living organisms - ciencias sek-atlántico · 2015-11-05 · living organisms natural science 2º...
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LIVING ORGANISMSNatural Science
2º ESO / III PAI
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INDEX
1. What are living things?
2. Cells and cell types
3. The discovery of cells
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What are living things?
Classification of Living Things Everything that is living can be sorted into these 5
kingdomsKingdom Moneran
Protist Kingdom
Fungi Kingdom
Plant Kingdom
Animal Kingdom
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What are living things?
Kingdom Moneran
Tiny, single-celled organisms Do not have a nucleus E.g. bacteria
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What are living things?
Single-celled organisms with a nucleus Live in damp places of water E.g. amoeba
Protist Kingdom
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What are living things?
Fungi Kingdom
Body is made up of a network of threads called hyphae
E.g moulds, mushrooms
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What are living things?
Plant Kingdom
Multicellular – made up of lots of cells Make their own food by photosynthesis Lots of examples: flowering plants / non-flowering
plants
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What are living things?
Animal Kingdom
Multicellular – made up of may specialised cells Cannot make own food Can be further classified into vertebrates and non-
vertebrates then into classes such as amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
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What are living things?
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What are living things?
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
InorganicCompounds
OrganicCompounds
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What are living things?
HOW MANY VITAL FUNCTIONS HAS A LIVING THINGS?
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What are living things?
THE THREE VITAL FUNCTIONS
NUTRITION INTERACTION REPRODUCTION
Energy
Stimuli
ReactingAppropiate way
Descendents
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What are living things?CELLS
All living things are made of cells. A cell is the basic unit of life that
can perform the three vital functions
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What are living things?
Unicellular (one cell) - ex. Bacteria
Multicellular (many cells)- ex. Animals, plants
Tissues Organs ystems
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Cells and cell types
What are cells?
• A cell is the basic unit of structure and function in a living thing.
• Your body is composed of billions of cells.
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Cells and cell types
What are cells?
• You have nerve cells, skin cells, muscle cells, blood cells, and many other types as well.
These are some of the types of cells found in your blood.
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Cells and cell types
What are cells?• Each cell in your body shares the
characteristics of all living things.
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Cells and cell types
Similarities among cells
• In many-celled organisms like you, there are many different specialized cells.
• All cells share certain common characteristics.
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Cells and cell types
Similarities among cells1. All cells are surrounded by a cell
membrane.
2. All cells contain organelles.
3. All cells contain cytoplasm.
4. All cells contain DNA.
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Cells and cell types
Classifying cells
• Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus.
• Scientists believe that all life on Earth came from ancient cells of this type.
• Only bacteria have this type of cell.
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Cells and cell types
Classifying cells
• Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-covered organelles.
• They tend to be about ten times larger than prokaryotic cells.
• Animals, plants, fungi, and protists all have eukaryotic cells.
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Cells and cell typesComparing cell types
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Cells and cell types
Cells: A Look Inside
• A cookie factory is like a cell.
• An analogy is a way of explaining something complicated using an easier example.
• A cookie factory is a good analogy for understanding all the cell parts and their functions.
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Cells and cell typesComparing cells to a factory
• Every cell part has a job or function.• This chart shows how a cell is like a cookie factory
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Cells and cell types
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Cells and cell typesThe cell membrane and nucleus
• To make cell parts visible under a microscope, you can apply a stain to the cells.
• Methylene blue is a stain often used to look at animal cells.
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Cells and cell types
The cell membrane and nucleus
• The cell membrane is a thin layer that separates the inside of the cell from its outside environment.
• It keeps the cytoplasm inside while letting waste products out.
What is stained darker blue in each cell?
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Cells and cell typesThe nuclear membrane and nucleus
• The nucleus is covered with a membrane that allows materials to pass in and out.
• It’s often called the “control center” of the cell because it contains DNA.
The nucleolus acts as a storage area for materials.
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Cells and cell types
Organelles and their functions
• Mitochondria are called the “powerhouses” of cells.
• They produce much of the energy a cell needs to carry out its functions.
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Cells and cell types
Organelles and their functions
• A vacuole is the storage area of the cell.
• Vacuoles store water, food, and waste.
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Cells and cell types
Organelles and their functions
• The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a series of tunnels throughout the cytoplasm.
• They transport proteins from one part of the cell to another.
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Cells and cell types
Organelles and their functions
• Ribosomes are the protein factories of the cell.
• When ribosomes make proteins, they release them into the ER.
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Cells and cell types
Organelles and their functions
• Golgi bodies receive proteins and other compounds from the ER.
• They package these materials and distribute them to other parts of the cell.
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Cells and cell types
Organelles and their functions
• Lysosomes contain enzymes that can break things down.
• Lysosomes pick up bacteria, food, and old organelles and break them into small pieces that can be reused.
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Cells and cell types
Organelles and their functions
• The cytoskeleton is a series of fibers made from proteins.
• It provides structure to the cell and gives it its shape.
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Cells and cell types
How plant cells are different
1. Plant cells have chloroplasts, but animal cells do not.
A chloroplast is an organelle that contains a green pigment called chlorophyll.
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Cells and cell types
How plant cells are different
2. Plant cells have a large central vacuole that stores cell sap.
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Cells and cell types
How plant cells are different
3. Plant cells have a cell wall, but animal cells do not.
Cell walls provide structure and support for the plant.
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The discovery cells
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Natural Science (2 Secondary Education). C. Echevarría, M.J. Benito, B. Cano, M. Hutchings. Anaya English. 2011.
• http://www.cposcience.com/home/ForEducators/MiddleSchoolLifeScience/tabid/276/Default.aspx