute in making beer.

Acacia oswaldii (Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 356

Miljee, Umbrella Wattle

This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The seeds are recorded as edible. However, no mention of required treatments is made, and some care should be exercised in the use of most (if not all) Wattles.

Acacia pycnantha (Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 382

Golden Wattle This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes

Commonly cultivated as an ornamental, naturalised around Sydney and in Western Australia. Of wide use during settlement as a cure for diahorrhoea, the bark and tannin-rich gum exudate being prepared for the purpose.

Acacia salicina (Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 375

Cooba, Native Willow This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The ash of this species was mixed with Duboisia hopwoodii (Pituri) to make a narcotic gumchewed by the Aborigines.

Acacia spectabilis (Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 385

Mudgee Wattle This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The flowers are able to be eaten, mixed into a batter and deep fried, or mixed into the batter of pikelets and pancakes. It is widely planted, and naturalised in the Sydney region.

Acacia stenophylla (Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 356

River Cooba, Belalie, Eumong


The seeds are recorded as edible. However, no mention of required treatments is made, and some care should be exercised in the use of most (if not all) Wattles.




Acacia vestita (Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 380

Weeping Boree This species is introduced to the region.

This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes

Widely cultivated, and one of the most pleasing of the wattles.

Acaena agnipila (Rosaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 540

Bidgee-widgee This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes

A. anserinifolia has been used as a tea substitute, with an added bonus of supposed activity against rheumatism, urinary and venereal disorders. The leaves may be prepared as a poultice to treat wounds.

Acaena echinata (Rosaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 540



Acaena novae-zelandiae (Rosaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 539



Acaena ovina (Rosaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 540



Acetosa vesicaria (Polygonaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 292

Bladder Dock, Rosy Dock

This species is introduced to the region.


A medicinal and edible herb, with anti-inflammatory and stimulative qualities. The bruised fresh leaves may be used as a poultice on wounds, and leaves are also added to salads, although the oxalic acid content suggests caution be employed over the amount and frequency with which it is used

Acetosella vulgaris (Polygonaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 292

Sheep Sorrel, Sorrel This species is introduced to the region.

This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes

Although edible in small quantities, larger quantities should be avoided as the plant is rich in oxalic acid. The leaves may be boiled or nibbled raw, and are suitable for use as a green vegetable. They may also be used as a soup vegetable.

Achillea millefolium (Asteraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 286

Yarrow This species is introduced to the region.

This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The leaves may be used as a garnish and herb, and although able to be used as a green vegetable taste strong and bitter. It may also be used as an inhalant against respiratory ailments and as an infusion against intestinal and menstrual disorders. It has also gained use as a poultice on bleeding and healing wounds.

It is recorded as being somewhat toxic, or of causing dermatitis.

Acianthus apprimus (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 217

Mountain Gnat Orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The tubers are edible.

Acianthus collinus (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 218



Acianthus exsertus (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 217

Mosquito Orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Acianthus pusillus (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 217

Gnat Orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands





Acmena smithii (Myrtaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 146

Lilly Pilly This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes

Although edible, the fruit is often resinous and tart.

Acronychia laevis (Rutaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 271

Glossy Acronychia This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The aromatic fruits are edible, but the recommended use is for making jam.

Acronychia oblongifolia (Rutaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 270

Common Acronychia This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The aromatic fruits are edible, but the recommended use is for making jam.

Acrotriche aggregata (Epacridaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 421


All species of Acrotriche probably have edible fruits. This is one of the better ones, with fleshy, crisp fruit with a pleasant, if tart taste.

Acrotriche divaricata (Epacridaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 421


All species of Acrotriche probably have edible fruits.

Acrotriche rigida (Epacridaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 421



Acrotriche serrulata (Epacridaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 421

Honeypots This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Adenochilus nortonii (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 170

Creeping Fairy-orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Adiantum aethiopicum (Adiantaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 023

Common Maidenhair This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes

A soothing syrup against coughs and chest ailments has been made of the leaves, and some African tribes smoke the leaves against colds.

Adiantum formosum (Adiantaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 024

Giant Maidenhair This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Adiantum hispidulum (Adiantaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 024

Rough Maidenhair This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes


Adriana glabrata variety glabrata (Euphorbiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 407

Bitterbush This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes

A plant which had use as a tobacco by the Aborigines.




Adriana tomentosa variety tomentosa (Euphorbiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 407

Bitterbush This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains

A plant which had use as a tobacco by the Aborigines.

Agave americana (Agavaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 069

Century Plant, American Aloe



Often occurs as the result of cultivation and is poorly naturalised. The sap of some species of Agave is irritant, and contain oxalates, while ingestion may cause minor toxicity. Dermatitis is also recorded.

Ailanthus altissima (Simaroubaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 276

Tree of Heaven This species is introduced to the region.


Although mentioned as useful against gonorrhoea, dysentery, tape-worms, heart complaints and epilepsy, the side effects include dermatitis, gastritis and nausea, so its use is not recommended.

It is recorded as being somewhat toxic, and also causing dermatitis.

Aira cupaniana (Poaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 595

Silvery Hairgrass This species is introduced to the region.


Aborigines in northern New South Wales are recorded as using the bruised leaves, juices and decoctions to treat ulcers, sores and skin ailments.

Alectryon diversifolius (Sapindaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 290

Scrub Boonaree This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes

The reddish aril around the seed is edible, but scant and many fruit would need collecting for a sufficient quantity.

Alectryon oleifolius subspecies elongatus (Sapindaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 290

Western Rosewood, Bonaree


The seed is edible, but no record exists of necessary treatments. Hearsay in the Macquarie Marshes area suggests that the foliage cut for fodder becomes toxic if dampened by rain once cut. The wood is heavy, richly coloured and ideal for wood turning.

Allium triquetrum (Alliaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 101

Three-cornered Garlic, Angled Onion



Widley cultivated as an ornamental plant.

Allium vineale (Alliaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 102

Crow Garlic This species is introduced to the region.


Often cultivated as an ornamental.

Allocasuarina littoralis (Casuarinaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 515

Black Sheoak This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains

Timber is suitable for veneer work and the plants are widely grown as a windbreak and as an ornamental tree. Bees utilise the pollen, which is mainly available April to October.

The is no apparent toxicity in this species.

Allocasuarina luehmannii (Casuarinaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 513

Bulloak, Bull Oak This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains

Timber is used for fencing posts, and the foliage is an inferior drought fodder. There is no apparent toxicity in this species.

Allocasuarina torulosa (Casuarinaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 514

Forest Oak, Forest Sheoak, Drooping Sheoak


Timber is suitable for veneer and turnery work, while the foliage is suitable as drought fodder. The plants are attractive and are sometimes cultivated.

The is no apparent toxicity in this species.




Aloe saponaria (Asphodelaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 085

Common Soap Aloe, Soap Aloe



One of the more widely cultivated of the succulents. It often persists around old habitation and in areas where it has been dumped.

Alphitonia excelsa (Rhamnaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 356

Red Ash This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The leaves have a high saponin content, and may be used as a soap substitute by rubbig between wet hands. An infusion of the bark and root was rubbed on the body as a liniment, or used as a gargle for toothache. The young shoots may be eaten to settle an upset stomach. A decoction of the bark and wood has been used as an internal tonic.

Alstonia constricta (Apocynaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 519

Quinine Bush, Bitter Bark


A number of alkaloids are present in the bark, and it has been used in treating fevers. One of the alkaloids is reserpine, which lowers blood pressure and and has a tranquilizing effect. It has been used at various stages as a source of 'bitters', and also as a replacement for hops, both here and in England. The bark produces a dye in various shades of yellow.

Alstonia constricta Narrow-leaved pubescent form (Apocynaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 519




Alstonia constricta type form (Apocynaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 519




Amaranthus hybridus (Amaranthaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 253

Slim Amaranth This species is introduced to the region.


The young leaves may be used as a spinach substitute or in soups, and should be cooked.

Amaranthus mitchellii (Amaranthaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 252

Boggabri Weed This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains


Amaranthus retroflexus (Amaranthaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 253

Redroot Amaranth This species is introduced to the region.



Amaranthus viridis (Amaranthaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 252

Green Amaranth This species is introduced to the region.


The young leaves may be used as a spinach substitute or in soups, and should be cooked. There is some record of the species being used to treat worms and as a treatment for tumours.

Amyema bifurcatum variety bifurcatum (Loranthaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 052


All species of Amyema have succulent and edible (if sticky) fruits.

Amyema cambagei (Loranthaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 051

River-oak Mistletoe This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains





Amyema congener subspecies congener (Loranthaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 050



Amyema gaudichaudii (Loranthaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 051



Amyema linophyllum subspecies orientale (Loranthaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 052

Needle-leaf Mistletoe This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains


Amyema miquelii (Loranthaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 052



Amyema miraculosum subspecies boormanii (Loranthaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 050



Amyema pendulum subspecies longifolium (Loranthaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 052



Amyema pendulum subspecies pendulum (Loranthaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 052



Amyema quandang variety bancroftii (Loranthaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 053


All species of Amyema have succulent and edible (if sticky) fruits. In north Queensland, a decoction of the leaves was drunk to treat fevers.

Amyema quandang variety quandang (Loranthaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 053


All species of Amyema have succulent and edible (if sticky) fruits. In north Queensland, a decoction of the leaves was drunk to treat fevers.

Anagallis arvensis (Primulaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 506

Pimpernel (Scarlet or Blue)



A medicinal plant with diuretic properties and assisting in the flow of bile, as well as being used to treat certain skin irritations. The foliage can be poisonous. It is used mainly in the treatment of nervous disorders.

It is recorded as being somewhat toxic, and also causing dermatitis.




Angophora costata (Myrtaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 074

Sydney Red Gum This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes

Angophora roots are known to provide a source of water.

Angophora floribunda (Myrtaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 075

Rough-barked Apple This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains


Angophora leiocarpa (Myrtaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 074



Angophora subvelutina (Myrtaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 076

Broad-leaved Apple This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes

Angophora roots are known to provide a source of water. The kino produced has been used as an astringent against diarrhoea.

Anredera cordifolia (Basellaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 177

Madeira Vine, Jalap, Lamb's Tail



The rhizome is reportedly edible. However, no mention is made of further treatments may be required.

Anthoxanthum odoratum (Poaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 634

Sweet Vernal Grass This species is introduced to the region.


A tea-like drink may be made of the leaves, and the plant may be used as a compress or bath to treat inflamed joints, rheumatic pain, myalgia, chillblains, nervous and physical exhaustion, metabolic disturbances and insomnia.

Argemone ochroleuca subspecies ochroleuca (Papaveraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 171

Mexican Poppy This species is introduced to the region.


The yellow latex is applied as a treatment for skin ailments (warts and corns particularly), and although toxic, the seeds have been applied to medicinal purposes in India. In some parts of northern Mexico the seeds have a reputation as a narcotic. The poisonous oilcake can be used as a fertilizer, while the oil is suitable for lamps, as a lubricant, and when mixed with linseed oil can be used for paints. It is possible that it also protects wood from borers and termites.

All parts are toxic (especially the seeds).

Argemone subfusiformis subspecies subfusiformis (Papaveraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 171

American Poppy This species is introduced to the region.


The yellow latex is applied as a treatment for skin ailments (warts and corns particularly), and although toxic, the seeds have been applied to medicinal purposes in India. In some parts of northern Mexico the seeds have a reputation as a narcotic. The poisonous oilcake can be used as a fertilizer, while the oil is suitable for lamps, as a lubricant, and when mixed with linseed oil can be used for paints. It is possible that it also protects wood from borers and termites.

All parts are toxic (especially the seeds).

Aristida acuta (Poaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 511


The seeds of Aristida species are recorded as being eaten.

Aristida behriana (Poaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 513

Bunch Wiregrass This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains





Aristida benthamii variety benthamii (Poaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 510



Aristida calycina variety calycina (Poaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 509



Aristida calycina variety praealta (Poaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 509



Aristida caput-medusae (Poaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 511

Many-headed Wiregrass



Aristida gracilipes (Poaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 512



Aristida holathera variety holathera (Poaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 509

Erect Kerosene Grass This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains


Aristida ingrata (Poaceae) This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Aristida jerichoensis variety jerichoensis (Poaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 510

Jericho Wiregrass This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains


Aristida jerichoensis variety subspinulifera (Poaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 510

Jericho Wiregrass This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains


Aristida latifolia (Poaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 511

Feathertop Wiregrass This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains


Aristida leichhardtiana (Poaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 513






Aristida leptopoda (Poaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 513

White Speargrass This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains


Aristida longicollis (Poaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 514

This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Plains


Aristida muricata (Poaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 510



Aristida platychaeta (Poaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 514



Aristida psammophila (Poaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 511



Aristida ramosa variety ramosa (Poaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 512



Aristida ramosa variety scaberula (Poaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 512



Aristida ramosa variety speciosa (Poaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 512



Aristida species A (aff. ingrata) (Poaceae)



Aristida species B (affinis longicollis) (Poaceae)



Aristida spuria (Poaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 508






Aristida vagans (Poaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 512

Threeawn Speargrass This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains


Aristida warburgii (Poaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 511



Artemisia ludoviciana (Asteraceae)

Western Mugwort, White Sage



Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental - the silvery foliage making it likely to be a popular subject in drier climates.

Dermatitis is recorded from contact with some Artemisia species.

Arthrochilus huntianus (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 195

Elbow Orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The tubers are probably edible.

Arthropodium milleflorum (Anthericaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 094

Vanilla Lily This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The roots are edible. No mention is made of any required treatments that will ensure its edibility.

Asparagus officinalis (Asparagaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 045

Asparagus This species is introduced to the region.


The plants are cultivated for the edible new shoot, this being harvested while very young and steamed or boiled.

Dermatitis is recorded from contact by some.

Astelia species (Asteliaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 048

Pineapple Grass, Pineapple Lily


Astelia alpina yields edible, succulent red fruit.

Astrebla pectinata (Poaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 547

Barley Mitchell Grass This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The caryopsis (grain) formed an important part of the diet for inland Aborigines.

Atherosperma moschatum (Monimiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 131

Black Sassafras This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

A bitter infusion produced from the bark is reported as having a pleasant taste when taken with plenty of milk, and had a reputation as a tonic. It is quite bitter, and is poorly recommended.

Baeckea gunniana (Myrtaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 185

Alpine Baeckea This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The leaves are used to make a pleasant tea, in this case often with a hint of lemon.

Baeckea virgata (Myrtaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 184


The leaves are used to make a pleasant tea.

Banksia cunninghamii subspecies A (Proteaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 071

Shrubby Honeysuckle This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes

Banksia flowers are considered a good source of nectar.




Banksia integrifolia subspecies A (Proteaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 068

Mountain Banksia This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains


Banksia marginata (Proteaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 069

Silver Banksia This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains


Banksia spinulosa variety collina (Proteaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 070

Hairpin Banksia This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Bidens pilosa (Asteraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 279

Cobbler's Pegs, Pitchforks, Farmer's Friends



The young leaves may be used as a spinach substitute or in stews, and should be cooked. They impart a very strong flavour, and when boiled the leaves give the water a very brown colour.

Billardiera longiflora (Pittosporaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 068

Purple Appleberry This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The pulp of the edible berries is fleshy, but there is little of it.

Billardiera scandens variety scandens (Pittosporaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 068

Appleberry, Snotberry, Apple Dumplings


The pulp of the edible berries is succulent, with an aroma and taste somewhat like apples.

Blandfordia grandiflora (Blandfordiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 068

Christmas Bells This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

Widely cultivated in Europe and North America as a garden and pot flower.

Boerhavia coccinea (Nyctaginaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 186

Tarvine This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The taproot is edible after baking, although the foliage is reported as being eaten in Southeaast Asia.

Brachychiton acerifolius (Sterculiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 312

Illawarra Flame Tree, Flame Tree


The seeds may be roasted and then ground as a coffee substitute, or eaten whole. The raw nut is alright, but is improved by light roasting.

Brachychiton populneus subspecies populneus (Sterculiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 313

Kurrajong This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes

The seeds may be roasted and then ground as a coffee substitute, or eaten whole. The raw nut is alright, but is improved by light roasting.

It is recorded as causing dermatitis in some people.

Brunoniella australis (Acanthaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 606

Blue Trumpet This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains

Roots of the related B. acaulis are recorded as edible, but no information of required treatments (if any) is given.




Buddleja davidii (Buddlejaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 552

Purple Butterfly Bush This species is introduced to the region.


Widely cultivated as an ornamental that is very attractive to butterflies

Bulbine bulbosa (Asphodelaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 083

Bulbine Lily, Golden Lily


It is reported that the Aborigines ate the bulb, but given the effects on grazing animals some form of treatment (which is not recorded) is probably necessary.

Bulbophyllum bracteatum (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 236

Spotted Bulbophyllum This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental.

Bulbophyllum elisae (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 235

Pineapple Orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes


Bulbophyllum exiguum (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 236

Autumn Bulbophyllum This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Bulbophyllum minutissimum (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 235

Squat Moss-orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Bulbophyllum shepherdii (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 234

Wheat-leaf Orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Caesia alpina (Anthericaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 088

Alpine Grass-lily This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

A related species (<a href="2230032t.htm" target="text">C. parviflora var. vittata) is recorded as having edible tubers, although no statements are given regarding any required treatments.

Caesia calliantha (Anthericaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 088


A related species (<a href="2230032t.htm" target="text">C. parviflora var. vittata) is recorded as having edible tubers, although no statements are given regarding any required treatments.

Caesia parviflora variety parviflora (Anthericaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 088

Pale Grass-lily This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes

The related variety <a href="2230032t.htm" target="text">C. parviflora var. vittata is recorded as having edible tubers, although no statements are given regarding any required treatments.

Caesia parviflora variety vittata (Anthericaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 088

Dark Grass-lily This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

This variety (as C. vittata) is recorded as having edible tubers, although no statements are given regarding any required treatments.




Caladenia caerulea (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 206

Blue Fairy Orchid, Blue Caladenia, Parson-in-the-pulpit


Tubers of Caladenia species are recorded as edible.

Caladenia carnea variety carnea (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 208

Pink Fairies, Pink Finger-orchid



Caladenia filamentosa variety filamentosa (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 200

Daddy Longlegs, Spider Orchid



Caladenia fuscata (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 207



Caladenia gracilis (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 205

Musky Caladenia, Musky Finger-orchid



Caladenia quadrifaria (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 207



Caladenia tentaculata (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 202

Greencombed Spider Orchid, Fringed Spider Orchid



Calandrinia eremaea (Portulacaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 184


Calandrinia balonensis has edible, succulent leaves, although they contain oxalates and should not be eaten in quantity). Roots may also be eaten (raw or cooked) and the seeds are made into a bread.

Calanthe triplicata (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 237

Christmas Orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

Often cultivated as an ornamental orchid.

Caleana major (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 194

Large Duck-orchid, Flying Duck Orchid



Caleana minor (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 194

Small Duck Orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes


Calendula officinalis (Asteraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 314

Pot Marigold, English Marigold



A medicinal herb with anti-inflammatory and anti-worm properties, as well as stimulating bile flow and perspiration and preventing spasms. The florets are prepared as an infusion, for drinking or as a gargle, or it may be added to the bath for the skin.




Callistemon citrinus (Myrtaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 171

Crimson Bottlebrush This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The leaves produce a very good quality, refreshing tea, reminiscent of apples in flavour.

Callitris endlicheri (Cupressaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 085

Black Cypress Pine This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The bark is rich in tannin.

Callitris glaucophylla (Cupressaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 086

White Cypress Pine This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains

Timber durable, resistant to white-ant attack, and widley used for construction.

Calochilus campestris (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 153

Copper Beard-orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains


Calochilus gracillimus (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 153

Slender Beard-orchid, Late Beard-orchid



Calochilus robertsonii (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 153

Purple Beard-orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes


Calostemma purpurea (Amaryllidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 107

Garland Lily This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains

Would have good potential as a later-flowering, 'Jonquil' style flower for gardens.

Cannabis sativa (Cannabaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 348

Indian Hemp, Marijuana



The plant is the source of the narcotic Marijuana (derived mainly from the leaves, inflorescences and resins). The stem fibres are manufactured into hemp fabrics and fibres, used for cloth and rope.

All parts of the plant are narcotic. Canthium odoratum (Rubiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 500

Shiny-leaved Canthium, Iamboto


The fruit are recorded as edible. However, no record is made of the required treatments, if any, needed to make the fruit edible.

Capparis arborea (Capparaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 457

Tree Caper This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes

The seeds are in a sweet pulp, but fruit are often infested by insects rendering it inedible.

Capparis canescens (Capparaceae)

Wild Orange This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains

Fruit would probably be edible, and the foliage is browsed by stock. It has among the largest buds of the local Capparis species, and they are similar enough to the commercial caper (C. spinosa) as to possibly be a suitable substitute.

None recorded.




Capparis lasiantha (Capparaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 456

Nepine This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The fruit contains many seeds embedded in a sticky, sweet pulp.

Capparis mitchellii (Capparaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 457

Wild Orange, Native Orange


The fruit contains many seeds embedded in a sticky, sweet pulp. I have found that this species can be unappetizing, especially when infested by fruitfly.

Capparis velutina (Capparaceae)

This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Plains

The seeds are in a sweet pulp, but fruit are often infested by insects rendering it inedible.

Capsella bursa-pastoris (Brassicaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 473

Shepherd's Purse This species is introduced to the region.


The leaves of the basal rosette may be boiled and used as a green vegetable. They are not strongly flavoured, but have little to recommend their use. There are some records of its use as a medicinal herb (as a diuretic and to control bleeding).

Capsicum annuum variety glabriusculum (Solanaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 367



The edible Capsicum (also known as a Bell Pepper) is Capsicum annum. The fruit of some varieties will burn the skin and inner soft tissues.

Cardamine hirsuta (Brassicaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 476

Common Bittercress, Hairy Woodcress



Recommended as a potherb, imparting a sharp, peppery taste. I find it quite pleasant to nibble in small quantities.

Carduus nutans subspecies nutans (Asteraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 321

Nodding Thistle This species is introduced to the region.


The young, upright stems are reported as edible, after being stripped of their spines and leaves.

Carissa ovata (Apocynaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 515

Currant Bush This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The elliptic or ovoid fruit have few seeds, and when ripe the flesh is pleasantly sweet.

Carthamus lanatus (Asteraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 328

Saffron Thistle This species is introduced to the region.


Related to the commercial safflower, the oil can be used for similar purposes. Oil content is about 16%.

Cassytha glabella forma glabella (Lauraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 146

Devil's Twine, Dodder This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes

The small amount of succulent, aromatic flesh surrounding the stone is edible, but not of high quality.

Cassytha melantha (Lauraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 146






Cassytha pubescens (Lauraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 146

Hairy Devil's Twine, Hairy Dodder



Casuarina cristata (Casuarinaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 510

Belah This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The roots of Casuarina species have been known to provide a source of water. No apparent toxicity exists in this species.

Casuarina cunninghamiana subspecies cunninghamiana (Casuarinaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 509

River Oak This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The roots of Casuarina species have been known to provide a source of water. The plants are fast growing and are very suitable for windbreaks and stabilising stream banks. The timber has been used in turnery and also is a good fuel.

no apparent toxicity is known

Caustis flexuosa (Cyperaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 321

Curly Wig This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes

Has wide use in the florist trade.

Cayratia clematidea (Vitaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 044


The small black fruit are somewhat pleasant, but cause an irritation to the back of the throat.

Celtis australis (Ulmaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 341

Southern Nettle Tree, European Hackberry



Often cultivated as an ornamental and shade tree.

Centaurium erythraea (Gentianaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 509

Common Centaury This species is introduced to the region.


A medicinal herb recommended in treating lack of appetite, anorexia and digestive disorders, with an infusion recommended for use in treating arthritis and anaemia.

Chenopodium album (Chenopodiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 220

Fat Hen This species is introduced to the region.


Of wide use in Europe as a green vegetable and spinach substitute for thousands of years. Considered among th best of the spinach substitutes.

Chenopodium auricomum (Chenopodiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 218


Similar to the related <a href="3070010t.htm" target="text">C. album, this plant is useful as a green vegetable, and in fact is one of the few Australian plants to have been taken to Europe for use as a vegetable.

Chenopodium murale (Chenopodiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 220

Nettle-leaf Goosefoot This species is introduced to the region.


This plant is of use as a green vegetable and spinach substitute.

Chiloglottis diphylla (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 192

Common Ant-orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes





Chiloglottis formicifera (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 193

Ant Orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes


Chiloglottis palachila (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 193

Clubbed Ant-orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Chiloglottis platyptera (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 193



Chiloglottis pluricallata (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 191

Brown Bird-orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Chiloglottis sphyrnoides (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 193

Ornate Ant-orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Chiloglottis trapeziformis (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 193

Erect Ant-orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes


Chiloglottis trilabra (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 192



Cichorium intybus (Asteraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 330

Chicory This species is introduced to the region.


A medicinal and edible herb with a bitter taste, used sparingly in salads. The medicinal uses of the plant are for treatments of the gall bladder, dyspepsia and haemorrhoids, and are prepared (with dandelion) as a decoction. There is some concern that the plant may also induce miscarriage. The root may also be roasted and used as a coffee substitute.

Ciclospermum leptophyllum (Apiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 109

Slender Celery This species is introduced to the region.


The leaves are somewhat carroty in flavour, and are useful as a garnish and salad herb. In some cases the plants can be very acrid, so test before use.

Cirsium arvense (Asteraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 322

Perennial Thistle This species is introduced to the region.


The young shoots and flower stalks of the plants may be eaten, the stems being peeled then boiled.

Cirsium vulgare (Asteraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 322

Spear Thistle This species is introduced to the region.


The unopened flower heads are cooked whole, then split and the softened core is eaten. The peeled young (pre-flowering) stems are also edible, tasting like beans.




Cissus antarctica (Vitaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 042

Water Vine This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The fruit are edible, but the quality is poor and it is also inclined to cause irritation in the mouth and throat. Stewing to produce a sugary conserve improves them to some extent.

Cissus hypoglauca (Vitaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 042

Large Water Vine This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The fruit is edible, but very variable in quality from passable to excellent. It also produces a fine jelly with a slight astringency.

Cissus opaca (Vitaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 042

Small-leaved Water vine


The fruit are edible, but likely to cause irrittation to the throat. The tuber is also reported edible, but according to some should be avoided.

Citriobatus pauciflorus (Pittosporaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 073

Orange Thorn This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The small fruits are sweet, but may in some cases be strongly flavoured. Cribb & Cribb recommend that they be taken in only small quantities. I have often sampled them, and have yet to be displeased.

Citriobatus spinescens (Pittosporaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 073

Wallaby Apple, Large-fruited Orange Thorn


Fruit are edible, but of unknown quality.

Citrullus lanatus variety lanatus (Cucurbitaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 443

Wild, Camel or Bitter Melon




Citrus limonia (Rutaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 274

Rough Lemon, Rangpur Lime



The fruit are edible, but are generally inferior to cultivated individuals. The oils in the foliage may cause dermatitis.

Clematis glycinoides variety glycinoides (Ranunculaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 159

Headache Vine This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes

The leaves when crushed release an oil so pungent as to cause a burning sensation in the sinuses, and any headache is quickly forgotten.

Some species of Clematis are recorded as being somewhat toxic, and also causing dermatitis.

Codonocarpus attenuatus (Gyrostemonaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 488

Bell-fruit Tree This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The sappy roots of the inland C. cotinifolius were used as a food by aborigines according to one report.

Commelina cyanea (Commelinaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 258

Blue-flowered Wandering Jew


The plants are useful as a green vegetable in times of need.

Commelina ensifolia (Commelinaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 259

Scurvy Grass This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The plants are useful as a green vegetable in times of need.

Convolvulus arvensis (Convulvulaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 383

Common Bindweed This species is introduced to the region.


An essence prepared from the fresh plant is recommended for constipation and fever.




Conyza canadensis variety canadensis (Asteraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 199

Canadian Fleabane, Horsetail



A medicinal plant, used in homeopathy for treating haemorrhoids and painful menstruation, and an infusion can be used against diahorrhoea, enteritis, dropsy and uterine bleeding. Also believed to kill internal worms.

The leaves are irritant. Coprosma hirtella (Rubiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 502

Currant Bush This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The fruit are sweet, but not pleasant.

Coprosma nitida (Rubiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 503


The fruit are sweet, but not pleasant.

Coprosma quadrifida (Rubiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 503

Prickly Currant Bush This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The fruit are sweet, juicy, and would be among the better of the genus. The fruit were used during Tasmanian settlement for making puddings, although the 2 large seeds in each fruit would have been a problem.

Coronopus didymus (Brassicaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 471

Lesser Swinecress This species is introduced to the region.


The leaves have a strong, hot-cress flavour, and are suited to use as a herb and garnish, but too strong for use on their own.

Corybas fimbriatus (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 215

Fringed Helmet-orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Corybas hispidus (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 214

Bristly Helmet-orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Corybas montanus (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 213

Mt Maroon Helmet-orchid



Corybas species A (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 215

Sphagnum Helmet-orchid



Corydalis lutea (Fumariaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 173

Yellow Corydalis This species is introduced to the region.


Widely cultivated in suitable climates.

Corymbia gummifera (Myrtaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 088

Red Bloodwood This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The flowers are a useful source of nectar.

Cotoneaster lacteus (Malaceae)

Rockspray Cotoneaster



Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental Species of Cotoneaster are recorded as being somewhat toxic.




Crataegus monogyna (Malaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 546

Hawthorn This species is introduced to the region.


The fruit may be eaten raw or prepared into jelly, and the young leaves are edible with a nutty flavour.

Crinum flaccidum (Amaryllidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 104

Darling Lily, Macquarie Lily, Inland Crinum, Murray Lily


The starchy bulb has been used as a source of arrowroot. All parts of the plant are somewhat toxic, and may cause dermatitis.

Cryptostylis erecta (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 220

Tartan Tongue-orchid, Turban Orchid


The fleshy, starchy roots can be eaten.

Cryptostylis hunteriana (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 220

Leafless Tongue-orchid



Cryptostylis leptochila (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 221

Small Tongue-orchid, Red Tongue-orchid



Cryptostylis subulata (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 220

Large Tongue-orchid, Cowslip Orchid



Cuphea hyssopifolia (Lythraceae)

False Heather This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Plains

This species is much used in landscaping, and this abundant use is probably the reason it will become a major stream and lawn weed in the near future.

Cyathea australis (Cyatheaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 043

Rough Treefern This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes

The soft, pithy apex of the trunk is starchy and said to provide a reasonable feed after boiling. Records show Aboriginals would eat it either raw or baked. The process of removing the apex will kill the plant.

Cyathea leichhardtiana (Cyatheaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 043

Prickly Treefern This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The soft, pithy apex of the trunk is starchy and said to provide a reasonable feed after boiling. Records show Aboriginals would eat it either raw or baked. The process of removing the apex will kill the plant.

Cymbidium canaliculatum (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 240

Tiger Orchid, Channeled Cymbidium, Inland Tree Orchid,


The pseudobulbs are rich in starch, and while recorded as being used cooked or raw are mucilaginous and insipid. The 'arrowroot' may be removed by washing out the pounded starch and allowing it to settle. The brown fruit are also able to be eaten. Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental.

Cymbidium suave (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 241

Snake Orchid, Slender Tree Orchid






Cynodon dactylon (Poaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 522

Couch, Bermuda Grass


Widely cultivated as a lawn grass. May cause dermatitis in some people.

Cyperus bifax (Cyperaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 345


The tubers produced on the rhizome are edible, either raw or roasted, and have also been ground into a flour for use in making a porridge.

Cyperus eragrostis (Cyperaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 339

Umbrella Sedge This species is introduced to the region.


Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental, feature or bedding plant.

Cyperus rotundus (Cyperaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 345

Nutgrass This species is introduced to the region.


The tubers in this species are strongly aromatic of chest liniment, and are unpleasant to eat. The balsamic oil is able to be extracted by steam distillation, and the tubers may be used in a manner similar to naphthalene in keeping insects away. Other uses of the oil include perfumery and soaps.

Cyrtostylis reniformis (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 218

Gnat Orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes

The tubers can be eaten.

Datura stramonium (Solanaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 371

Common Thornapple, Jimsonweed



An exceedingly toxic plant, it's use for any purpose should be avoided. All parts of the plant are toxic.

Daucus carota (Apiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 110

Wild Carrot This species is introduced to the region.


This is the cultivated carrot, but wild forms are generally inferior to commercial forms. Finely grated fresh root is active against physical and nervous exhaustion (when used over an extended period), dropsy and internal inflammations (and diahorrhoea).

Recorded as causing dermatitis in some people.

Daviesia latifolia (Fabaceae (Faboideae)) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 475


The leaves have been used a s a hops substitute in making beer.

Delonix regia (Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae)) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 313



Frequently cultivated for floral display

Dendrobium falcorostrum (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 232

Beech Orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Dendrobium kingianum (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 232

Pink Rock Orchid, Pink Rocklily






Dendrobium tarberi (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 231

Rock Lily, King Orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes

The pseudobulbs of this species and related dendrobiums are recorded as having been used by the Aborigines. I presume from experience that they are baked, as raw they are insipid, stringy and somewhat unpleasant. Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental.

Dendrobium x delicatum (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 231

Rock Orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

mucus from pseudobulbs used to fix pigments, but mainly of horticultural interest

Dendrobium X gracillimum (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 232


Mucus from stems used a pigment fixative. Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental.

Dianella caerulea variety assera (Phormiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 078

Creeping Flax-lily, Long-stemmed Flax-lily


The fruit are generally edible.

Dianella caerulea variety caerulea (Phormiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 077

Blueberry Flax-lily This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Dianella caerulea variety cinerascens (Phormiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 078

Blue-leaved Flax-lily This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes


Dianella caerulea variety producta (Phormiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 077

Creeping Blueberry, Creeping Flax-lily



Dianella longifolia variety longifolia (Phormiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 076

Tall Flax-lily This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains


Dianella longifolia variety stenophylla (Phormiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 077

Narrow-leaved Flax-lily



Dianella revoluta variety revoluta (Phormiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 075

Common Flax-lily This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains


Dianella revoluta variety vinosa (Phormiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 076

Red Flax-lily This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes





Dianella tasmanica (Phormiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 078

Broad-leaved Flax-lily This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Dichelachne crinita (Poaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 582

Longhair Plumegrass This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes

The stems have been used in papermaking.

Dichopogon fimbriatus (Anthericaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 093

Nodding Chocolate Lily


The flowers may be eaten, but the tuberous roots are edible and provide far more sustenance.

Dichopogon strictus (Anthericaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 093

Chocolate Lily This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes

The flowers may be eaten, but the tuberous roots are edible and provide far more sustenance.

Dicksonia antarctica (Dicksoniaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 044

Soft Treefern, Manfern


The soft, pithy apex of the trunk is starchy and said to provide a reasonable, if astringent feed. Records show it to have been used raw or cooked. The process of removing the apex will kill the plant.

Digitalis purpurea (Scrophulariaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 573

Foxglove This species is introduced to the region.


The plant is the source of the heart-drug Digitalin, and is therefore deadly poisonous. The plant is lethally poisonous.

Digitaria sanguinalis (Poaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 461

Summer Grass, Crab Grass



The grain (caryopsis) is ground for flour. Its quality is not recorded, although it is mentinoed that it should be boiled.

Dioscorea transversa (Dioscoreaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 039

Native Yam This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The tuber is edible raw or cooked (baked or boiled), and when boiled tastes something like a waxy potato.

Diospyros australis (Ebenaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 497

Black Plum This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The fruit is somewhat astringent, and although regarded as edible should only be taken in small quantities if unused to it. The fruit may be variable between plants, but all I have tried leave little desire to pursue the product.

Dipodium atropurpureum (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 240

Purple Hyacinth Orchid


The fleshy, starchy, thick roots are probably edible.

Dipodium hamiltonianum (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 239

Green Hyacinth Orchid



Dipodium pulchellum (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 239

Dark Hyacinth Orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands





Dipodium punctatum (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 239

Hyacinth Orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes


Dipodium roseum (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 239

Pink Hyacinth Orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Dipodium variegatum (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 239

Spotted Hyacinth Orchid



Diuris abbreviata (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 144

Lemon Doubletail This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes

The fleshy, starchy tubers are edible.

Diuris alba (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 141

White Donkey-orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes


Diuris chrysantha (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 143

Yellow Donkey-orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes


Diuris dendrobioides (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 140

Purple Donkey-orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes


Diuris goonooensis (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 144

Western Donkey-orchid



Diuris lanceolata (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 145

Snake Orchid, Golden Moths



Diuris pedunculata (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 145

Golden Moths, Small Snake Orchid



Diuris punctata variety punctata (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 140

Purple Donkey-orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes


Diuris striata (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 140






Diuris sulphurea (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 145

Tiger Orchid, Hornet Orchid



Diuris tricolor (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 141

Tricolour Donkey Orchid



Diuris venosa (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 145

Veined Doubletail, Veined Donkey Orchid, Goat Orchid.



Dockrillia cucumerina (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 229

Cucumber Orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes


Dockrillia fairfaxii (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 230

Mountain Rat's-tail Orchid, Streaked Rat's-tail Orchid



Dockrillia linguiformis (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 229

Tongue Orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes


Dockrillia mortii (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 230

Short Pencil Orchid, Hanging Pencil Orchid



Dockrillia pugioniformis (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 231

Dagger Orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Dodonaea boroniifolia (Sapindaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 305

Boronia-leaved Hop-bush


At one stage the fruit of various Dodonaea species were used as a successful substitute for hops in the beer-brewing process.

Dodonaea falcata (Sapindaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 305

Pine-leaved Hop-bush This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains


Dodonaea heteromorpha (Sapindaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 307



Dodonaea hirsuta (Sapindaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 307

Hairy Hop-bush This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes





Dodonaea lanceolata variety subsessilifolia (Sapindaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 304



Dodonaea megazyga (Sapindaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 308

Fern-leaved Hop-bush



Dodonaea peduncularis (Sapindaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 305



Dodonaea rhombifolia (Sapindaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 307



Dodonaea serratifolia (Sapindaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 305

Toothed Hop-bush This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Dodonaea sinuolata subspecies sinuolata (Sapindaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 306

Fern-leaved Hop-bush



Dodonaea stenophylla (Sapindaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 307



Dodonaea triangularis (Sapindaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 308



Dodonaea triquetra (Sapindaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 304

3-winged Hop-bush This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes


Dodonaea viscosa subspecies angustifolia (Sapindaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 303

Sticky Hop-bush This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains


Dodonaea viscosa subspecies angustissima (Sapindaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 303

Sticky Hop-bush This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains





Dodonaea viscosa subspecies burmanniana (Sapindaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 303

Sticky Hop-bush This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Dodonaea viscosa subspecies cuneata (Sapindaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 304



Dodonaea viscosa subspecies mucronata (Sapindaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 304



Dodonaea viscosa subspecies spatulata (Sapindaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 304



Doryphora sassafras (Monimiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 131

Sassafras This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The bark has been used to produce a tea substitute and tonic, but its use is limited by its bitterness and the presence of the toxic alkaloid Doryphorine.

Drosera auriculata (Droseraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 494

Climbing Sundew This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes

The tubers may be edible.

Drosera binata (Droseraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 495

Forked Sundew This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

Of interest to carnivorous plant collectors.

Drosera burmannii (Droseraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 495

Burmann's Sundew This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes


Drosera glanduligera (Droseraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 495

Pimpernel Sundew This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes


Drosera peltata (Droseraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 494

Hairy Climbing Sundew


The tubers may be edible. In India the tubers are used as a source of dye, giving silk a fast, rich brown colour.

Drymophila moorei (Luzuriagaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 044

Orange Berry, Native Solomon's Seal


Has limited potential in the horticultural trade in cooler areas as a native replacement for the very similar Solomon's Seal.




Duboisia myoporoides (Solanaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 343

Corkwood This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The leaves were used by the Aborigines to produce a stupefying drink, owing largely to the presence of the drug hyoscine, for which this plant is a major natural source.

Echinochloa colona (Poaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 475

Awnless Barnyard Grass


Raw or cooked, the plant is reported to be edible, although treatments that may be required are not recorded.

Echinochloa crus-galli (Poaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 475

Barnyard Grass This species is introduced to the region.


Raw or cooked, the plant is reported to be edible, although treatments that may be required are not recorded.

Echium vulgare (Boraginaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 398

Viper's Bugloss This species is introduced to the region.


A herb that may be cooked and treated like spinach, using the young leaves and stems before flowering. It has also been used in treating snakebite, epilepsy and neural disorders. In the Tyrol it is recommended people avoid eating it as it is reputed to stimulate sexual desire.

Recorded as toxic, and of causing dermatitis.

Ehretia acuminata variety acuminata (Boraginaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 388

Koda This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The fruit are recorded as edible, and raw they are a fleshy, somewhat sweet berry. That they are often available in large quantities from lower branches is probably their greatest value.

Eichhornia crassipes (Pontederiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 250

Water Hyacinth, Lilac Devil



The plant may be eaten, buut is fibrous and almost flavourless. The young inflorescence is recommended as the most tender part.

Elaeocarpus reticulatus (Elaeocarpaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 317

Blueberry Ash This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Eleusine indica (Poaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 529

Crowsfoot Grass This species is introduced to the region.


The grain (caryopsis) is ground for flour. Its quality is not recorded. The fact that the plant can be toxic suggests caution be employed.

Elytrigia repens (Poaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 602

English Couch, Quick Grass, Twitch Grass



A decoction of the rhizome is used to treat bronchial catarrhs, arthritis, rheumatism, cystitis and skin disorders.

Emex australis (Polygonaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 293

Spiny Emex, Doublegee, 3-cornered Jacks



The young growth and leaves may be boiled as a spinach substitute, but is very bitter. The plant accumulates oxalates, so care should be taken with its use. It is also noted to be a mild laxative.

Enchylaena tomentosa (Chenopodiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 225

Ruby Saltbush This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The fruit are sweet and pleasant to eat. The foliage is also noted as edible, although a high oxalate record suggests that caution be used when trying it.

Eremocitrus glauca (Rutaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 273

Desert Lime, Limebush


The fruit are edible, and are widely used for their refreshing properties in jams, preserves and drinks.




Eremophila bignoniiflora (Myoporaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 542

Eurah, Bignonia Emubush


Often cut for fodder during drought times.

Eremophila debilis (Myoporaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 543

Winter Apple, Amulla This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The pinkish-purple fruit are edible, but somewhat bitter.

Eremophila longifolia (Myoporaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 546

Berrigan, Emubush This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains

Cut for stock fodder during periods of drought. The leaves were recorded as being used to tan leather by the Aborigines.

Eremophila mitchellii (Myoporaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 543

Budda, False Sandalwood


Often cut for fodder during drought times. There is an oil in the foliage which may be used as a substitute for sandalwood oil.

Eriochilus cucullatus (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 211

Smooth-leaf Parson's-bands, Large Parson's-bands



Erodium crinitum (Geraniaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 028

Blue Storksbill, Blue Crowfoot


The rhizome is reportedly edible after cooking. However, no mention is made of further treatments may be required.

Eschscholzia californica (Papaveraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 170

Californian Poppy This species is introduced to the region.


Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental bedding plant, particularly in drier climates.

Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Myrtaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 101

River Red Gum, River Gum


Seeds are edible, although the treatment is not recorded. They may have been soaked and then ground. Also known to house lerp-making Psyllids. The tree is a valuable inland timber tree and probably the most widespread of the Australian trees. The oils in eucalypts can range from irritant to toxic, more so in larger quantities and purer forms.

Eucalyptus dives (Myrtaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 132

Broad-leaved Peppermint


Some forms of this species are very high in essential oils (cineole and piperitone), and sucker well, leading to a repeated cutting of the same crop over many years. The oils in eucalypts can range from irritant to toxic, more so in larger quantities and purer forms.

Eucalyptus goniocalyx (Myrtaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 106

Bundy This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes

A eucalypt with a high cineole content in the leaves, and exploited to a limited extent for that. The oils in eucalypts can range from irritant to toxic, more so in larger quantities and purer forms.

Eucalyptus macrorhyncha (Myrtaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 125

Red Stringybark This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes

The leaves contain a dye which gives an olive to khaki colour. The dyeing substance is also the drug rutin, and the species is exploited as a source of that in a limited commercial way. The oils in eucalypts can range from irritant to toxic, more so in larger quantities and purer forms.




Eucalyptus polyanthemos (Myrtaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 119

Red Box This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

A eucalypt with a reasonably high cineole content in the oil, and exploited to some extent for that purpose. The oils in eucalypts can range from irritant to toxic, more so in larger quantities and purer forms.

Eucalyptus radiata subspecies radiata (Myrtaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 131

Narrow-leaved Peppermint


The species is among the more important sources of the cineole rich oils. The oils in eucalypts can range from irritant to toxic, more so in larger quantities and purer forms.

Eucalyptus radiata subspecies sejuncta (Myrtaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 131

Narrow-leaved Peppermint


The species is among the more important sources of the cineole rich oils. The oils in eucalypts can range from irritant to toxic, more so in larger quantities and purer forms.

Eucalyptus tereticornis (Myrtaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 099

Forest Red Gum This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes

The species is known to host psyllids which will produce lerp. The species is also an important timber tree. The oils in eucalypts can range from irritant to toxic, more so in larger quantities and purer forms.

Eucalyptus viminalis (Myrtaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 112

Ribbon Gum This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes

The leaves are a common source of manna, produced by the insects feeding on the leaves. The material may be collected from below the tree. The timber is able to be milled. The oils in eucalypts can range from irritant to toxic, more so in larger quantities and purer forms.

Euphorbia peplus (Euphorbiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 426

Petty Spurge, Radium Plant



Noted by some as a remedy against 'sunspots' on the skin, the white latex is applied to the skin mark. Its effectiveness is noted, but further complications are unknown. It is also recommended that spots should be investigated by your doctor. Use of this plant is now obsolete in both allelopathy and homeopathy. The plants are noted as somewhat toxic, and the latex may cause dermatitis.

Eupomatia laurina (Eupomatiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 124

Bolwarra This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The fruit is soft when ripe, and the sticky pulp enveloping th seeds is sweet and pleasant to eat. I recommend sucking the seeds for some time after swallowing the pulp as the taste then remains pleasant for some time afterwards.

Eustrephus latifolius (Luzuriagaceae (or geitonoplesiaceae)) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 043

Wombat Berry This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes

The flesh of the fruit is sweet and crisp, but scarce. The tubers are developed on the roots, each about 1 cm across, and often plentiful. They are crisp, white and pleasant, the earthy flavour would probably be reduced by cooking.

Exocarpos aphyllus (Santalaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 057

Leafless Ballart This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains


Exocarpos cupressiformis (Santalaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 057

Cherry Ballart, Native Cherry


The fleshy receptacle (stalk) is delicious when ripe (and then red in colour, not yellow).




Exocarpos nanus (Santalaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 056

Alpine Ballart This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Exocarpos strictus (Santalaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 057

Dwarf Cherry This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Fagopyrum esculentum (Polygonaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 288

Buckwheat This species is introduced to the region.


Cultivated for grain. The leaves and shoots of fruiting plants have been used as a medicinal herb, effective against eczema and liver disorders

Ficus carica (Moraceae) Fig, Edible Fig This species is introduced to the region.


The plant is cultivated for the edible fruit The latex may cause dermatitis.

Ficus coronata (Moraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 344

Creek Sandpaper Fig This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes

The figs are edible, and among the best quality of the native species. Rub away the furry coating with the fingers, or roughly split in half and squeeze out the pleasant tasting, somewhat grainy flesh. The leaves have been used as a sandpaper substitute.

The latex may cause dermatitis.

Ficus rubiginosa (Moraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 345

Port Jackson Fig, Rusty Fig


The fruit are edible, and the compact cluster of leaves at the tip of the stem may be boiled before making an acceptable vegetable.

The latex may cause dermatitis.

Foeniculum vulgare (Apiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 109

Fennel This species is introduced to the region.


The leaves and fruit provide an aniseed flavour, and the species was introduced to Australia as a culinary herb. It is also used as a medicinal herb, with activities including duiretic and expectorant, and to relieve spasms and flatulence.

Fraxinus angustifolia subspecies angustifolia (Oleaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 470

Narrow-leaved Ash This species is introduced to the region.


Occasionally cultiated for the striking, reddish or coppery autumn tones of the foliage. The species in Fraxinus are noted as causing dermatitis.

Freesia hybrida (Iridaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 128

Freesia This species is introduced to the region.


Cultivated as an ornamental and for naturalising into lawns.

Fumaria capreolata subspecies capreolata (Fumariaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 174

Climbing Fumitory This species is introduced to the region.


occasionally cultivated, and a weed of crops

Fumaria densiflora (Fumariaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 175

Narrow-leaved Funitory







Fumaria indica (Fumariaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 174




Fumaria parviflora (Fumariaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 175

Small-flowered Fumitory




Gahnia aspera (Cyperaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 325


The leaves and shoots of Gahnia species are noted in some literature as being edible, although no records of treatments needed before eating are recorded. The seeds of this species are recorded as being ground, but the effort required is great.

Gahnia melanocarpa (Cyperaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 324


The leaves and shoots of Gahnia species are noted in some literature as being edible, although no records of treatments needed before eating are recorded.

Gahnia microstachya (Cyperaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 326



Gahnia sieberiana (Cyperaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 324

Large Saw-sedge This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Gahnia subaequiglumis (Cyperaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 325



Galinsoga parviflora (Asteraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 281

Gallant Soldier, Joey Hooker



The whole plant (except the roots) may be used a s a green vegetable, although with little taste. The younger plants are the least stringy.

Galium aparine (Rubiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 484

Goosegrass, Cleavers This species is introduced to the region.


The young shoots, while being not particularly delicious, have been used as a green vegetable, and the leaves later in the season have been dried for use as a tea substitute. IN some parts of the USA the seeds have been roasted as a coffee substitute.

Gastrodia procera (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 224

Large Potato Orchid, Large Cinnamon Bells


The tuber is edible, and reportedly formed a mainstay of the diet for the Tasmanian Aborigines. The cooked tuber is described as 'like beetroot, but watery and insipid'.

Gastrodia sesamoides (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 224

Potato Orchid, Cinnamon Bells


The tuber is edible, and reportedly formed a mainstay of the diet for the Tasmanian Aborigines. The cooked tuber is described as 'like beetroot, but watery and insipid'.




Gaultheria appressa (Ericaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 400

White Waxberry This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The swollen calyx of the flower is succulent, surrounding the seed at maturity. It is somewhat bitter and has little to recommend it as a food.

Gaultheria species A (viridicarpa) viridicarpa (Ericaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 400

Green Waxberry This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The swollen calyx of the flower is succulent, surrounding the seed at maturity. It is somewhat bitter and has little to recommend it as a food.

Geijera parviflora (Rutaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 266

Wilga This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The plants are able to be used as fodder (although some individuals are apparently unpalatable), and the Texas (USA) the species is widely cultivated as a shade tree.

Geitonoplesium cymosum (Luzuriagaceae (or geitonoplesiaceae)) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 043

Scrambling Lily This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes

The uppermost 30 cm section of a young Asparagus-like tip, soon after emerging from the ground is tender and has an excellent flavour, according to the Cribbs quite unlike Asparagus, for which it was used in settlement days as a substitute.

Genoplesium archeri (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 166

Variable Midge-orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Genoplesium filiforme (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 167



Genoplesium fimbriatum (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 168

Fringed Midge-orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Genoplesium nudiscapum (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 165

Dense Midge-orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Genoplesium nudum (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 166

Tiny Midge-orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Genoplesium pedersonii (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 165



Genoplesium rufum (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 165

Red Midge-orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands





Geranium solanderi variety grande (Geraniaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 026

Native Geranium This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The starchy taproot may be eaten after roasting, but is bitter. Some forms are noted to have a turnip-like flavour.

Geranium solanderi variety solanderi (Geraniaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 026

Native Geranium This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The starchy taproot may be eaten after roasting, but is bitter. Some forms are noted to have a turnip-like flavour.

Geum urbanum (Rosaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 536


Both the dried roots and the whole flowering plant have been recorded as a medicinal herb, with properties including it being antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, astringent, a digestant, and an anti-diahorrhoeal. It is mainly used as an infusion, or in the bathwater against open wounds and haemorrhoids.

Gladiolus carneus (Iridaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 125

Pink Gladiolus This species is introduced to the region.


Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental. It is recorded as being somewhat toxic, and also causing dermatitis.

Glossodia major (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 210

Large Waxlip Orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes


Glycine tabacina (Fabaceae (Faboideae)) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 419


The starchy taproot is reported to taste of licorice, but is often fibrous and without appreciable flavour.

Grevillea mollis (Proteaceae) This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

A very suitable subject for cultivation, with attractive foliage, habit and flowers, although the latter are often hidden.

Grevillea species are recorded as causing dermatitis in some people.

Grevillea rhizomatosa (Proteaceae)


Rarely cultured, and of little interest except to collectors. Grevillea species are recorded as causing dermatitis in some people.

Grevillea robusta (Proteaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 053

Silky Oak This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes

The flowers are rich in nectar, and have also been used to produce an intoxicating drink as it is reported that the nectar will ferment in the flowers or in a solution made from them. The timber is a widely used cabinet timber.

Grevillea species are recorded as causing dermatitis in some people, the sap in silky oak being noted as quite irritant.

Gymnostachys anceps (Araceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 032

Settler's Flax This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

Was trialled as an unsuccessful flax substitute during colonial times.

Haemodorum planifolium (Haemodoraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 248

Broadleaf Bloodroot This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes

See comment in <a href="6300040t.htm" target="text">H. tenuifolium about edibility. Some species of Haemodorum are used as a source of a deep red dye.

Hakea decurrens (Proteaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 060


Widely cultivated as a prickly hedge plant.




Hakea eriantha (Proteaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 062


The flowers are able to be used a s a source of nectar.

Hakea fraseri (Proteaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 058

Fraser's Hakea This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The flowers are able to be used a s a source of scant nectar.

Hakea pulvinifera (Proteaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 057

Keepit Hakea This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes

The flowers are able to be used a s a source of scant nectar.

Hakea tephrosperma (Proteaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 059

Hooked Needlewood This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The flowers are able to be used a s a source of scant nectar. The timber has limited use in wood-turning.

Hardenbergia violacea (Fabaceae (Faboideae)) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 421

False Sarsparilla This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes

The boiled leaves provide a slightly sweet, not unpleasant drink. The flowers can be used to yield a grey-blue dye.

Hedera helix (Araliaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 080

English Ivy This species is introduced to the region.


A medicinal herb with a slight sedative action, but also used as an expectorant. The young and dried leaves are prepared as an infusion, and also as a poulticxe to burns and suppurating cuts. Note that the fruit are poisonous.

The fruit and foliage are poisonous, and the foliage may also cause dermatitis.

Hibiscus heterophyllus subspecies heterophyllus (Malvaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 329

Native Rosella This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

A decoction of hibiscus is recorded as being used against coughs and colds, and the flowers and buds are edible. A jam made of this species has little flavour. The young shoots are edible raw or cooked, with a pleasantly acid taste. Roots are roasted.

Hibiscus sturtii variety sturtii (Malvaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 330

Hill Hibiscus This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains

Young leaves and stems are edible, as are the flowers and buds. These may be eaten raw or cooked. Young roots may be baked, but are fibrous. A decoction is used against coughs and colds.

Hibiscus trionum (Malvaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 330

Bladder Ketmia This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains

Young leaves and stems are edible, as are the flowers and buds. These may be eaten raw or cooked. Young roots may be baked, but are fibrous. A decoction is used against coughs and colds.

Homoranthus flavescens (Myrtaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 188


Crushed leaves yield an essential oil with a scent of bananas.

Hydrilla verticillata (Hydrocharitaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 016

Hydrilla, Water Thyme This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes

Widely used in the aquarium trade.




Hydrocotyle algida (Apiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 101


Although eaten as a salad green, many Hydrocotyle species have a strong taste and are not particularly pleasant in larger quantities.

Hydrocotyle geraniifolia (Apiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 099

Forest Pennywort This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Hydrocotyle laxiflora (Apiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 100

Stinking Pennywort This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes


Hydrocotyle peduncularis (Apiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 101



Hydrocotyle tripartita (Apiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 100

Pennywort This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes


Hypericum perforatum (Clusiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 491

St. John's Wort This species is introduced to the region.


As a medicinal herb (taken as an infusion), it is reputed to control depression, melancholia and migraines when used over an extended period, and as a poultice on wounds. It is used in some commercial (proprietary) medicines.

The oils can cause photosensitivity in the skin. Hypochaeris glabra (Asteraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 332

Smooth Catsear This species is introduced to the region.


The young leaves are suitable for use as a salad green, lacking much of the bitterness of the Dandelion with which it is frequently confused.

Hypochaeris radicata (Asteraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 333

Catsear, Flatweed This species is introduced to the region.


The young leaves are suitable for use as a salad green, lacking much of the bitterness of the Dandelion with which it is frequently confused.

Hypoxis hygrometrica variety hygrometrica (Hypoxidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 072

Golden Weather-grass


The starchy stem was eaten raw by the Aborigines. The crystals of calcium oxalate it contains make it likely to cause throat irritation.

Hypoxis hygrometrica variety splendida (Hypoxidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 072

Highland Weather-grass


The starchy stem was eaten raw by the Aborigines. The crystals of Calcium Oxalate it contains make it inclined to cause throat irritation.

Hypoxis hygrometrica variety villosisepala (Hypoxidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 072

Hairy Weather-grass This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes

The starchy stem was eaten raw by the Aborigines. The crystals of Calcium Oxalate it contains make it inclined to cause throat irritation.

Imperata cylindrica variety major (Poaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 432

Blady Grass This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes

The underground rhizomes are fibrous but pleasant to chew. They are a potential survival food. In Malaysia the stems have been used for the extraction of sugar and in the preparation of a kind of beer.




Indigofera linifolia (Fabaceae (Faboideae)) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 408


The plentiful pods contain a single seed, and although able to be eaten raw are better when ground into a flour and used in a damper or pancake. They would satisfy as survival food, but little more.

The plant material is an internal poison. Indigofera spicata (Fabaceae (Faboideae))

Creeping Indigo This species is introduced to the region.


Occasionally cultivated. The plant material is an internal poison.

Iris germanica (Iridaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 119

Tall Bearded Iris, German Iris



Widely cultivated as an ornamental bedding plant. Has had medicinal use as a diuretic and purgative, but was not particularly effective.

The leaves and rhizomes are poisonous.

Jasminum mesneyi (Oleaceae)

Primrose Jasmine This species is introduced to the region.


Occasionally cultivated, and particularly useful for developing as a hedge.

Jasminum polyanthum (Oleaceae)

Jasmine This species is introduced to the region.


Often cultivated for the heady scent.

Juniperus virginiana (Cupressaceae)

Pencil Cedar This species is introduced to the region.


Cultivated as an ornamental tree, mainly under the synonymous name Juniperus virginiana.

The species of Juniperus are somewhat toxic.

Kennedia rubicunda (Fabaceae (Faboideae)) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 420

Red Kennedy Pea This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The leaves produce a slightly sweet, not unpalatable drink quite unlike tea.

Lactuca serriola (Asteraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 339

Prickly Lettuce This species is introduced to the region.


Although young stems and unopened flower heads can be used a s a green (raw or cooked) they are very bitter. The plants have medicinal use, and are noted as a sedative and narcotic, useful in treating coughs, liver and urinary ailments, and flatulence. The oil is harvested from the seed in Sudan, and used as a substitute for sesame oil.

Lambertia formosa (Proteaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 066

Mountain Devil, Honeyflower


The flowers are a useful source of nectar, the whole inflorescence is picked, and the bottom is pinched off so the nectar can be sucked out of the tubular flowers.

Lathyrus odoratus (Fabaceae (Faboideae)) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 449

Sweet Pea This species is introduced to the region.


Widely cultivated for the spectacular floral display. The fruit and foliage are toxic if eaten.

Lepidium campestre (Brassicaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 468

Field Cress This species is introduced to the region.


Leaves and shoots may be chopped finely and used in salads as a substitute for watercress, and the seeds and fruit may be used as a seasoning herb with game meats.

Lepidium hyssopifolium (Brassicaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 470

Peppercress This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The leaves have a hot, cressy taste and as such are suitable for use as a garnish or herb.

Lepidium virginicum (Brassicaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 469

Virginian Peppercress This species is introduced to the region.


The leaves have a hot, cressy taste and as such are suitable for use as a garnish or herb.




Leptospermum petersonii subspecies petersonii (Myrtaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 164

Lemon-scented Teatree


A species rich in two oils, citral and citronellal, which lends the distinctive lemon-scent to the foliage. Exploited to an extent for oil, although moreso offshore. Most of the product used in Australia is imported from Kenya where this species is grown in extesive plantations.

Leucopogon attenuatus (Epacridaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 428


The fruit may be edible.

Leucopogon biflorus (Epacridaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 430



Leucopogon cicatricatus (Epacridaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 426



Leucopogon confertus (Epacridaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 428



Leucopogon fraseri (Epacridaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 431



Leucopogon hookeri (Epacridaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 425



Leucopogon juniperinus (Epacridaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 429



Leucopogon lanceolatus variety gracilis (Epacridaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 427


The fruit are swet, succulent berries, and provide a welcome snack when in sufficient quantity, or a tasty nibble along the walking track.

Leucopogon lanceolatus variety lanceolatus (Epacridaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 427


The fruit are swet, succulent berries, and provide a welcome snack when in sufficient quantity, or a tasty nibble along the walking track.

Leucopogon melaleucoides (Epacridaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 426






Leucopogon microphyllus variety microphyllus (Epacridaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 426



Leucopogon microphyllus variety pilibundus (Epacridaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 426



Leucopogon muticus (Epacridaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 431



Leucopogon neo-anglicus (Epacridaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 430



Leucopogon pilifer (Epacridaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 424



Leucopogon trichostylus (Epacridaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 431



Leucopogon virgatus (Epacridaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 426



Libertia paniculata (Iridaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 116

Tufted White-star This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

Has great potential for ornamental use.

Libertia pulchella (Iridaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 116

Creek White-star, Creeping White-star


Has great potential for ornamental use.

Limonium sinuatum (Plumbaginaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 375

Perennial Sea Lavender, Statice



Widely cultivated as an ornamental plant. Occasionally naturalised.

Linum marginale (Linaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 016

Native Flax, Wild Flax This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The seeds have little flavour, but are recorded as an aboriginal food source. Care is advised if the cyanide generation is true.




Linum usitatissimum (Linaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 016

Flax, Linseed This species is introduced to the region.


This is the source of commercial flax and linseed This species may cause dermatitis.

Liparis coelogynoides (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 226

Tree Fairy Orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Liparis reflexa (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 227

Yellow Rock Orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Liparis swenssonii (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 227

Green Rock Orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Liriope muscari (Convallariaceae)

Grape Hyacinth This species is introduced to the region.


Occasionally cultivated

Lissanthe strigosa (Epacridaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 418

Peach Heath This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The honey-flavoured, succulent fruit are well worth seeking from among the prickly plants.

Lomandra longifolia (Lomandraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 056

Spiny-headed Mat-rush, Lomandra


The flowers are edible, being somewhat like green peas with a floral tone. Flowers are also able to be used as the basis for a pleasant drink, and the youngest, soft, white leaf base can be nibbled, again tasting of peas.

Lomatia silaifolia (Proteaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 028

Crinkle Bush, Parsley bush


The flowers are able to be used a s a source of scant nectar, although it should be avoided as the flowers also contain prussic acid and is known to kill flies visiting the flowers.

Lonicera fragrantissima (Caprifoliaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 447

Winter honeysuckle This species is introduced to the region.


Occasionally cultivated, and considered the most highly perfumed of the shrubby loniceras, this species is very rarely naturalised.

Lythrum hyssopifolia (Lythraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 200

Hyssop Loosestrife This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains

A medicinal herb with astringent and anti-bleeding properties, being used as a poultice, or as an infusion.

Maclura cochinchinensis (Moraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 343

Cockspur Thorn This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The compound fruit is sweet and juicy, quite edible, but sadly also a haven for fruit flies. The wood can be used as a source of a yellow dye, and is widely used for batik.

Maclura pomifera (Moraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 343

Osage Orange This species is introduced to the region.


Cultivated, mainly as a shelter, windbreak and hedge.




Macrozamia communis (Zamiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 076

Burrawang This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains

Seeds edible after extensive preparation. Toxic unless treated.

Macrozamia pauli-guilielmi subspecies plurinervia (Zamiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 078

Burrawang This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes


Macrozamia stenomera (Zamiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 077

Burrawang This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes


Malva neglecta (Malvaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 324

Dwarf Mallow This species is introduced to the region.


A medicinal and edible herb, this plant is reputed to be effective as an anti-inflammatory, expectorant and mild purgative. The flowers and leaves are prepared into a decoction. Young leaves and shoots may be used as a salad vegetable.

Marrubium vulgare (Lamiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 639

Horehound This species is introduced to the region.


A medicinal herb, used in the treatment of bronchial cgtarrhs and abdominalal disorders. The plant may also be applied as a poultice to slow-healing cuts and wounds.

Marsdenia flavescens (Asclepiadaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 535

Hairy Milk Vine This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The tuber is edible appearing like horseradish and of sweet taste, but requires careful preparation, else it 'occasioned violent spasms, cramps in the bowels and sickness at the stomach' (Hunter, 1788 in Cribb & Cribb).

Marsdenia viridiflora (Asclepiadaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 536

Native Pear This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes

The tuber is edible, reportedly watery and sweetish. On Groote Eylandt the fruit are peeled and eaten raw or cooked.

Marsilea angustifolia (Marsileaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 070

Nardoo This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Plains

Sporocarps ground and eaten

Marsilea drummondii (Marsileaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 070

Common Nardoo This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains

Sporocarps ground and eaten, making a bland, somewhat astringent flour.

Marsilea hirsuta (Marsileaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 070

Nardoo This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains

Sporocarps ground and eaten

Marsilea mutica (Marsileaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 070

Nardoo This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Plains

Sporocarps ground and eaten, making a somewhat bland flour.

Medicago sativa (Fabaceae (Faboideae)) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 454

Lucerne, Alfalfa This species is introduced to the region.


Plain Alfalfa tea is 'reminiscent of boiled socks', but is vastly improved by the addition of tea or the leaves of leptospermums or melaleucas. The germinating seeds are eaten as a salad dish, and the plant forms a major fodder source.




Medicago scutellata (Fabaceae (Faboideae)) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 454

Snail Medic This species is introduced to the region.


Cultivated as a fodder plant and as part of improved pasture.

Melaleuca alternifolia (Myrtaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 176

Teatree This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

Flowers may be dipped in water to produce a sweet drink from the nectar, or the leaves may be used as a tea substitute. This species is also the source of commercial 'Melaleuca Oil', a powerful natural antiseptic oil.

The oil is irritant, more so in large quantity.

Melaleuca armillaris (Myrtaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 178


Flowers may be dipped in water to produce a sweet drink from the nectar, or the leaves may be used as a tea substitute.

Melaleuca bracteata (Myrtaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 177


Flowers may be dipped in water to produce a sweet drink from the nectar, or the leaves may be used as a tea substitute. The oil is unlike that of many other Myrtaceae relatives, in that it is rich in methyl eugenol, a chemical which enhances the potency of insecticides like pyrethrum sprays, and may be used to produce synthetic vanillin. It is also an oil that is heavier than water.

Melaleuca densispicata (Myrtaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 176



Melaleuca erubescens (Myrtaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 178



Melaleuca groveana (Myrtaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 177



Melaleuca nodosa (Myrtaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 177



Melaleuca styphelioides (Myrtaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 177

Prickly-leaved Teatree



Melaleuca thymifolia (Myrtaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 175

Thyme-leaved Bottlebrush


Flowers may be dipped in water to produce a sweet drink from the nectar, or the leaves may be used as a tea substitute. The oil produced is a high yield, good quality cineole oil, comparable with the better eucalyptus oils

Melaleuca tortifolia (Myrtaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 175

Twist-leaf Paperbark This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands





Melaleuca trichostachya (Myrtaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 176


Widely recommended for planting, and often incorrectly labelled as the similar <a href=" t.htm" target="text">M. linariifolia.

Melaleuca uncinata (Myrtaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 176

Broombush This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains

Often cut and dried for use as brush fencing. Flowers may be dipped into water to produce a sweet nectar drink.

Melia azedarach (Meliaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 279

White Cedar, Chinaberry


The timber is light and easily worked, making it a desirable cabinet timber. All parts of the plant are toxic.

Melianthus major (Melianthaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 310

Cape Honey Flower This species is introduced to the region.


Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental. The foliage and other parts of the plant are quite toxic.

Melichrus procumbens (Epacridaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 416

Jam Tarts This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The small flowers produce an abundance of nectar that can be collected from the opening of the flowers early in the morning and is produced in such abundance that the plant is worth searching for.

Melichrus urceolatus (Epacridaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 416

Urn Heath This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The small flowers produce an abundance of nectar that can be collected from the opening of the flowers early in the morning.

Melilotus officinalis (Fabaceae (Faboideae)) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 451

Common Melilot This species is introduced to the region.


A medicinal herb with effects such as being a mild sedative, mild expectorant, emollient, anti-inflammatory and to relieve spasms. The dried material is prepared as an infusion.

Mentha pulegium (Lamiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 632

Pennyroyal This species is introduced to the region.


A medicinal and culinary herb, used for asthma, coughs, stomach and abdominal disorders and arthritis. For medicinal use it is prepared as an infusion, while as a culinary herb it is used as a garnish on potatoes, and in soups and stews.

Microtis parviflora (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 154

Slender Onion-orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Microtis unifolia (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 155

Common Onion-orchid



Moluccella laevis (Lamiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 640

Molucca Balm This species is introduced to the region.


cultivated




Morinda jasminoides (Rubiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 497

Climbing Scrub-orange


The softened, overripe fruit has a 'rotten-cheese' flavour.

Morus alba (Moraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 347

Mulberry, Black Mulberry



The fruit are edible. Bark of stems used as a paper substitute (and indeed one of the earliest forms of paper), and the leaves are used as fodder for silkworms.

Murdannia graminea (Commelinaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 261


The tuberous, starchy roots are edible both raw and cooked, without unpleasant flavour.

Myoporum montanum (Myoporaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 549

Western Boobialla, Water Bush


The purple fruit are recorded as an Aboriginal food source.

Myoporum platycarpum platycarpum (Myoporaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 550

Sugarwood, False Sandalwood


The plants often produce large masses of a frothy-white substance that is mostly mannitol. It is a popular food among the Aborigines and the settlers.

Narcissus tazetta (Amaryllidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 106

Jonquil This species is introduced to the region.


Often cultivated as an ornamental plant. Poorly reproducing and rarely truly naturalised The bulbs are toxic, and all parts of the plant may cause dermatitis.

Nerium oleander (Apocynaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 516

Oleander This species is introduced to the region.


Widely planted as an ornamental shrub, occasionally or rarely naturalised. It is often difficult to determine if it was not planted.

All parts of the plant are extremely toxic - even dried materials.

Nothofagus moorei (Nothofagaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 507

Antarctic Beech, Niggerhead Beech


Often hosts the edible Beech fungus, Cyttaria septentrionalis, which is globular, not unlike a golf-ball in appearance (although the depressions are much larger). It is relatively tasteless. The wood is desirable as a cabinet timber.

Nothoscordum borbonicum (Alliaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 102

Onion Weed This species is introduced to the region.


Occasionally cultivated, but more frequently treated as a weed.

Nymphoides crenata (Menyanthaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 507

Wavy Marshwort This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The tubers are reported to have been eaten by the Aborigines, although no methods of treatment are described. There is the potential for this species to be used in ornamental ponds.

Nymphoides geminata (Menyanthaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 507

Yellow Marshwort This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Plains

The tubers are reported to have been eaten by the Aborigines, although no methods of treatment are described. There is the potential for this species to be used in ornamental ponds.




Olea europaea subspecies europaea (Oleaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 472

Olive This species is introduced to the region.


Fruit are edible (the commercial olive), and the species is often cultivated for this purpose.

Olea paniculata (Oleaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 472

Native Olive This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

Manna has been recorded as a product of this species.

Olearia argophylla (Asteraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 188

Native Musk, Silver Shrub


The leaves can be used to dye wool yellow.

Onopordum acanthium subspecies acanthium (Asteraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 324

Scotch Thistle This species is introduced to the region.

This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Plains

The swollen base of the flower head is cooked and eaten as a vegetable, in much the same manner as a globe artichoke. The plant also has medicinal properties, being a heart tonic, and is being used in some proprietary medicines.

Opuntia aurantiaca (Cactaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 202

Tiger Pear This species is introduced to the region.


The fruit are edible, but care should be taken to ensure all spines are removed. Mostly they are quite sweet when ripe, and succulent with a mucilaginous texture. The stem may also be eaten, boiled or candied, and is not unpleasant.

Opuntia stricta variety stricta (Cactaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 204

Common Prickly Pear This species is introduced to the region.



Opuntia tomentosa (Cactaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 202

Velvet Tree Pear This species is introduced to the region.



Opuntia vulgaris (Cactaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 203

Drooping Pear, Smooth Tree Pear




Ornithogalum pyramidale (Hyacinthaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 099



Occasionally cultivated as a perennial bulb for ornamental use. All parts of theplant are quite toxic.

Orthoceras strictum (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 138

Horned Orchid, Bird's-mouth Orchid


The tuberoids are probably edible (although no records of their use are known).

Ottelia ovalifolia (Hydrocharitaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 012

Swamp Lily This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains

A very good plant for ponds.




Owenia acidula (Meliaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 280

Colane, Gruie This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains

Although edible, and presumed to be improved by being buried for a few days, the Cribbs have recommended leaving them there, and having tasted the fruit I find little pleasant in it.

Oxalis corniculata (Oxalidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 020

Creeping Oxalis This species is introduced to the region.


The leaves have a strong, acid taste, and are rich in oxalates, so sparing use is advised. The records indicate use by the Europeans, Aborigines and the Victorian gold miners.

The plants contain oxalates and can cause strong toxic reactions.

Panicum decompositum (Poaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 487

Native Millet This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains

Among the most widely used native grains, the caryopsis (seed) was ground into flour for use in pancakes and dampers, producing a very agreeable product.

Papillilabium beckleri (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 246

False Tangleroot Orchid



Passiflora aurantia variety aurantia (Passifloraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 435

Blunt-leaved Passionfruit


The fruit pulp has been noted as edible in small quantities (Cribb & Cribb).

Passiflora filamentosa (Passifloraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 434



Cultivated as an ornamental.

Passiflora herbertiana subspecies herbertiana (Passifloraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 435

Native Passionfruit This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

An early report states that the fruit 'affords a grateful flavour'.

Pastinaca sativa subspecies sativa (Apiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 108

Parsnip This species is introduced to the region.


Cultivated, this is the source of the vegetable Parsnip.

Persicaria hydropiper (Polygonaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 282

Water Pepper This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains

A medicinal herb with properties such as a diuretic, an astringent, an anti-inflammatory and arresting bleeding 9although it will stimulate menstrual flow). The plant may be prepared as an infusion, an essence, or as a poultice on slow-healing wounds.

Persoonia acuminata (Proteaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 012

Heath-leaved Geebung


The fruit may be eaten, but is insipid until fully ripe (generally those more recently fallen on the ground are good).

Persoonia chamaepeuce (Proteaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 010







Persoonia cornifolia (Proteaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 014

Geebung This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains


Persoonia curvifolia (Proteaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 016



Persoonia cuspidifera (Proteaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 016



Persoonia daphnoides (Proteaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 013

Tenterfield Geebung This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Persoonia fastigiata (Proteaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 016

Fine-leaved Hairy Geebung



Persoonia lanceolata (Proteaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 018

Long-leaved Geebung This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Persoonia linearis (Proteaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 018

Narrow-leaved Geebung



Persoonia media (Proteaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 015

Geebung This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Persoonia oleoides (Proteaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 013

Geebung This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Persoonia procumbens (Proteaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 013

Groundcover Geebung



Persoonia rigida (Proteaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 017

Hairy Spreading Geebung



Persoonia rufa (Proteaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 014

Gibraltar Geebung This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands





Persoonia sericea (Proteaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 016

Spreading Geebung This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains


Persoonia tenuifolia (Proteaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 010

Fine-leaved Geebung This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains


Persoonia terminalis subspecies recurva (Proteaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 011



Persoonia terminalis subspecies terminalis (Proteaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 011




Phalaris canariensis (Poaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 636

Canary Grass This species is introduced to the region.


Often cultivated as a birdseed source.

Philydrum lanuginosum (Philydraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 252

Frogsmouth This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

Has great potential as a water feature plant.

Phoenix canariensis (Arecaceae)

Canary Island Date Palm



The fruit is edible.

Phragmites australis (Poaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 563

Common Reed This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The youngest shoots, before they develop leaves, are harvested and boiled, being delicious and quite similar to Asparagus. North American Indians boiled or roasted the youngest rhizomes (from where new growth is originating).

Phyla canescens (Verbenaceae)

Phyla, Lippia This species is introduced to the region.


In Sri Lanka the leaves are eaten as a vegetable, and in the Philippines are used to make a tea reputed to be a diuretic.

Physalis minima (Solanaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 369

Wild Gooseberry This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes

The succulent, tangy yellow berry is edible and refreshing. (But see the toxicity note). All parts of the plant (except the ripe fruit) are possibly toxic.




Picris evae (Asteraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 334

Hawkweed This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The tuberous roots are baked, and according to Leichhardt are 'neither nutritious nor palatable, for it tasted only of smoke'.

Pilidiostigma rhytispermum (Myrtaceae)


Fruit are edible. The species has value for horticulture.

Pimelea microcephala subspecies microcephala (Thymelaeaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 380



Piper novae-hollandiae (Piperaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 147

Giant Pepper Vine This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The flesh provides a reasonable flavour, but must be used in small quantities. The seeds are peppery, and after drying provide a more than adequate substitute for the related pepper of commerce.

Pistacia chinensis (Anacardiaceae)

Chinese Pistacio This species is introduced to the region.


Widley cultivated as a deciduous tree for positions wanting autumn colour.

Pittosporum phylliraeoides (Pittosporaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 072

Berrigan, Butterbush, Weeping Pittosporum


The sticky seeds are recorded as having been eaten after being pounded into flour, but the taste (very astringent) leaves little desire to do so.

The species in Pittosporum are noted as toxic.

Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 595

Lamb's Tongues, Plantain



A medicinal and edible herb, although poor fare. Mostly used as an infusion in the treatment of bronchitis and coughs.

Plantago major (Plantaginaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 595

Large Plantain This species is introduced to the region.


A medicinal and edible herb, although poor fare. Mostly used as an infusion in the treatment of bronchitis and coughs.

Plectorrhiza tridentata (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 247

Tangleroot Orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Podolepis jaceoides (Asteraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 264

Showy Copper-wire Daisy


The thickened root was reported by Backhouse to be a source of food for the Aborigines, although no preparation methods are given.

Polygonum aviculare (Polygonaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 288

Wireweed This species is introduced to the region.


A medicinal herb, prepared as an infusion, and used in the treatment of pyelitis, arthritis, rheumatic pain and diahorrhoea. Noted effects include it being a diuretic, an astringent and a mild expectorant. The plant can be used to yield a blue dye similar to indigo.

Populus nigra (Salicaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 449

Black Poplar, Lombardy Poplar



The plant has a medicinal use, being an anti-inflammatory, diuretic, anti-irritant, anti-rheumatic and alleviating fevers. The plant is still used ina few proprietary medicines for chillbalins, piles, skin infections and rheumatism.




Portulaca oleracea (Portulacaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 179

Purslane, Pigweed This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The succulent stems may be used as a green vegetable, raw or cooked, being of good quality and in taste similar to lettuce when raw. The oily seeds may also be eaten, being produced in abundant quantity and not difficult to collect.

Prasophyllum brevilabre (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 159

Short-lipped Leek-orchid



Prasophyllum campestre (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 162

Starry Leek-orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains


Prasophyllum caudiculum (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 162

Ben Lomond Leek Orchid



Prasophyllum dossenum (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 158



Prasophyllum elatum (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 158

Tall Leek-orchid, Piano Orchid



Prasophyllum flavum (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 157

Yellow Leek-orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes


Prasophyllum odoratum (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 159

Scented Leek-orchid, Sweet Leek-orchid



Prasophyllum patens (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 160

Broad-lipped Leek-orchid



Prasophyllum rogersii (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 161

Marsh Leek-orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Prasophyllum solstitium (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 162

Summer Leek Orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Prasophyllum species A (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 162

Tablelands Leek-orchid






Proboscidea louisianica (Martyniaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 603

Purple-flowered Devil's Claw



The young fruit are recorded as edible when pickled. However, no record is made of the required treatments, if any, needed to make the fruit edible.

Prostanthera incisa (Lamiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 653

Cut-leaved Mint-bush This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

has been used as a fly repellent

Prostanthera lasianthos (Lamiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 654

Victorian Christmas Bush


widely cultivated

Prostanthera ovalifolia (Lamiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 654


widely cultivated

Prunella vulgaris (Lamiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 641

Self-heal This species is introduced to the region.


A medicinal and culinary herb, used in treating laryngitis and mouth ailments, and as an addition to soups and stews.

Psoralea pinnata (Fabaceae (Faboideae)) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 426

African Scurf-pea This species is introduced to the region.


Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental, most of the naturalised populations occur near habitation.

Psychotria loniceroides (Rubiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 501

Hairy Psychotria This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The small fruit are sweet and quite edible when fully ripe - unripe fruit will irritate the throat.

Pterostylis abrupta (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 181

Abrupt Greenhood, Drooping Greenhood



Pterostylis alata (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 179



Pterostylis bicolor (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 185

Two-colour Greenhood



Pterostylis boormanii (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 187

Boorman's Ruddyhood



Pterostylis chaetophora (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 186

Hair-lip Ruddyhood This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes





Pterostylis coccina (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 179

Alpen Greenhood This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes


Pterostylis curta (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 177

Blunt Greenhood This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes


Pterostylis cycnocephala (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 185

Swan Greenhood This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Pterostylis daintreana (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 184



Pterostylis decurva (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 182

Summer Greenhood This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Pterostylis fischii (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 179



Pterostylis hamata (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 187



Pterostylis hildae (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 177

Rainforest Greenhood This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Pterostylis laxa (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 182



Pterostylis longicurva (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 178



Pterostylis longifolia (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 184

Tall Greenhood This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Pterostylis longipetala (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 180






Pterostylis mutica (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 185

Midget Greenhood This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes


Pterostylis nutans (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 177

Nodding Greenhood This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes


Pterostylis obtusa (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 181

Jug-lip Greenhood This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes


Pterostylis parviflora (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 183

Tiny Greenhood, Jug Orchid, Green Snail Orchid



Pterostylis pedunculata (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 176

Maroonhood This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Pterostylis praetermissa (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 189



Pterostylis reflexa (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 180



Pterostylis setifera (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 188



Pterostylis species B (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 180



Pterostylis species C (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 182



Pterostylis species D (affinis cucullata) (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 183



Pterostylis truncata (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 178

Little Dumpies, Sausage Greenhood






Pterostylis woollsii (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 185

Long-tailed Greenhood, Chinaman Greenhood



Raphanus raphanistrum (Brassicaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 465

Wild Radish, Jointed Charlock



Leaves can be used as a salad vegetable, or boiled (for 30 minutes in salted water) and eaten. Young inflorescences are a suitable substitute for brocolli.

Reseda luteola (Resedaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 487

Weld This species is introduced to the region.


Used to produce a yellow dye.

Rhagodia parabolica (Chenopodiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 238


The leaves may be eaten, having a strong, salty taste. Several changes of water are recommended to remove the saltiness, the result being not unlike the related spinach.

Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 406

Castor Oil Plant This species is introduced to the region.


The oil (castor oil) has a range of uses, and the oil cake (being poisonous) has found use as a fuel and fertilizer. One of the more unusual uses for the oil is aircraft engine lubrication, as it retains a good 'state' over a very wide range of temperatures.

All parts of the plant are poisonous.

Romulea rosea variety australis (Iridaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 123

Onion Grass This species is introduced to the region.


Occasionally cultivated (often unintentionally) as a bedding plant.

Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (Brassicaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 479

Watercress This species is introduced to the region.


The leaves may be used as a salad vegetable or cooked (although the former is recommended), and are tangy with a slight bite. It is recommended that only plants from clean (unpolluted) waters be used, and material be thoroughly washed before use

Rosa rubiginosa (Rosaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 541

Sweet Briar This species is introduced to the region.


One of the edible, sweet fruit known as a Blackberry. A weed, introduced as an ornamental and horticultural crop.

Rubus discolor (Rosaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 535

Blackberry This species is introduced to the region.


One of the edible, sweet fruit known as a Blackberry. A widespread weed, introduced as an ornamental and horticultural crop. Many of the blackberries are able to have their leaves used as an astringent and diuretic, or as a tea substitute.

Rubus hillii (Rosaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 532

Molucca Bramble This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

One of the native Raspberries, edible, although the fruit are not of as high a quality as many other native species.

Rubus nebulosus (Rosaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 533

Green-leaved Bramble, Bush Lawyer


One of the edible, sweet fruit known as a native raspberry.

Rubus parvifolius (Rosaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 532

Native Raspberry This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes

Among the better of the native Raspberries, with each succulent drupelet quite large.




Rubus ulmifolius (Rosaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 535

Blackberry This species is introduced to the region.


One of the edible, sweet fruit known as a Blackberry. A widespread weed at higher altitudes, introduced as an ornamental and horticultural crop. Many of the blackberries are able to have their leaves used as an astringent and diuretic, or as a tea substitute.

Rumex brownii (Polygonaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 291

Swamp Dock This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The cooked leaves are edible, acceptable but with little to offer.

Rumex crispus (Polygonaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 289

Curled Dock This species is introduced to the region.


The cooked leaves are edible, acceptable but with little to offer. Not unpleasant to nibble some raw or to add as an enhancer to salads.

Salix alba (Salicaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 450

White Willow This species is introduced to the region.


A medicinal plant, and the original source of the active principle in asprin (salicilic acid), although now largely replaced by synthetic sources. The bark and leaves are prepared into a decoction for treating most of the ailments an asprin is recommended towards, such as fevers and rheumatic pains.

Salix babylonica (Salicaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 450

Weeping Willow This species is introduced to the region.


Widely planted for its ornamentl appearance. Use of this species as a bank stabiliser along riparian areas has been widely practiced, but is now discouraged as the species can be prolific, producing new plants dowstream from seeds and broken twigs, altering the flow of streams and disrupting the biological processes when the foliage is cast in autumn. The ability of the species to reduce bank slumping is also doubted with some evidence to suggest that the roots do not enter into the saturated sediments and they can be readily undercut during higher flow conditions. Willows were the original source of the main ingredient in asprin (salicylic acid).

This species has limited toxicity (in larger amounts mainly).

Salix fragilis (Salicaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 451

Crack Willow This species is introduced to the region.


Medicinally, the leaves and bark may be used in the same way as that of <a href=" t.htm" target="text">S. alba

Salsola kali variety kali (Chenopodiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 238

Prickly Roly-poly, Black Roly-poly


When boiled, the plant is reported to be edible, being similar to many of the wild spinach substitutes. The fresh plant may also be used in salads..

Sambucus australasica (Sambucaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 446

Native Elderberry This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes

The small fruit are somewhat sweet, and very succulent. They are well documented as a native food source.

Unripe fruit and foliage is toxic in many Sambucus species.

Sambucus gaudichaudiana (Sambucaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 446

White Elderberry This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The small fruit are somewhat sour, and very succulent. They are well documented as a native food source.

Unripe fruit and foliage is toxic in many Sambucus species.

Sanguisorba minor subspecies muricata (Rosaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 538

Sheep's Burnet This species is introduced to the region.


An edible herb with spicy leaves, being added to beer, wine and brandy in the past, or used to a limited extent as a salad and soup herb.




Santalum acuminatum (Santalaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 058

Sweet Quandong This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains

Among the best of the native foods, the fruit is fleshy, acid and may be eaten raw or cooked into pies, jams and jellies. The flesh may be dried and stored, and some recommend this to enhance the flavour. The oil-rich seeds are able to be burned like a candle.

Santalum lanceolatum (Santalaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 058

Northern Sandalwood This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The fruit is sweet and edible, but the relatively small size and large stone make collecting sufficient somewhat tiresome. Only the dark, fully ripe fruit are really edible.

Santalum obtusifolium (Santalaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 058

Sandalwood This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

Although small, the fruit are edible, in the main quite sweet.

Saponaria officinalis (Caryophyllaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 268

Soapwort This species is introduced to the region.


A medicinal herb with diuretic, expectorant and laxative properties, used as a decoction, or added to the bath as a remedy against eczema and skin irritations.

Sarcochilus aequalis (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 243



Sarcochilus australis (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 244

Butterfly Orchid, Gunn's Orchid



Sarcochilus ceciliae (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 242

Pink Bells, Fairy Bells This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Sarcochilus falcatus (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 243

Orange-blossom Orchid



Sarcochilus hillii (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 242

Cockleshell Orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Sarcochilus spathulatus (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 244



Scabiosa atropurpurea (Dipsacaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 450

Pincushion, Scabious This species is introduced to the region.


Often cultivated for the flowers which are ideal for cutting.

Schizomeria ovata (Cunoniaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 520

Crabapple This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The thin, reinous or acid flesh is reported to make a good jam.




Schoenoplectus validus (Cyperaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 367


The apical 3 to 4 cm of very young stems is boiled, and is of excellent flavour. Older stems are pithy and fibrous.

Sedum acre (Crassulaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 527

Stonecrop This species is introduced to the region.


A medicinal herb that is mildly poisonous, causing headaches, dizziness and nausea, but used as a remedy against piles and anal irritations, and in folk medicine the bruised plant was used on wounds and minor burns.

Senna occidentalis (Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae)) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 318



The seeds have been roasted and used as a coffee substitute in the Americas and Africa. In Indonesia the young leaves and pods are recorded as a green vegetable, although there are reports of the species having a laxative effect.

The raw seeds are a laxative, and the plant is believed to be toxic.

Setaria italica (Poaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 496

Foxtail Millet This species is introduced to the region.


The grain (caryopsis) is useable. Its quality nor any required treatments are recorded.

Silene vulgaris subspecies vulgaris (Caryophyllaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 271

Bladder Campion This species is introduced to the region.


the leaves and young shoots are edible, either raw in salads, or boiled for 5 to 10 minutes. They may be used alone, or mixed withother green leaf vegetables

Silybum marianum (Asteraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 324

Variegated Thistle, Milk Thistle



The mature achenes (collected in the mature head before it sheds them) are used to treat liver complaints and to relieve spasms. The use is again increasing and several proprietary medicines use the product. For home use an infusion is recommended.

Sinapis arvensis (Brassicaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 463

Charlock This species is introduced to the region.


Leaves can be used as a salad vegetable, or boiled (for 30 minutes in salted water) and eaten. Young inflorescences are a suitable substitute for brocolli.

Sisymbrium officinale (Brassicaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 481

Hedge Mustard This species is introduced to the region.


The plant is reported to be edible, being suitable for adding to a salad, sauce, soup or omelette. As a medicinal herb, it is a bronchial sedative and mild heart tonic. Also used in France as a spring tonic against colds and as an expectorant

Smilax australis (Smilacaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 040

Sarsaparilla, Bush Lawyer, Wait-a-while, Barbwire Vine


The black, globular fruit have a peppery taste, and there are many records or their being eaten by the Aborigines. I have tasted them, foinding them strong but definitely not unpleasant.

Smilax glyciphylla (Smilacaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 040

Sweet Sarsaparilla, Spineless Sarsaparilla


The leaves may be used to provide a bitter-sweet tea that gained reputation as a tonic. I enjoy the flavour of nibbling gently on the leaves while walking, and the fruit are edible, and although strongly flavoured are pleasant.

Solanum americanum (Solanaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 356

Glossy Nightshade This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes

The ripe (purple-black) fruits are sweet with a hint of sourness, and make an excellent topping for sweet desserts if stewed with sugar, of a very good quality jam. The foliage and young growth have been known to be used as a boiled vegetable (but see toxicity note).

Leaves and unripe fruit are supposedly poisonous.




Solanum aviculare (Solanaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 358

Kangaroo Apple This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains

Although recorded as edible, the fruit are often too bitter to be pleasant, even after cooking. The species is grown in Russia as a source of various steroid drugs.

Many Solanum species are known to be quite toxic.

Solanum esuriale (Solanaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 362

Quena This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The fruit are recorded as edible, either raw or roasted. However, no further record is made of the edibility.


Solanum laciniatum (Solanaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 358

Large-flowered Kangaroo Apple


Although recorded as edible, the quality and slavour of the fruit (and any required treatment) is not recorded.


Solanum nigrum (Solanaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 356

Black-berry Nightshade



The ripe (purple-black) fruits are sweet with a hint of sourness, and make an excellent topping for sweet desserts if stewed with sugar, of a very good quality jam. The leaves of this species have been cooked as a green vegetable. An infusion of the whole plant is recommended for spasms and epilepsy. In one reference (Launert, 1981) it is suggested the fruit may be poisonous, a fact shown to be otherwise by experience and the information in Cribb and Cribb (1987).

Many Solanum species are known to be quite toxic. Solanum vescum (Solanaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 358

Green Kangaroo Apple




Sonchus asper subspecies glaucescens (Asteraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 338

Prickly Sowthistle This species is introduced to the region.


The young stems may be used raw or cooked. Raw they are tangy or slightly bitter. Cooked, they provide a most pleasant green vegetable.

Sonchus oleraceus (Asteraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 338

Common Sowthistle This species is introduced to the region.


The young stems may be used raw or cooked. Raw they are tangy or slightly bitter. Cooked, they provide a most pleasant green vegetable.

Spiraea cantoniensis variety lanceolatus (Malaceae)

Reeve's Spiraea, Bridalwreath, May



Widely cultivated, particularly in cooler climates

Spiranthes sinensis subspecies australis (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 221

Ladies' Tresses This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The tubers are probably edible.

Sporobolus caroli (Poaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 524

Fairy Grass, Yakka Grass


The grain (caryopsis) is ground for flour, the dough being baked into damper.




Stellaria media (Caryophyllaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 275

Common Chickweed This species is introduced to the region.


The raw or cooked young shoots are edible, although of little flavour. As a medicinal herb it is reputed to be effective against dropsy, rheumatism, arthritis and inflammation of the joints. Freshly bruised material may be applied as a poultice to slow-healing wounds and skin irritations.

Striga parviflora (Scrophulariaceae)

Witchweed This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes

Some aboriginal records of S. curvifolia being used to treat skin disorders by the Aborigines.

Styphelia triflora (Epacridaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 414


The fruit are edible, sweet-succulent with a relatively large stone.

Styphelia viridis subspecies breviflora (Epacridaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 415


The fruit are edible, sweet-succulent with a relatively large stone.

Swainsona formosa (Fabaceae (Faboideae)) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 439

Sturt's Desert Pea This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The seed is edible, but its quality nor any required treatments are recorded.

Tagetes minuta (Asteraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 284

Stinking Roger This species is introduced to the region.


The oil produced by the plants are desirable for the perfume and confectionery trades, being similar to apple or passionfruit when dilute. The oils (about 12 different aromatics in all) are removed by steam distillation.

Most Tagetes species cause dermatitis.

Tanacetum vulgare (Asteraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 289

Tansy This species is introduced to the region.


A toxic, medicinal herb used to treat menstrual pains and worms, now largely replaced by safer drugs.

Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 337

Dandelion This species is introduced to the region.


A medicinal and culinary herb, used to treat rheumatism, neuralgia and stomach complaints. As a vegetable they may be used raw (in salads) or younger stems boiled, tasting like brussel sprouts. The tap roots are also able to be eaten, boiled and treated like salsify (<a href="xam0020t.htm" target="text">Tragopogon porrifolius)

Tasmannia glaucifolia (Winteraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 126

Fragrant Pepperbush This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The fruit and all soft vegetative parts (leaves and new shoots mainly) are able to be used as a condiment, replacing the commercial papper to some extent

Tasmannia insipida (Winteraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 126

Brush Pepperbush This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The fruit is edible, but is recorded as insipid. The seeds and the leaves have a very hot 'peppery' taste not unlike some of the chilies.

Tasmannia purpurascens (Winteraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 127

Broad Leaved Pepperbush


The leaves, fruit and seeds have a hot, peppery taste.




Tasmannia stipitata (Winteraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 127

Northern Pepperbush This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The fruit and all soft vegetative parts (leaves and new shoots mainly) are able to be used as a condiment, replacing the commercial papper to some extent

Telopea aspera (Proteaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 030

Gibraltar Waratah This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The flowers produce copious nectar, and was sought by the Aborigines.

Telopea speciosissima (Proteaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 030

Waratah This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The flowers produce copious nectar, and was sought by the Aborigines.

Tetragonia tetragonoides (Aizoaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 194

New Zealand Spinach This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains

A very good green vegetable, of quality and taste similar to Spinach. One of the few Australian plants to be grown in Europe as a vegetable (under the names New Zealand Spinach or Botany Bay Greens).

Thelymitra carnea (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 151

Tiny Sun-orchid, Pink Sun-orchid



Thelymitra circumsepta (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 149

Naked Sun-orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Thelymitra cyanea (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 151

Veined Sun-orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Thelymitra fragrans (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 149



Thelymitra megacalyptra (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 148

Scented Sun-orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands


Thelymitra nuda (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 149

Plain Sun-orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes


Thelymitra pauciflora (Orchidaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 148

Slender Sun-orchid This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes


Thlaspi arvense (Brassicaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 472

Penny Cress This species is introduced to the region.


A small amount of finely chopped leaves adds a bitter flavour to salads, sandwiches, scrambled eggs, soups and sauces.




Thysanotus patersonii (Anthericaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 091

Twining Fringe-lily This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes

The tuberous roots were eaten by the Aborigines, either roasted (or more frequently) raw.

Thysanotus tuberosus subspecies tuberosus (Anthericaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 091

Common Fringe-lily This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The tuberous roots were eaten by the Aborigines, either roasted (or more frequently) raw. They are crisp and translucent, with little flavour.

Trachymene glaucifolia (Apiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 103

Wild Parsnip This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The roots probably appears and tastes of Parsnip, and would be pleasantly edible either raw or cooked.

Trachymene incisa subspecies incisa (Apiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 104


The roots appears and tastes of Parsnip, and is pleasantly edible either raw or cooked.

Tradescantia albiflora (Commelinaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 257

Wandering Jew This species is introduced to the region.


Often present as a weed in daper spots in gardens. Many Tradescantia species are known to cause dermatitis.

Tragopogon porrifolius (Asteraceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 336

Salsify, Vegetable Oyster



When boiled, the Parsnip-like roots have a flavour reminiscent of seafood.

Tribulus terrestris (Zygophyllaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 013

Caltrop, Cat-head This species is introduced to the region.


In Africa and India the leaves and young shoots have been cooked as a green vegetable, and in India the fruits have also been ground and baked into bread.

Trifolium hybridum (Fabaceae (Faboideae)) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 457

Alsike Clover This species is introduced to the region.


Cultivated as a fodder species.

Trifolium pratense (Fabaceae (Faboideae)) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 459

Red Clover This species is introduced to the region.


Flowers are able to be eaten, generally being collected in the morning before the nectar has been collected by foraging bees. They can also be used in a pickle, relish or wine. An infusion of the dried flowers makes a very acceptable tea substitute. The leaves may be used as a salad, sauce and soup herb, and may also be prepared as a spinach substitute. As with all clovers, it is also a mainstay of the grazing industry.

Trifolium repens (Fabaceae (Faboideae)) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 458

White Clover This species is introduced to the region.


Flowers are able to be eaten, generally being collected in the morning before the nectar has been collected by foraging bees. They can also be used in a pickle, relish or wine. An infusion of the dried flowers makes a very acceptable tea substitute. The leaves may be used as a salad, sauce and soup herb, and may also be prepared as a spinach substitute. As with all clovers, it is also a mainstay of the grazing industry.

Triglochin procerum (Juncaginaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 020

Water Ribbons This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes

The roots may swell to form small white, globular tubers which are reported as having been baked before eating by the Aborigines. The fruit are also edible raw, tasting of Peas. They can be collected by running the hand up the inflorescence.




Typha domingensis (Typhaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 254

Narrow-leaved Cumbungi, Bulrush


The pollen may be collected and mixed with milk or flour and milk for baking into richly flavoured deep-yellow cakes. Young flower spikes are also able to be eaten raw or cooked, served like corn-on-the-cob.

Typha orientalis (Typhaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 254

Broad-leaved Cumbungi, Bulrush


The pollen may be collected and mixed with milk or flour and milk for baking into richly flavoured deep-yellow cakes. Young flower spikes are also able to be eaten raw or cooked, served like corn-on-the-cob.

Typhonium brownii (Araceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 035

Native Arum This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The rhizome is reportedly edible after repeated baking and pounding. Boiling will not remove the poison from the stem, and this species and its relatives should be avoided as a food source.

Ulmus parvifolia (Ulmaceae) Chinese Elm This species is introduced to the region.


Often planted as an ornamental shade tree. Many Ulmus species are known to cause dermatitis.

Urtica incisa (Urticaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 353

Stinging Nettle This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The young shoots are boiled, mainly to denature the stinging hairs, the result being a green with an excellent, nutty or almost cabbage-like flavour. I know of one person who ate them raw, and would not advise it! The oil from the seed of an Urtica species is used as an illuminant in Egypt.

Urtica species are known to cause dermatitis.

Urtica urens (Urticaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 353

Small Nettle, Stinging Nettle



The young shoots are boiled, mainly to denature the stinging hairs, the result being a green with an excellent, nutty or almost cabbage-like flavour. I know of one person who ate them raw, and would not advise it! The plant also has a range of medicinal uses, mainly concerned with blood flow and rheumatic pain. The oil from the seed of an Urtica species is used as an illuminant in Egypt.

Urtica species are known to cause dermatitis.

Vallisneria gigantea (Hydrocharitaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 014

Ribbonweed, Eelweed


Widely used in the aquarium trade.

Ventilago viminalis (Rhamnaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 355

Supplejack, Supple Jack


Widely lopped as a fodder source during drought times.

Verbena incompta (Verbenaceae)



A weed, mainly of waste places.

Verbena officinalis (Verbenaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 613

Common Verbena, Vervain



A medicinal herb with astringent, diuretic and antidiaorrhoeal properties, and also used to aid insomnia, nervous exhaustion, rheumatic pains, menstrual flow and milk secretion. The whole flowering plant is prepared into an essence or infusion.




Vigna lanceolata variety lanceolata (Fabaceae (Faboideae)) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 422

Maloga Bean This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The tuberous roots were used after roasting, and is reportedly 'one of the best vegetables available to the natives'. It also produces some underground pods, like the commercial peanut, but there are no records of their edibility.

Viola odorata (Violaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 1st volume, on page 437

Sweet Violet This species is introduced to the region.


Widely cultivated as an ornamental, and as a medicinal herb (an expecrtorant and to stimulate the glands). Flowers are also used as an edible garnish for salads, ice cream and puddings.

The seeds of Viola species are somewhat toxic.

Wahlenbergia ceracea (Campanulaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 119

Waxy Bluebell This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

The flowers of Wahlenbergia may be eaten, making a colourful (albeit tasteless) addition to a salad.

Wahlenbergia communis (Campanulaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 122

Tufted Bluebell This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains


Wahlenbergia fluminalis (Campanulaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 121

River Bluebell This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Plains


Wahlenbergia gracilenta (Campanulaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 120

Annual Bluebell This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains


Wahlenbergia gracilis (Campanulaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 123

Sprawling Bluebell, Australian Bluebell



Wahlenbergia graniticola (Campanulaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 121

Granite Bluebell This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains


Wahlenbergia littoricola (Campanulaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 121



Wahlenbergia luteola (Campanulaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 121



Wahlenbergia multicaulis (Campanulaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 120

Tadgell's Bluebell This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands





Wahlenbergia planiflora subspecies longipila (Campanulaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 121



Wahlenbergia queenslandica (Campanulaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 122



Wahlenbergia sp (Pt. Lookout) (Campanulaceae)



Wahlenbergia stricta subspecies stricta (Campanulaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 122

Tall Bluebell This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains


Wahlenbergia tumidifructa (Campanulaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 123



Westringia fruticosa (Lamiaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 3rd volume, on page 644

Coast Rosemary This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands

widely cultivated

Xanthorrhoea acaulis (Xanthorrhoeaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 066

Ground Blackboy, Tussock Grasstree


The flowers produce a drop of nectar that may be licked from the opened flowers, or the spike may be soaked in water and then drunk fresh or after a short period of fermentation. The leaf bases and crown are also edible, but poor fare.

Xanthorrhoea glauca subspecies angustifolia (Xanthorrhoeaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 066

Grasstree, Blackboy This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains


Xanthorrhoea glauca subspecies glauca (Xanthorrhoeaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 066

Grasstree, Blackboy This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes


Xanthorrhoea johnsonii (Xanthorrhoeaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 4th volume, on page 064

Grasstree, Blackboy This species is found in the following botanical regions: Northern Tablelands North-west Slopes North-west Plains





Xylomelum cunninghamianum (Proteaceae) Found in the NSW flora at: 2nd volume, on page 064

Western Woody Pear This species is found in the following botanical regions: North-west Slopes North-west Plains

The seed is reported to be edible.

list of plant species from northern nsw that may be used as...

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