livestock as providers of ecosystem services...assessment 4 fao study on ecosystem services provided...

Seminar• Wageningen University, June 2015

1

Livestock as providers of ecosystem services

How improved management to generate ecosystem services can

be incentivized – assessment and policy dialogue

Irene Hoffmann (AGAG)


2 Policy cycle

FAO study on ecosystem services provided by livestock

Assessment, evidence

Policy response

Country

Implemen-tation

Monitoring

Country

Reporting

Policy request


3 Policy requests


Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, 14th session 2012,

requested FAO to

• identify the nature of ecosystem services provided by livestock species and

breeds , with special consideration of the contribution of small-scale

livestock keepers and pastoralists

• prepare 2nd Report on the State of the World’s Animal Genetic Resources for

Food and Agriculture,

• prepare The State of the World’s Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture,

Committee for World Food Security requested FAO to develop/contribute to

• Civil Society Mechanism of the CFS - develop a Pastoralist Knowledge Hub

• Technical Guide to implementing the Voluntary Guidelines on Governance of

Tenure in pastoral rangelands

• HLPE report on Sustainable Agricultural Development for Food Security and

Nutrition, including the Role of Livestock


4 Assessment


Issues Livestock sector “supply” perspective on ESS provision

Data availability: livestock in general > species > breeds

Methods • GIS – mapping - NRL, AGAL

• Spatial distribution of species by land cover and climatic zone /

production system

• Attribution of ESS provision by production system

• Global survey – 120 responses from 47 countries

• Country responses to SOW-AgBio

• Country responses to SOW-AnGR-2


5 Global livestock production systems



6 Global livestock numbers in different land cover/systems, by species


units: cattle, sheep, goats and pigs (1000 heads); chicken (10.000.000 heads); data source: Robinson et al., 2014

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

1400000

1600000

grass+herb+shrub+sparse

tree mixed

Cattle

Goats

Pigs

Sheep

Chicken


7 Livestock provisioning services - Food



8 Provisioning services: Supply of animal sources food


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Least DevelopedCountries

Africa Asia European Union Northern America World

kg/c

apit

a/ye

ar

Eggs Meat Milk


9 Contribution to total cattle milk and beef production by production systems and agro-ecological zone


Opio et al., 2013


10 Global chicken and pig production in 2005 by production system


Pigs Backyard Intermediate Industrial All

Million tonnes pig

carcass weight per year 22.9 20.5 66.8 110.2

Chicken Backyard Semi-intensive to industrial All

Layer Broiler

Million tonnes egg per

year 8.3 49.7 58

Million tonnes carcass

weight per year 2.7 4.1 64.8 71.6

MacLeod et al., 2013

> 80% of meat from exotic breeds or crossbreds


11

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

sheep

goats

cattle

pigs

chicken

% of livestock numbers that occur where locally adapted breeds thrive on grass and roughage

Terrestrial land cover by agriculture (72% of total)

Grassland, shrubs, herbs,

sparse vegetation

44% Tree covered

39%

Cropland 17%

Majority of milk production is based on forage


12 Survey results: Supporting services in different grassland types

habitat provisioning

34%

nutrient cycling

28%

primary productivity

29%

other supporting

services 9%


13 Effects of the breed’s grazing on supporting services


1

2

5

2

4

3

10

12

12

33

42

32

8

30

11

20

11

6

8

7

4

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

habitat provisioning

nutrient cycling

primary production

other supporting services

Very negative

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Very positive

No data


14 Survey results: Regulating services in different grassland types


weed control 18%

climate regulation

11%

erosion control 15%

bush reduction 19%

pest control 8%

water quality 13%

seed dispersal 14%

other 2%


15 Effects of the breed’s grazing on regulating services


1

1

1

1

2

9

7

2

8

13

2

1

7

14

18

13

12

9

11

2

40

12

25

34

12

27

37

5

23

11

15

26

1

6

9

9

15

10

8

25

10

13

2

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

weed eradiction

climate regulation

erosion control

bush encroachment

pest regulation

water quality regulation

seed dispersal

other regulating services

Very negative

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Very positive

No data


16 Survey results: Cultural services in different grassland types

cultural, historic and

natural heritage

22%

knowledge systems and

education 20% landscape

values 22%

recreational values 18%

spiritual & religious values 13%

other cultural services

5%


17 Effects of the breed’s grazing on cultural services


1

1

1

1

1

1

6

6

10

13

21

32

39

47

40

17

8

44

29

24

14

7

4

1

2

4

7

14

2

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

cultural, historic and natural heritage

knowledge systems and education

landscape values

recreational values

spiritual & religious values

other cultural services

Very negative

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Very positive

No data


18 Protected areas across different grassland ecosystems


Category I 4% Category Ia

5%

Category II 20%

Category III 2% Category IV

11%

Category V 12%

Category VI 15%

no 23%

NA 8%

IV-VI Co-management protection

I+II Segregation protection


19 Selected constraints and opportunities


0 20 40 60 80

Recognition

Insecurity

Traditional links

Income

Policies

Knowledge

Research

Social issues

Environmental changes

Constraints

0 20 40 60 80

Breeding

Nature conservation

Financial incentives

Public awareness

Education

Ensuring recognition

Research programmes

Opportunities


20 Policy response


The Commission, at its 15th session Requests FAO to raise awareness about the important ecosystem services provided by

livestock species through a publication on the topic;

Request FAO and countries to improve the mapping particularly in grassland-based

production systems,

Request FAO to improve assessment methods for the valorisation of ecosystem services

provided by livestock to develop results-based incentive systems

Strengthen the link between breed conservation and nature conservation, and the

collaboration of the agricultural/livestock sector with the environment/wildlife/forestry

sector,

Request countries to take appropriate measures to recognize and support breeds and

livestock keepers

Invite countries to explore options for supporting the provision of ecosystem services by

livestock

Invite countries to implement the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of

Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security.


21 Collaboration for Implementation


Major area of work on ecosystem services and biodiversity Publications and policy briefs

Country testing of assessment methods

Rangeland-pastoralist axis: AGA, AGP, FOM, EST, NRC, NRL, OPC –

UNEP, IUCN, IFAD, AU-IBAR, VSF, WAMIP, CSOs • Pastoralist Knowledge Hub project

• Various GEF projects on participatory rangeland/forest assessment /

management / rehabilitation

• IFAD 2016 farmers day, rangeland-pastoralist conference?

• Governance – CFS, OPC, AGA, AGP, NRC, NRL

• VGGT implementation, esp. in pastoral countries

Valorisation

Community labels, community marks - WIPO

Incentives for ecosystem services - NRL


Incentives for ecosystem services (IES)

Design and funding of incentives for ecosystem service provision

Impact assessment

Benefit distribution and co-benefits

Ownership and negotiation of agreement

IES-agreement and policy framework


23 Recognition of ecosystem services by grassland ecosystems


23

6

2

12

8

16

14

1

9

4

1

4

3

3

3

1

1

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

temperate

tropical & subtropical

flooded & savannas

montane

mediterranean

deserts & steppes

yes

some

no


24 Recognition of ecosystem services by IUCN protected area type


2

1

17

1

6

7

8

1

3

6

1

5

7

8

2

1

1

0

2

1

2

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Category I

Category Ia

Category II

Category III

Category IV

Category V

Category VI

yes

some

no


25 Recognition of ecosystem services by land ownership


21

24

3

3

25

8

9

3

5

3

7

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

private

communal

state

other

yes

some

no


26 Voluntary standards


27 Voluntary standards

• Slowfood International Presidia http://www.slowfoodfoundation.com/presidia

• Slowfood Ark of Taste http://www.slowfoodfoundation.com/ark

• European Commission DOOR tool, http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/quality/door/list.html;jsessionid=pL0hLqqLXhNmFQyFl1b24mY3t9dJQPflg3xbL2YphGT4k6zdWn34!-370879141

• Cyber terroirs http://www.cyberterroirs.org/

• IAMM/CIHEAM website http://www.iamm.fr/

http://www.slowfoodfoundation.com/presidia

http://www.slowfoodfoundation.com/presidia

http://www.slowfoodfoundation.com/ark

http://www.slowfoodfoundation.com/ark

http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/quality/door/list.html;jsessionid=pL0hLqqLXhNmFQyFl1b24mY3t9dJQPflg3xbL2YphGT4k6zdWn34!-370879141







http://www.cyberterroirs.org/

http://www.iamm.fr/


28 Total economic values for ecosystem services

(Int.$/ha/year, 2007 price levels) Source: De Groot et al., 2012.

Direct use values from product sales ~ 20%

All other values ~ 80%

Thereoff: Payment for ecosystem services (c-sequestration, water, biodiversity) ~ 20%

Gap: ~ 60%

Total economic value for breeds at risk

Source: Bernues et al., 2014.

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Grassland Woodland

Provisioning

Cultural

Habitat

Regulating


29 Conclusions

Close knowledge gaps • Mapping, scientific evidence at breed level

• Valuation and valorization, IES

• Benefit sharing, governance, tenure

• Outcome orientation: land and livestock management practices count

Advocacy • non-provisioning ecosystem services are widespread and undervalued

• Spatial overlap of non-provisioning ecosystem services with vast marginal areas

(rangelands/low-forest cover, mountains), and with marginalized people

(pastoralists)

• Linkages between nature conservation and breed conservation

• Need for IES and supportive policies

• Link to intl. frameworks/processes: GPA-AnGR, AU on pastoralism, UNPFII,

VGGT, CBD, Mountain partnership, Soil Partnership, GASL, etc


30 Thanks


livestock as providers of ecosystem services...assessment 4 fao study on ecosystem services provided...

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