local acceptance of wind energy in switzerland, estonia ... · wind energy developed on national...
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Local Acceptance of Wind Energy in Switzerland, Estonia and Ukraine. A Cross-Country Analysis based on Choice Experiments.
Ebers, Tabi, Wüstenhagen, Kostyuchenko, Smolennikov, Joller.
Vienna, 04.09.2017
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Research question 1:
Installed wind energy capacity by 2016
68
18 7
238
9 100
50
100
150
200
250
Estonia Switzerland Ukraine
10 MW per 1,000 km2 MW per Mio. inhabitants
How does social acceptance of wind power projects differ across countries?
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Geographic focus: Eastern Switzerland
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Geographic focus: Western Estonia
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Geographic focus: Southern Ukraine
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Win
d pr
ojec
tcha
ract
erist
ics Ecological
impact
Location
Profit-sharing
Public participation
Project developer
Source: Tabi and Wüstenhagen, 2015
Socialacceptance
Research question 2:What characteristics of a wind project are connected to highest social acceptance?
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Developer:1) individuals from the region,2) local electric utility,3) cooperation between local utility and a specialized investor, 4) foreign energy company.
Location:1) near a residential area, 2) on agricultural land,3) In industrial and commercial zones,4) in ecologically significant landscapes &
protected areas
Profit sharing: 1) no revenue sharing,2) revenue sharing with local landowner 3) revenue sharing with municipality 4) direct payments to all residents
Public participation: 1) minimal participation as required by law,2) informational brochure and a website,3) public hearing,4) co-determining the number and location
of wind turbinesEcological impact: 1) large2) medium3) low4) almost non-existent
Imagine that you can choose which wind energy project will be built in your region. The wind park consists of 23 wind turbines that are 120 m high.
Method II: CBC
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Method I: CBC
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30%
25%
36%
34%
26%
25%
12%
19%
11%
16%
14%
12%
9%
15%
16%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Switzerland
Ukraine
Estonia
Percent of Respondents
It would not disturb me to live in sight of a wind turbine
Agree
Somewhat agree
Neither agree or disagree
Somewhat disagree
Disagree
45%
75%
41%
37%
21%
46%
9%
3%
9%
5%
1%
4%
3%
0%
1%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Switzerland
Ukraine
Estonia
Percent of Respondents
What is your opinion about the development of wind energy in Switzerland/Estonia/Ukraine?
In favor
Somewhat in favor
Neither in favor noragainstSomewhat against
Against
Results I: Social acceptance
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3023
21
16
11
30 29
17
15
8
37
24
1316
9
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Ecologicalimpacts
Location Projectdeveloper
Revenuesharing
Participation
Perc
ent
Switzerland
Estonia
Ukraine
Results II: Importance of wind project features
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Results III: cross-country comparison
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• High share of population in CH, EE, UA would like to see wind energy developed on national and local levels
• Despite different history, natural resource endowment, &electricity market structure, respondents in CH, EE, and UA had similar preferences wrt to features of wind projects
• Eco-impact, location, developer identity of higher importance, followed by procedural and distributional justice
• Most important to keep wind projects ‘nature-friendly’ and ‘local’
Conclusions I:
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Highest social acceptance of the wind project that: -has smallest ecological impact-is in industrial or commercial zone -is developed by a utility company, alone or with a specialized investor-offers revenue sharing with municipality or all residents-allows local population co-determine the number and location of wind turbines
Conclusions II:
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Thank you
[email protected]@umd.edu
Funding: Swiss National Science FoundationCTI and SCCER CRESTPrivate donations
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Local energy source
54%
66%
53%
38%
21%
36%
6%
9%
8%
1%
3%
2%
1%
1%
0%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Switzerland
Ukraine
Estonia
Percent of Respondents
Local energy resources should be used as much as possible
Agree
Somewhat agree
Neither agree or disagree
Somewhat disagree
Disagree
35%
64%
37%
39%
24%
44%
13%
6%
10%
10%
2%
6%
3%
4%
4%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Switzerland
Ukraine
Estonia
Percent of Respondents
Local wind energy we will make us less dependent from the electricity from abroad
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Economic opportunity
11%
55%
31%
38%
30%
44%
33%
10%
17%
13%
3%
5%
4%
2%
3%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Switzerland
Ukraine
Estonia
Percent of Respondents
Wind turbines contribute to the local economy
Agree
Somewhat agree
Neither agree or disagree
Somewhat disagree
Disagree
9%
22%
18%
28%
30%
37%
28%
25%
20%
22%
14%
9%
13%
10%
16%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Switzerland
Ukraine
Estonia
Percent of Respondents
Wind turbines can be used as a tourist attraction
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Problematic aspects
8%
11%
11%
26%
26%
31%
26%
17%
15%
29%
28%
26%
11%
19%
17%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Switzerland
Ukraine
Estonia
Percent of Respondents
Wind energy is unreliable, because the wind does not always blow
Agree
Somewhat agree
Neither agree or disagree
Somewhat disagree
Disagree
4%
4%
15%
6%
8%
27%
29%
46%
36%
33%
13%
10%
29%
29%
11%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Switzerland
Ukraine
Estonia
Percent of Respondents
Wind turbines can cause health problems
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Landscape impacts
10%
2%
12%
18%
15%
26%
25%
30%
21%
32%
26%
23%
15%
26%
19%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Switzerland
Ukraine
Estonia
Percent of Respondents
Wind turbines destroy the landscape
Agree
Somewhat agree
Neither agree or disagree
Somewhat disagree
Disagree
63%
67%
52%
28%
20%
28%
5%
6%
11%
2%
3%
5%
2%
4%
4%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Switzerland
Ukraine
Estonia
Percent of Respondents
Wind turbines do not bother me if located nearby highways, railroad tracks or power lines
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Wind energy beliefs
4%
20%
15%
11%
23%
32%
21%
30%
32%
41%
14%
15%
22%
13%
7%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Switzerland
Ukraine
Estonia
Percent of Respondents
Electricity from wind energy contributes little to climate protection
Agree
Somewhat agree
Neither agree or disagree
Somewhat disagree
Disagree
33%
66%
46%
36%
24%
40%
17%
7%
9%
10%
2%
3%
4%
2%
2%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Switzerland
Ukraine
Estonia
Percent of Respondents
Wind energy is an important source of renewable energy in Switzerland/Estonia/Ukraine