Living Things in Living Things in EcosystemsEcosystemsChapter 2Chapter 2

““When we try to pick out When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in hitched to everything else in

the universe.”the universe.”

2.1 Ecosystems2.1 Ecosystems

• Include all the different organisms Include all the different organisms living in a certain area along with their living in a certain area along with their physical environmentphysical environment

• Things move from one ecosystem to Things move from one ecosystem to anotheranother

• Composed of both Composed of both biotic biotic and and abioticabiotic factorsfactors

• Wetlands, deserts, mountains in Wetlands, deserts, mountains in AlaskaAlaska

Biotic factors-Biotic factors- living parts living parts of an ecosystemof an ecosystemAbiotic factors-Abiotic factors- nonliving nonliving parts of an ecosystemparts of an ecosystem

Ecosystems

Biotic Abiotic

List some biotic factors and List some biotic factors and some abiotic factorssome abiotic factors

Biotic FactorsBiotic Factors Abiotic FactorsAbiotic Factors

List some biotic factors and List some biotic factors and some abiotic factorssome abiotic factors

Biotic FactorsBiotic Factors

• AnimalsAnimals

• PlantsPlants

• microorganismsmicroorganisms

Abiotic FactorsAbiotic Factors

• TemperatureTemperature

• SunlightSunlight

• HumidityHumidity

• Water supplyWater supply

• Soil typeSoil type

• Mineral nutrientsMineral nutrients– Nitrogen, sulfurNitrogen, sulfur

How are ecosystems How are ecosystems organized?organized?

Biosphere

Ecosystem

Community

Population

Organism

Ecosystems and the Ecosystems and the biospherebiosphere

• There are different levels of There are different levels of organization within an ecosystem organization within an ecosystem from the individual organism to the from the individual organism to the entire biosphereentire biosphere

Parts of an ecosystemParts of an ecosystem

OrganismOrganism One individual living thingOne individual living thing

PopulationPopulation Group of individuals of the Group of individuals of the same species living in a same species living in a particular placeparticular place

CommunityCommunity All populations are part of a All populations are part of a communitycommunity

- a group of interacting - a group of interacting populationspopulations

EcosystemEcosystem All organisms living in a All organisms living in a certain areacertain area

BiosphereBiosphere ““circle of life”circle of life”

How does a lion fit into an How does a lion fit into an ecosystem?ecosystem?• Niche- all of an organism’s Niche- all of an organism’s

relationships with its environment- relationships with its environment- both the living and nonliving parts; both the living and nonliving parts; an organism’s way of lifean organism’s way of life– ReproducingReproducing– #of offspring #of offspring – Where it finds shelterWhere it finds shelter

A niche is like an organism’s profession…A niche is like an organism’s profession…

What is a habitat?What is a habitat?

• The actual place The actual place that an organism that an organism liveslives

• The “address” of The “address” of the animalthe animal

Section 2.1 ReviewSection 2.1 Review

•Distinguish between biotic Distinguish between biotic and abiotic factorsand abiotic factors

•Explain population, Explain population, community, and ecosystemcommunity, and ecosystem

•Distinguish between habitat Distinguish between habitat and nicheand niche

2.2 How species interact 2.2 How species interact with each otherwith each other

• There are 5 major types of species There are 5 major types of species interactionsinteractions– PredationPredation– CompetitionCompetition– ParasitismParasitism– MutualismMutualism– commensalismcommensalism

predationpredation

• One organism kills One organism kills and eats another and eats another organismorganism

• Eaten- called preyEaten- called prey

• Eater- called Eater- called predatorpredator

Competition-Competition- a a relationship between relationship between species in which they species in which they attempt to use the same attempt to use the same limited resourcelimited resource

ParasitismParasitism

• Organisms that live in or on another Organisms that live in or on another organism and feed on it organism and feed on it without without immediately killing itimmediately killing it– Host- the organism the parasite takes its Host- the organism the parasite takes its

nourishment fromnourishment from– Ticks, fleas, tapeworms, heartworms, Ticks, fleas, tapeworms, heartworms,

leeches, mistletoeleeches, mistletoe

MutualismMutualism

• A cooperative partnership between A cooperative partnership between two speciestwo species– ……bacteria that live in your intestines bacteria that live in your intestines

break down food that you cannot. They break down food that you cannot. They also supply you with vitamin K which also supply you with vitamin K which you need for blood clotting. You give you need for blood clotting. You give them a warm, dark, place to live that is them a warm, dark, place to live that is full of food for them!full of food for them!

– Ants and acacia trees in Central AmericaAnts and acacia trees in Central America

CommensalismCommensalism

• Rare and strange type of specie Rare and strange type of specie interactioninteraction

• One species benefits and the other is One species benefits and the other is neither harmed or helpedneither harmed or helped

• Sharks and remorasSharks and remoras

Section 2.2 Review…fill in Section 2.2 Review…fill in the table belowthe table belowPredationPredation

CompetitionCompetition

ParasitismParasitism

MutualismMutualism

CommensalismCommensalism

2.3 Adapting to the 2.3 Adapting to the environmentenvironment

• How does the close match between How does the close match between an organism and the environment an organism and the environment come about?come about?

Evolution by natural Evolution by natural selectionselection• 1859…Darwin an English naturalist observed 1859…Darwin an English naturalist observed

members of a population and noticed their members of a population and noticed their differencesdifferences

• Darwin proposed that the environment Darwin proposed that the environment determines which individuals would have determines which individuals would have offspringoffspring

• Because of certain traits, certain individuals Because of certain traits, certain individuals are more likely to surviveare more likely to survive

• Natural selection- the unequal survival and Natural selection- the unequal survival and reproduction that results from the presence or reproduction that results from the presence or absence of particular traitsabsence of particular traits

Evolution by natural Evolution by natural selectionselection

• Over many generations natural Over many generations natural selection causes characteristics of selection causes characteristics of populations to changepopulations to change

• EvolutionEvolution- a change in the genetic - a change in the genetic characteristics of populations from characteristics of populations from one generation to the nextone generation to the next

Evolution by natural Evolution by natural selectionselection

o rg an ism ca n p rod u ce T ype na m e h e rem o re o ffsp rin g th a n ca n surv ive

th e en v iron m en t can k illo rg a n ism s

in d ivud u a ls va ryT yp e t it le h e re

E vo lu tion b y n a tu ra l se lec tionT yp e tit le h e re