local and community driven development: moving to scale in theory and practice

8/9/2019 Local and Community Driven Development: Moving to Scale in Theory and Practice

1/276

FH[ NY@FSDHY_ @N _@ODJB ]@BDOT

Ajfs ]. Idfswjfkhr-Egadzh

Ljo`edfj ]. ch Yhkt_thpahf _phot`rHcdt`rs

B@OJB JFC O@EEXFDST CYD^HFCH^HB@]EHFS

E@^DFK S@ _OJBH DF SAH@YT JFC ]YJOSDOH


2/276


3/276

B @ O J B J F C O @ E E X F D S T C Y D ^ H F

C H ^ H B @ ] E H F S


4/276


5/276

Bòjb jfc Oèeufdty Crdvhf

Chvhb`pehft

FH[ NY@FSDHY_ @N _@ODJB ]@BDOT

E`vdfk t` _ojbh df Sah`ry jfc ]rjotdoh

Ajfs ]. Idfswjfkhr-Egadzh Ljoèdfj ]. ch Yhkt

_thpahf _phot`rHcdt`rs


6/276

9=:= Sah Dfthrfjtd`fjb Ijfg n`r Yho`fstruotd`f jfc Chvhb`pehft / Sah [`rbc Ijfg

:1:1 A _trhht, F[[jsadfkt`f, CO 9=3??Shbhpa`fh< 9=9-3;?-:===Dfthrfht< www.w`rbcijfg.`rkH-ejdb< nhhcijogMw`rbcijfg.`rk

Jbb rdkats rhshrvhc

: 9 ? 3 :? :9 :: :=

Sads v`bueh ds j pr`cuot `n tah stjnn `n tah Dfthrfjtd`fjb Ijfg n`r Yho`fstruotd`f jfcChvhb`pehft / Sah [`rbc Ijfg. Sah fcdfks, dfthrprhtjtd`fs, jfc o`fobusd`fs hxprhsshc dftads v`bueh c` f`t fhohssjrdby rh hot tah vdhws `n tah Hxhoutdvh Cdrhot`rs `n Sah [`rbc Ijfg`r tah k`vhrfehfts tahy rhprhshft.

Sah [`rbc Ijfg c`hs f`t kujrjfthh tah joourjoy `n tah cjtj dfobuchc df tads w`rg. Sahiùfcjrdhs, o`b`rs, chfèdfjtd`fs, jfc `tahr dfn`rejtd`f sa`wf `f jfy ejp df tads w`rgc` f`t depby jfy luckehft `f tah pjrt `n Sah [`rbc Ijfg o`fohrfdfk tah bhkjb stjtus `n jfythrrdt`ry `r tah hfc`rshehft `r joohptjfoh `n suoa iùfcjrdhs.

Ydkats jfc ]hredssd`fsSah ejthrdjb df tads puibdojtd`f ds o`pyrdkathc. O`pydfk jfc/`r trjfsedttdfk p`rtd`fs `r jbb`n tads w`rg wdtaùt phredssd`f ejy ih j vd`bjtd`f `n jppbdojibh bjw. Sah Dfthrfjtd`fjb Ijfgn`r Yho`fstruotd`f jfc Chvhb`pehft / Sah [ rbc Ijfg hfoùrjkhs cdsshedfjtd`f `n dts w`rgjfc wdbb f`rejbby krjft phredssd`f t` rhpr`cuoh p`rtd`fs `n tah w`rg prèptby.

N`r phredssd`f t` pa`tò`py `r rhprdft jfy pjrt `n tads w`rg, pbhjsh shfc j rhquhst wdtaoèpbhth dfn`rejtd`f t` tah O`pyrdkat Obhjrjfoh Ohfthr Dfo., 999 Y`shw``c Crdvh, Cjfvhrs,EJ =:49?, X_J7 thbhpa`fh< 4;1-;8=-13==7 njx< 4;1-;8=-33;=7 Dfthrfht< www.o`pyrdkat.oè.

Jbb tahr quhrdhs f rdkats jfc bdohfshs, dfobucdfk suisdcdjry rdkats, saùbc ih jccrhsshc t` tah@n oh `n tah ]uibdsahr, Sah [`rbc Ijfg, :1:1 A _trhht F[, [jsadfkt`f, CO 9=3??, X_J7njx< 9=9-899-93997 h-ejdb< puirdkatsMw`rbcijfg.`rk.

D_IF< 4;1-=-19:?-1:43->hD_IF< 4;1-=-19:?-1:48-?C@D< :=.:84>/4;1-=-19:?-1:43->

O`vhr pa`t` < T`fkkhf Bd, tah [jthr Yhsùrohs Iurhju `n Ahihd ]r`vdfoh, Oadfj.

O`vhr chsdkf < Fjyb`r Chsdkf, Dfo.

Bdirjry `n O`fkrhss Ojtjb`kdfk-df-]uibdojtd`f Cjtj ajs ihhf jppbdhc n`r.


7/276

Df ejfy chvhb`pdfk oùftrdhs, tah edxhc rho`rc `n stjth hnnhotdvhfhss,ejrght dephrnhotd`fs, jfc phrsdsthft struoturjb dfhqudtdhs ajs ufchredfhctah hnnhotdvhfhss n sòdjb p`bdoy. S vhroèh tahsh o`fstrjdfts, sòdjb p`b-doy fhhcs t` e`vh ihy`fc o`fvhftd`fjb sòdjb shrvdoh jppr`joahs t`wjrcchvhb`pehfts k`jbs n hqudtjibh pp`rtufdty jfc sòdjb lustdoh. Sads shrdhsajs ihhf orhjthc t` prè`th chijth je`fk tah chvhb`pehft oèeufdty,p`bdoy ejghrs, jfc jojchedj, jfc t` ir`jchf ufchrstjfcdfk `n sòdjbp`bdoy oajbbhfkhs df chvhb`pdfk oùftry o`fthxts.

Sah i``gs df tah shrdhs jrh bdfghc t` tah [`rbc Ijfgs _òdjb Chvhb-`pehft _trjthky. Sah strjthky ds jdehc jt hep`whrdfk ph`pbh iy trjfs-n`redfk dfstdtutd`fs t` ejgh tahe e`rh dfobusdvh, rhsp`fsdvh, jfcjooùftjibh. Sads dfv`bvhs tah trjfsn`rejtd`f n suilhots jfc ihfh odj-rdhs dft` odtdzhfs wdta rdkats jfc rhsp`fsdidbdtdhs. Sahehs df tads shrdhswdbb dfobuch hqudty jfc chvhb`pehft, jsshts jfc bdvhbda``cs, jfc odtdzhf-sadp jfc rdkats-ijshc sòdjb p`bdoy, js whbb js tah sòdjb cdehfsd`fs `ndfnrjstruoturh jfc obdejth oajfkh.

Sdtbhs df tah shrdhs9.>. ]jrtdodpjt`ry Yurjb Jpprjdsjb ?49.;. Hxjepbhs `n _hot`r ]r`krjes wdta Oèeufdty

]jrtdodpjtd`f 399.1. Sah Dfthkrjthc Jppr`joa df Ehxdo` 349.4. Sah Dfthkrjthc Jppr`joa df Irjzdb 349.:=. Sah Dfthkrjthc Jppr`joa df Dfc`fhsdj 8=9.::. [ rbc Ijfg Kudcjfoh `f Ghy Chsdkf ]rdfodpbhs n`r OCC 8?9.:9. _dx Dff`vjtd`fs df Cdrhot Ndfjfodfk `n Oèeufdty

_uipr`lhots 839.:?. OIC/OCC< Jf Dep`rtjft ]jrt `n tah Ijfg _trjthky >:9.:3. Srhfcs df ]r`lhot ]hrn`rejfoh >?


11/276

O@FSHFS_ dx

?.:. Bhvhrjkdfk _uoohss wdtaùt Yhdfvhftdfk tah [ahhb ;3?.9. Bhss`fs nrè tah Shrdyjgd Iurkhr ;;?.?. ]dbbjrs jfc O`rh Hxphothc @utoèhs `n BOCC t`

Ih _ojbhc Xp ;4?.3. _thps n`r _ojbdfk Xp< Cdjkf`stdos 11?.8. Dfc`fhsdj< Ndfcdfks jfc Bhss`fs df 9==? 14?.>. Ehxdo`< Ndfcdfks jfc Bhss`fs df 9==? 4??.;. Iuy-Df tarùka Ahjc Sjx 48?.1. \jeidj< Ndfcdfks jfc Bhss`fs df 9==? 4>?.4. Ihfdf< Ndfcdfks jfc Bhss`fs df 9==? 44?.:=. Dfcdj< Ndfcdfks jfc Depbdojtd`fs df 9==? :=>?.::. Xkjfcj< Ndfcdfks, Bhss`fs, jfc Depbdojtd`fs nrè

Nùr ]r`krjes df 9==? ::=?.:9. GC]s Yhshjroa ]r`krje ::>3.:. Sah _hquhftdjb B`kdo :918.:. _thps t` _ojbdfk Xp :898.9. _thps t` _ojbdfk Xp< Cdjkf`stdo ]ajsh t`

Hfsurh Edfdeue O`fcdtd`fs :83

8.?. Ehxdo` CYC D< Iudbcdfk `f Bhss`fs Bhjrfhc :848.3. _thps t` _ojbdfk Xp< ]rhpr`krje Chvhb`pehft :>?8.8. _thps t` _ojbdfk Xp< ]db`t ]ajsh :>38.>. [ajt t` C` [ahrh Bòjb K`vhrfehfts Jrh

F`fhxdsthft `r F`fnufotd`fjb :>;8.;. Ehtrdos :;88.1. Ejgdfk ]r`vdsd`fs n`r Nubby Dfchphfchft E`fdt`rdfk :;88.4. Srjdf tah Njodbdtjt`rs Ndrst :;18.:=. _tjfcjrc phr Cdhe n`r ^ bufthhrs :1=8.::. Jf Dr`fy `n Hbji`rjth ]bjfs jfc Yhp`rts :1:8.:9. Ndfcdfk Bòjbby Jvjdbjibh _phodjbdsts :198.:?. _thps t` _ojbdfk Xp< Yhsùroh Nb`ws jfc

Jooùftjidbdty :188.:3. ]rd`rdty Bdst Ehfus :188.:8. Htad`pdjf Ehta`c n`r Kjdfdfk Bhkjb _tjtus :1>8.:>. Ndfcdfk j O`- fjfodfk Ijbjfoh :1;8.:;. \jeidj jfc Xkjfcj< Bdfgdfk ]hrn`rejfoh,

Jooùftjidbdty, jfc Dfohftdvhs :148.:1. _thps t` _ojbdfk Xp :498.:4. _thps t` _ojbdfk Xp< O`fs`bdcjtd`f :48


12/276

x O@FSHFS_

NDKXYH_

:.:. Bdfghc Jppr`joahs 99.:. Hv`butd`f `n _òdjb Nufc @ilhotdvhs jfc Jotdvdtdhs,

:41; t` ]rhshft 339.9. Dfchx `n _hot`r Chohftrjbdzjtd`f df

:4 Oùftrdhs, :44=s 3;9.?. Bdfghc Jppr`joahs 818.:. Ijsdo Dfstdtutd`fjb Yhqudrhehfts n`r jf

BOCC ]r`krje :>48.9. ^dsujbdzdfk Srjdfdfk B`kdstdos ihtwhhf tah _uicdstrdot

Ohfthr jfc tah ^dbbjkhs :;1

EJ]

?.:. Sah BOCC Kbìjb Hxphrdhfoh 19

SJIBH_

:.:. Ejkfdtuchs `n _ojbdfk Xp< Jf Hxjepbh ;:.9. Sdehbdfh n Chvhb`pehft Jppr`joahs :9

9.:. Sdehbdfh n Chvhb`pehft Jppr`joahs 919.9. ]r`krhss `n [ rbc Ijfg/DCJ _upp`rt t` OCC,9====1 89

9.?. @vhrvdhw `n _trhfktas jfc [hjgfhsshs `nOIC/OCC ]r`lhots 8>

?.:. Hxjepbhs `n _ojbdfk Xp _hot`r-_phod o ]r`krjes 1??.9. Hxjepbhs `n _ojbhc-Xp Eubtdshot`rjb ]r`krjes 183.:. Objssd ojtd`f `n Oùftry O`fthxt :9?3.9. Jsshssdfk _trjthkdo Ndt ihtwhhf Oùftry O`fthxt

jfc Dfstdtutd`fjb _trjthkdhs :9>3.?. Jbthrfjtdvh Yhsp`fshs t` Ydsgs Jssòdjthc wdta

BOCC Depbhehftjtd`f vdj Bòjb K`vhrfehft :943.3. _trjthkdhs `n Jotdvh @phrjtd`fs df tah Jnrdoj Yhkd`f,

iy Oùftry O`fthxt :?98.:. Hxjepbhs `n Ghy Zuhstd`fs t` Ih ]ursuhc curdfk

tah Cdjkf`stdos ]ajsh :8>8.9. J _ajrhc Jpprhodjtd`f-Yhjcdfhss Ejtrdx

(Bhvhb `n ]r`krhss) :81I.:. ]ajsdfk jfc _hquhfodfk 9=:I.9. Chohftrjbdzjtd`f jfc Bòjb K`vhrfehft

Hep`whrehft 9=9


13/276

O@FSHFS_ xd

I.?. ]jrtdodpjtd`f jfc _òdjb Dfobusd`f 9=?I.3. Oèeufdty _htup 9=?I.8. Nufcdfk Jrrjfkhehfts n`r tah Oèeufdty 9=3I.>. Dfstdtutd`fjb _htup jfc ]r`krje Ejfjkhehft 9=8I.;. Srjdfdfk 9=>I.1. Njodbdtjtd`f 9=;I.4. Dfn`rejtd`f, Hcuojtd`f, jfc Oèeufdojtd`f 9=1I.:=. E`fdt`rdfk jfc Hvjbujtd`f 9=4I.::. Oèeufdty jfc Bòjb K`vhrfehft ]r`lhots 9:=I.:9. K`vhrfehft, FK@, jfc C`f`r Ajre`fdzjtd`f 9:=


14/276


15/276

N @ Y H [ @ Y C < B O C C J F C S A H [ @ Y B C I J F G

Bòjb jfc oèeufdty crdvhf chvhb`pehft (BOCC) kdvhs o`ftr`b `n chvhb-`pehft chodsd`fs jfc rhsùrohs t` oèeufdty krùps jfc rhprhshftjtdvhbòjb k`vhrfehfts. ]``r oèeufdtdhs rhohdvh nufcs, chodch `f tahdr ush,pbjf jfc hxhouth tah bòjb pr`lhots oa`shf, jfc e`fdt`r tah pr`vdsd`f `nshrvdohs tajt rhsubt nrè ta`sh pr`lhots. BOCC depr`vhs f`t lust dfoèhsiut jbs` ph`pbhs hep`whrehft jfc k`vhrfjfoh ojpjodty, tah bjog n wadoads j n`re `n p`vhrty js whbb.

BOCC `phrjtd`fs ajvh che`fstrjthc hnnhotdvhfhss jt chbdvhrdfk

rhsubts jfc ajvh rhohdvhc suistjftdjb supp`rt nrè tah [ rbc Ijfg. _dfoh9===, Ijfg bhfcdfk n`r BOCC ajs jvhrjkhc jrùfc $9 idbbd`f j yhjr.Sarùka dts supp`rt t` bòjb jfc oèeufdty crdvhf pr`krjes, tah Ijfgajs fjfohc wjthr suppby jfc sjfdtjtd`f shrvdohs, ahjbta ojrh shrvdohs,soa``bs tajt jrh tjdb`rhc t` oèeufdty fhhcs jfc bdghby t` ih ejdftjdfhcjfc tahrhn`rh sustjdfjibh, futrdtd`f pr`krjes n`r e`tahrs jfc dfnjfts,tah iudbcdfk `n rurjb joohss r`jcs, jfc supp`rt shrvdohs n`r bdvhbda``csjfc edor`hfthrprdsh.

Df jccdtd`f, BOCC ajs pr`vhc t` ih jf hnnhotdvh wjy t` rhiudbc oè-eufdtdhs n`bb`wdfk p`bdtdojb o`f dots `r fjturjb cdsjsthrs. Iy rhst`rdfktrust jt j bòjb bhvhb jfc rhiudbcdfk sòdjb ojpdtjb, dt ajs pr`cuohc vjbujibhphjoh cdvdchfcs df pbjohs suoa js Jnkajfdstjf, I`sfdj jfc Ahrzhk`vdfj,Ywjfcj, jfc Sde`r-Bhsth. Jnthr tah 9==8 tsufjed, BOCC jppr`joahs dfDfcdj, Dfc`fhsdj, jfc _rd Bjfgj pr`vdchc j nr`ft bdfh `n rhsp`fsh t` hfsurhtajt rhsùrohs whrh ihdfk ushc hnnhotdvhby jfc trjfspjrhftby jfc tajt tahjnnhothc oèeufdtdhs whrh dfv`bvhc df jsshssdfk tahdr fhhcs jfc chsdkfdfkrho`vhry pr`krjes.

J ejl`r oajbbhfkh df BOCC ds tah dssuh `n sojbh< a`w t` joadhvhfjtd`fjb o`vhrjkh rjtahr tajf nòus `f chvhb`pehft hfobjvhs. K`dfk t`sojbh, hsphodjbby t` fjtd`fjb sojbh, rhqudrhs chtjdbhc pbjffdfk, tah t``bs n`rwadoa jrh o`vhrhc df tads i``g.


16/276

xdv N@YH[@YC

Sah BOCC jkhfcj rhejdfs rhbhvjft t`cjy ihojush dt chbdvhrs `f tarhhnr`fts), wdta sdkfd ojft o`ftrdiutd`fs nrè Ljoèdfj ]. ch Yhktjfc Y`crdk` _hrrjf`-Ihrtaht, Bùds Ahbbdfk, Lubdh ^jf Cèhbhf, Cjvdc[jrrhf, jfc _thpahf _phot`r. Sah juta`rs tajfg Y`crdk` _hrrjf`-Ihrtaht,

Bùds Ahbbdfk, jfc Cjvdc [jrrhf n`r o`ftrdiutd`fs nrè tahdr 9==3 rhp`rt(Ahbbdfk, _hrrjf`, jfc [jrrhf 9==8) jfc Lubdh ^jf Cèhbhf nrè ahr9==1 rhp`rt (^jf Cèhbhf 9==1).


20/276

xvddd HCDS@Y_ ]YHNJOH

Oajpthr ? ds jcjpthc nrè _ojbdfk Xp Oèeufdty-Crdvhf Chvhb`p-ehft< Sah`rhtdojb Xfchrpdffdfks jfc ]r`krje Depbdojtd`fs (Idfswjfkhrjfc Jdyjr 9==3). Dt jbs` ihfh thc nrè sdkfd ojft o`ftrdiutd`fs nrè

Ljoèdfj ]. ch Yhkt, wa` ahbphc t` pr`cuoh i`ta tads i``g jfc e`st `ntah rhp`rts `f wadoa dt ds iudbt7 Chi`rja Cjvds, wa` syftahsdzhc j sht `noèprhahfsdvh ojsh stucdhs ushc df tads oajpthr7 jfc Suu-^jf Fkuyhf,o`juta`r `n tah sthp-iy-sthp kudch (Idfswjfkhr jfc Fkuyhf 9==8). Sahw`rc tah`rhtdojb, wadoa jpphjrs df tah tdtbh `n tah 9==3 Idfswjfkhr jfcJdyjr w`rg, ajs ihhf rhe`vhc ahrh ihojush tah ufchrpdffdfks tajt ejghup tah BOCC nrjehw`rg jfc chsdkf prdfodpbhs jrh f` b`fkhr tah`rhtdojb.Sahy ajvh ihhf pr`vhf tarùka cdrhot hxphrdhfoh `vhr tah pjst :8 yhjrsjfc iy jfjbysds n rhohft pr`krje rhvdhws jfc depjot stucdhs. J sdkfd ojftdfput n`r tads oajpthr wjs tah jotd`f rhshjroa sp`fs`rhc iy tah trust nufcs7tah hcdt`rs sphod ojbby tajfg Chi`rja Cjvds n`r ahr syftahsds n tajt sht nsdx oèprhahfsdvh ojsh stucdhs.

Oajpthr 3 wjs jcjpthc nrè oajpthrs ?, 3, jfc 8 `n _òdjb jfc BòjbChvhb`pehft Nufcs df tah Jnrdoj Yhkd`f< Hv`butd`f jfc @ptd`fs , prh-pjrhc iy j thje bhc iy Y`crdk` _hrrjf`-Ihrtaht ([ rbc Ijfg/_òdjb Chvhb-

`pehft). Sah thje dfobuchc Bùds Ahbbdfk (o`fsubtjft), Cjfdhb @whf([`rbc Ijfg/_òdjb Chvhb`pehft), Ejrdj ]`bd (o`fsubtjft), Lubdh ^jfCèhbhf (o`fsubtjft), jfc [jrrhf ^jf [dogbdf (o`fsubtjft). YjvdfcrjOahrugupjbbd (o`fsubtjft) prhpjrhc tah jsshssehft rjtdfks n`r sòdjb jfcbòjb chvhb`pehft nufcs. Sah [ rbc Ijfgs jbhrdh G`zhb (Auejf Chvhb-`pehft Fhtw`rg-_òdjb ]r`thotd`f) jfc Ijssje Yjejcjf (Jnrdoj Yhkd`fAuejf Chvhb`pehft) `nnhrhc jcvdoh tarùkaùt tah stucy. ]hhr rhvdhw-hrs Yìhrt Oajsh (_òdjb Chvhb`pehft) jfc F`rihrt Eukwjkwj (JnrdojYhkd`f) `nnhrhc supp`rt. Nhhcijog rhohdvhc nrè Ljoèdfj ]. ch Yhkt,Kdushpph \jepjkbd`fh (Jnrdoj Yhkd`f), jfc Ajfs ]. Idfswjfkhr-Egadzhwjs dfo`rp`rjthc. Sah rhp`rt wjs puibdsahc df Jukust 9==1 iy tah AuejfChvhb`pehft _hot`r Xfdt, Jnrdoj Yhkd`f, _òdjb ]r`thotd`f Chpjrtehft,_òdjb Chvhb`pehft Chpjrtehft ([ rbc Ijfg 9==1o).

Oajpthr 8 ds jcjpthc nrè tw` ejdf sùrohs< Oèeufdty-CrdvhfChvhb`pehft< S``bgdt n`r Fjtd`fjb _tògtjgdfk jfc Yhvdhw (Ahhe-sghrg jfc Ijbtdsshf 9==8) , chvhb`phc iy j thje nrè tah Y`yjb Sr`pd-ojb Dfstdtuth df tah Fhtahrbjfcs ([dbbhe Ahhesghrg, [de vjf Ojephf,jfc Khrjrc Ijbtdsshf) jfc j thje nrè tah [`rbc Ijfg (Ljoèdfj ]. chYhkt, Kjbdj _oahoathr, Ajccy _hy, jfc Ajfs ]. Idfswjfkhr-Egadzh)7 jfc_ojbdfk Xp Bòjb jfc Oèeufdty-Crdvhf Chvhb`pehft< J _thp-iy-_thpKudch (Idfswjfkhr jfc Fkuyhf 9==8).


21/276

J O G F @ [ B H C K E H F S _

[h wdsa t` tajfg jbb wa` ajvh ejch tah BOCC hnn`rt jfc tads i``gp`ssdibh. N`r tah ejfy wh fjeh, tahrh jrh oùftbhss e`rh wa` ajvh ojr-rdhc n`rwjrc tah BOCC rhjbdty oùftry iy oùftry jfc oèeufdty iyoèeufdty. [h tajfg tahe `f ihajbn `n tah edbbd`fs e`rh wa` wh a`phwdbb ihfh t nrè tahdr hnn`rts.

Sah hnn`rt t` irdfk tads i``g t`khtahr dfobuchc tah b`fk-thre oèedt-ehft jfc supp`rt `n ejfy ph`pbh< Gjtay _dhrrj, vdoh prhsdchft `n _ustjdf-jibh Chvhb`pehft, wa` rho`kfdzhc tah cdrhot rhbjtd`fsadp ihtwhhf BOCC

jfc hnn`rts t` strhfktahf jfc iudbc k``c bòjb k`vhrfjfoh7 _thhf L`rkhfshf,`fh `n tah n`rhe`st pr`p`fhfts `n BOCC jfc cdrhot`r `n _òdjb Chvhb`p-ehft (uftdb 9==1)7 jfc Cjf @whf, [ rbc Ijfgwdch BOCC o``rcdfjt`r,wa` w`rgs tdrhbhssby t` cdsshedfjth BOCC bhss`fs jor`ss tah kbìh. Sahk`vhrfehfts n Ndfbjfc, tah Fhtahrbjfcs, jfc F`rwjy, tarùka tahdr trustnufcstah Ijfg-Fhtahrbjfcs ]jrtfhrsadp ]r`krje jfc tah Srust Nufcn`r Hfvdr`fehftjbby jfc _òdjbby _ustjdfjibh Chvhb`pehftpr`vdchc tahrhsùrohs t` jcvjfoh BOCC hnn`rts jrùfc tah w`rbc, ghhp tads i``g jbdvh,jfc irdfk dts ejfy hbhehfts t`khtahr.

[h jbs` tajfg Lhjf-Bùds _jridi jfc Ojbbdst` Ejcjv`, rhkd`fjb vdohprhsdchfts n`r Jnrdoj, n`r tahdr hftausdjstdo supp`rt hjrby `f, jfc bjthrOjbbdst` Ejcjv`, n`r ads ordtdojb quhstd`fs jfc ads dfthrhst df e`v-dfk tah BOCC jkhfcj t` sojbh df hjoa oùftry. Sahsh dfcdvdcujbs ajvhsupp`rthc ùr w`rg. @ur o`bbhjkuhs df tah Jnrdoj Yhkd`f OèeufdtyCrdvhf Chvhb`pehft (OCC) _thhrdfk Oèedtthh `vhr tah phrd`c nrè9=== t` 9==; whrh Oardstdfh O`rfhbdus, Ojtahrdfh Njrvjoquh-^dtg`vdo,Bjurj Nrdkhftd, Ahbhfh Krjfcv`dffht, ]adbbdpph Bh Aùhrù, Irdjf

Bhvy, Bhtdtdj @ihfk, _uzjffh ]drdù-_jbb, Fjcdfh ]ùpjrt, Kjbdfj_`tdr`vj, Ljf [hhtlhfs, jfc [dbbhe \dlp. Sahy pr`vdchc tah pr`nhs-sd`fjb supp`rt, ordtdquhs, hfoùrjkhehft, jfc rhsùrohs tajt ejch tadspuibdojtd`f p`ssdibh.


22/276

xx JOGF@[BHCKEHFS_

Fuehrùs `tahr ph`pbh ejch tads i``g p`ssdibh, dfobucdfk ta`sh waàhbphc t` rhvdhw hjrby o`fohpt pjphrs df _hptheihr 9==9 jfc tah tjsgejfjkhrs wa` v`bufthhrhc tah pr`krjes tahy w`rghc `f n`r e`rh df-chpta hbcw`rg. Sah hbc rhshjroahrs (jbb [`rbc Ijfg o`fsubtjfts) whrh_wjedfjtajf _. Jfgbhsjrdj Jdyjr, Khrjrc Ijbtdsshf, Chi`rja Cjvds,Gwjeh E. Gw` h, Sde`tay Buijfkj, ^d`bhttj Ejfùgdjf, EwjbdeuEusahsah, _ubhdejf Fjejrj, Ejrtdf @fyjoa-@bjj, jfc Ihrtus [hf-fdfg. [h jbs` tajfg tah ejfy df-oùftry `n odjbs jfc tjsg thjes df tah[`rbc Ijfg n`r tahdr jssdstjfoh. _hvhrjb `n tah pr`lhot ejfjkhrs jfc tjsgejfjkhrsjs whbb js `tahr rhvdhwhrs suoa js Djf K`bcejf (Gajfyj-Jnrdojf Dfstdtuth n`r Oèeufdty-Crdvhf Chvhb`pehft), Kajzjbj Ejfsurd(CHO), Ghdta EoBhjf (_C^), jfc ^dljhfcrj Yj` (CHO)ojeh t`khtahrt` rhvdhw tah rhsubts `n tahsh hbc stucdhs df j w`rgsa`p df [jsadfkt`f,CO. Sah rhsubts whrh jbs` vjbdcjthc df j w`rgsa`p df Iurgdfj Njs` df@otìhr 9==?, wdta 9=-pbus OCC pr`lhot ejfjkhrs nrè jor`ss tah o`ftd-fhft. Df j o`fnhrhfoh ahbc df F`vheihr 9==?, Jnrdojf edfdsthrs n fjfohjfc `n chohftrjbdzjtd`f jn rehc tajt p`bdoy ejghrs fhhc e`rh jcvdoh,jfc tads bhc t` tah chvhb`pehft `n tah p`bdoy rhvdhw t``bgdt.

Sah rhvdhws `n tah p`bdoy stògtjgdfk t``bgdt whrh bhc iy Jbjf Khbi,wa`, js oadhn ho`fèdst df tah Jnrdoj Yhkd`f, t``g j ghhf dfthrhst df dfth-krjtdfk tads w`rg dft` tah bjrkhr chvhb`pehft vdsd`f n`r tah o`ftdfhft.

J Zujbdty Jssurjfoh Krùp pjfhb, oajdrhc iy Ejry EoFhdb ([`rbcIjfg Dfstdtuth), rhvdhwhc tah rhshjroa ùtputs jfc str`fkby rhoèehfchctajt jbb `n tah ejthrdjbs ih puibdsahc jfc ejch joohssdibh t` tah puibdo.

Jfc wh oùbc fhvhr ajvh ejfjkhc tads w`rg `vhr shvhrjb yhjrs whrh dtf`t n`r tahsh [ rbc Ijfg o`fsubtjfts, Kjbdj _oahoathr, wa` ahbc tah ejf-jkhehft n tads pr`krje t`khtahr7 Ojrehbdfj Yhijf`, wa` ghpt tah cdnnhr-hft krjfts strjdkat7 jfc Ajccy _hy, wa` `nthf sthpphc df wahf hbcw`rg`r o`ftjot wdta rhshjroahrs df Jnrdoj wjs fhhchc.


23/276

JC] jrhj chvhb`pehft pr`krjeJKHSD] Jkhfoh cHxoutd`f chs Srjvjux cDftrt ]uibdo WJkhfoy

n`r ]uibdo [`rgs Ejfjkhehft jfc Hepb`yehftUJDC_ joqudrhc deeufh ch odhfoy syfcrèhJ]B jcjptjibh pr`krje b`jfOJE]NDYH Oèeufjb Jrhjs Ejfjkhehft ]r`krje n`r Dfcdkhfùs

Yhsùrohs (\deijiwh)OJ] Oèeufdty Jotd`f ]bjf (Xkjfcj)

OJ_ Oùftry Jssdstjfoh _trjthkyOIC oèeufdty-ijshc chvhb`pehftOI@ oèeufdty-ijshc `rkjfdzjtd`fOIYC] Oèeufdty-Ijshc Yurjb Chvhb`pehft ]r`lhot (Iurgdfj

Njs`, Kajfj, Ejurdtjfdj)OCC oèeufdty crdvhf chvhb`pehftOKDJY O`fsubtjtdvh Krùp `f Dfthrfjtd`fjb Jkrdoubturjb

YhshjroaODN Oèeufdty Dfvhstehft Nufc (\jeidj)O]DJ oùftry p`bdoy jfc dfstdtutd`fjb jsshssehftCCO cdstrdot chvhb`pehft oèedtthhCDN Cdstrdot Dfvhstehft Nufc (\jeidj)C]B chvhb`pehft p`bdoy b`jfCYC chohftrjbdzhc rhkd`fjb chvhb`pehftAD^ auejf deeuf`ch odhfoy vdrusDCJ Dfthrfjtd`fjb Chvhb`pehft Jssòdjtd`fDHO dfn`rejtd`f, hcuojtd`f, jfc oèeufdojtd`f

DHK Dfchphfchft Hvjbujtd`f KrùpDYC] dfthkrjthc rurjb chvhb`pehft pr`krjeGC] Ghojejtjf Chvhb`pehft ]r`lhot (Dfc`fhsdj)GDS Y`yjb Sr`pdojb Dfstdtuth (Fhtahrbjfcs)

J I I Y H ^ D J S D @ F _


24/276

xxdd JIIYH^DJSD@F_

BOCC bòjb jfc oèeufdty crdvhf chvhb`pehftBOCN bòjb oèeufdty chvhb`pehft nufcBHHE] Bòjb Hep`whrehft jfc Hfvdr`fehftjb Ejfjkhehft

]r`lhot (Fdkhrdj)BKC] Bòjb K`vhrfehft Chvhb`pehft ]r`krje (Xkjfcj)BKE_C] Bòjb K`vhrfehft Ejfjkhehft jfc _hrvdoh Chbdvhry

]r`krje (Xkjfcj)EJ_JN Ejbjwd _òdjb Jotd`f NufcE&H e`fdt`rdfk jfc hvjbujtd`fEND edor` fjfoh dfstdtutd`fFJJ_ Fjtd`fjb Jkrdoubturjb Jcvds`ry _hrvdohs (Xkjfcj)FK@ f`fk`vhrfehftjb `rkjfdzjtd`fFX_JN F`rtahrf Xkjfcj _òdjb Jotd`f Nufc@&E `phrjtd`fs jfc ejdfthfjfoh@HC @phrjtd`fs Hvjbujtd`f Chpjrtehft]DCHY ]r`krjej Dfthkrjc` ch Chsjrr`bb` Yurjb WDfthkrjthc

Yurjb Chvhb`pehft ]r`krjeU (Ehxdo`)]BJ pjrtdodpjt`ry bhjrfdfk jfc jotd`f

]FDY ]r`krjeeh Fjtd`fjb cDfnrjstruoturhs YurjbhsWFjtd`fjb ]r`krje n`r Yurjb DfnrjstruoturhU (_hfhkjb)]F]E ]r`krje Fjsd`fjb ]heihrcjyjjf Ejsyjrjgjt

WFjtd`fjb ]r`krje n`r Oèeufdty Hep`whrehftU(Dfc`fhsdj)

]YJ pjrtdodpjt`ry rurjb jpprjdsjb]Y_] ]`vhrty Yhcuotd`f _trjthky ]jphrYYJ rjpdc rurjb jpprjdsjb_[Jp shot`rwdch jppr`joaSJ_JN Sjfzjfdj _òdjb NufcXFOCN Xfdthc Fjtd`fs Ojpdtjb Chvhb`pehft NufcÔ_] ^dbbjkh Oèeufdtdhs _upp`rt ]r`krje (Kudfhj)\JE_DN \jeidj _òdjb Dfvhstehft Nufc


25/276

:

O A J ] S H Y :

Dftr`cuotd`f jfc Hxhoutdvh _ueejry

Ajfs ]. Idfswjfkhr-Egadzh, Ljoèdfj ]. ch Yhkt,jfc _thpahf _phot`r

_hrvdohs jrh njdbdfk p``r urijf jfc rurjb ph`pbh df tah chvhb`pdfk w`rbc,jfc p`vhrty rhejdfs o`fohftrjthc df rurjb jrhjs jfc urijf sbues ([`rbcIjfg 9==3n, 9==1c). Sads stjth n jnnjdrs prhvjdbs chspdth pr`b`fkhc hnn`rts

iy ejfy k`vhrfehfts t` depr`vh rurjb jfc urijf shrvdohs jfc chvhb`p-ehft pr`krjes. Sads i``g nòushs f a`w oèeufdtdhs jfc bòjb k`vhrf-ehfts ojf ih hep`whrhc t` o`ftrdiuth t` tahdr `wf chvhb`pehft jfc, dftah pròhss, depr`vh dfnrjstruoturh, k`vhrfjfoh, shrvdohs, jfc ho`fèdojfc sòdjb chvhb`pehfttajt ds, ubtdejthby, tah ir`jc rjfkh `n jotdvdtdhsn`r sustjdfjibh p`vhrty rhcuotd`f.

Oùftrdhs jfc tahdr chvhb`pehft pjrtfhrs ajvh ihhf trydfk t` dfv`bvhoèeufdtdhs jfc bòjb k`vhrfehfts df tahdr `wf chvhb`pehft sdfoh tahhfc n [`rbc [jr DD, wahf tah rst o`b`fdhs kjdfhc dfchphfchfoh df _ùtaJsdj. ]d`fhhrs df i`ta Dfcdj jfc Ijfkbjchsa (tahf j pjrt n ]jgdstjf) chvhb-`phc j obhjr vdsd`f `n a`w dt wùbc ih c`fh< Bòjb chvhb`pehft saùbcih pbjffhc jfc ejfjkhc iy bòjb odtdzhfs, tahdr oèeufdtdhs, jfc tahdrbòjb k`vhrfehfts wdtadf j obhjrby ch fhc chohftrjbdzhc nrjehw`rg tajtchv`bvhs rhjb p`whr jfc rhsùrohs t` bòjb k`vhrfehfts jfc oèeufdtdhs.Ojpjodty supp`rt wùbc ih pr`vdchc iy thoafdojb dfstdtutd`fs jfc shot`rsjfc f`fk`vhrfehftjb dfstdtutd`fs.

Sads vdsd`f sht up j thfsd`f ihtwhhf ohftrjb p`whr jfc hep`whrehft`n oèeufdtdhs jfc bòjb k`vhrfehfts. Sads thfsd`f ajs rjrhby ihhf nubbyrhs`bvhc jfc ds stdbb ihdfk krjppbhc wdta df ejfy oùftrdhs js whbb js dfejfy hxthrfjbby fjfohc chvhb`pehft pr`lhots. [adbh tah vdsd`f wjs`nthf pdb`thc suoohssnubby df dfcdvdcujb pr`lhots, dt wjs jkjdf jfc jkjdf


26/276

9 B@OJB JFC O@EEXFDST CYD^HF CH^HB@]EHFS

b`st df tah pròhss `n sojbdfk up jfc, dr`fdojbby, rhpbjohc iy ohftrjbdzhc,t`p-c`wf iurhjuorjtdo jppr`joahs tajt njdbhc. Df tahsh jppr`joahs, bòjbodtdzhfs whrh trhjthc js pjssdvh rhodpdhfts, jfc shrvdoh chbdvhry sunnhrhcihojush tah shrvdoh pr`vdchrs whrh f`t jooùftjibh t` tahdr obdhfts. Sadsadst`ry ds trjohc df oajpthr 9.

Sah [`rbc Ijfg jbs` strukkbhc wdta tahsh dssuhs jfc ushc j vjrdhty `nchvhb`pehft jppr`joahs, dfobucdfk jrhj chvhb`pehft pr`krjes (JC]s).Sahsh jppr`joahs jbs` njdbhc t` trjfsbjth tah hep`whrehft vdsd`f dft`prjotdoh jfc tahrhn`rh njdbhc t` ajvh j sdkfd ojft depjot. _uishquhftby, cdn-nhrhft shot`rs jfc pr`lhots trdhc oèeufdty supp`rt jppr`joahs, shot`rjbjppr`joahs, jfc bòjb k`vhrfehft jppr`joahs, jfc tahdr prjotdtd`fhrs nthfoèphthc wdta `fh jf`tahr, sèhtdehs wdtadf tah sjeh oùftrdhs, orhjt-dfk o`fnusd`f jfc rhcuodfk tah depjot. Hjoa `n tah tarhh jppr`joahs pr`-vdchc ejfy vjbujibh bhss`fs tajt jrh jppbdojibh t`cjy. A`whvhr, hvdchfohjfc j adst`ry `n hxphrdhfoh, df jfc ùtsdch tah Ijfg, sa`w tajt cdnnhrhftstrjfcs ojf jfc c` o`fvhrkh. Sah Bòjb Chvhb`pehft O`fnhrhfoh n 9==3stjrthc t` iudbc tah o`fshfsus tajt j syftahsds, gf`wf js bòjb jfc oè-eufdty crdvhf chvhb`pehft (BOCC), ds fhhchc. Xfchr tads syftahsds, bòjb

chvhb`pehft ds j o`-pr`cuotd`f `n oèeufdtdhs, bòjb k`vhrfehfts, jfcsupp`rtdvh shot`r dfstdtutd`fs, wdta o`bbji`rjtd`f nrè tah prdvjth shot`rjfc f`fk`vhrfehftjb rkjfdzjtd`fs (shh kurh :.:). Sads i``g jtthepts tìudbc krhjthr o`fshfsus, t` w`rg nrè tah hxdstdfk gf`wbhckh jfc hxphrd-hfoh, t` depr`vh eutujb bhjrfdfk, jfc t` còuehft ùtoèhs. _ojbdfk up

bòjbk`vhrfehftjppr`joahs

chohftrjbdzhcshot`rjbjppr`joahs

oèeufdtysupp`rt

jppr`joahs

bdfghcjppr`joahs

Ndkurh :.:. Bdfghc Jppr`joahs

_ùroh< Ahbbdfk, _hrrjf`, jfc [jrrhf 9==8.


27/276

DFSY@CXOSD@F JFC HQHOXSD^H _XEEJYT ?

tahsh k``c hxphrdhfohs jfc ùtoèhs rhqudrhs j sthp-iy-sthp jppr`joa,ojrhnub bòjb jcjptjtd`f, jfc objrdty df wajt ds ihdfk sojbhc up. Sah Ijfgwdbb ih jibh i`ta t` rhsp`fc ihtthr wahf o`fcdtd`fs jfc oùftry cdjb`kuh`nnhr tah `pp`rtufdty n`r sojbdfk up jfc t` ejgh tah fhohssjry b`fk-threoèedtehfts wahf tah ijsh n gf`wbhckh jfc hxphrdhfoh pr`vdchc df tadsi``g ds hxpb`dthc.

[ajt Ds Bòjb jfc Oèeufdty Crdvhf Chvhb`pehft0

Sah BOCC o`fohpt ihkdfs wdta tah ìshrvjtd`f tajt oèeufdty hep`w-hrehft c`hs f`t tjgh pbjoh df j vjouue7 dt ds jnnhothc iy bòjb k`vhrf-ehft chvhb`pehft jfc shot`rjb pr`krjes `n fjtd`fjb k`vhrfehfts. Sarhhjbthrfjtdvh jppr`joahs t` bòjb chvhb`pehft, wadoa hepajsdzh ejfy `n tahsjeh prdfodpbhs, oèh t`khtahr df tads jppr`joa< hep`whrehft n tah p``rjfc `tahr ejrkdfjbdzhc krùps, rhsp`fsdvhfhss t` ihfh odjry chejfc,jut`fèy `n bòjb dfstdtutd`fs, krhjthr c`wfwjrc jooùftjidbdty, jfchfajfohehft `n bòjb ojpjodtdhs. A`whvhr, df tah pjst tahsh jppr`joahs

whft jiùt tadfks cdnnhrhftby< _hot`rjb jppr`joahs jrh ch fhc tarùka nufotd`fjb sphodjbdzjtd`f

tah shrvdohs tahy pr`vdch. Sahy ajvh ihhf jibh t` eìdbdzh thoafdojbojpjodty, iut tahy rjrhby ajvh ihhf rhsp`fsdvh t` bòjb chejfc jfco`fcdtd`fs jfc or`ss-shot`rjb o`fsdchrjtd`fs.

Bòjb k`vhrfehft jppr`joahs jrh `rkjfdzhc tarùka tah dfstdtutd`fs`n thrrdt`rdjb k`vhrfjfoh. Sahy oèe`fby hfsurh obhjr n`rejb jut`f-èy jfc jooùftjidbdty `n bòjb chodsd`f ejghrs iut jrh `nthf p`bdtd-odzhc jfc bhss hnnhotdvh df ejfjkdfk shrvdoh pr`vdsd`f.

Cdrhot oèeufdty-supp`rt jppr`joahs jrh `rkjfdzhc jrùfc sòdjbkrùps tajt, trjcdtd`fjbby `r v`buftjrdby, ejgh o`bbhotdvh chodsd`fs.Sahdr hftry p`dft tarùka oèeufdty struoturh jfc pròhsshs sèh-tdehs oèpbdojths hnn`rts t` o``rcdfjth wdta puibdo shot`r rkjfdzjtd`fsjfc bòjb k`vhrfehft dfstdtutd`fs.

Hjoa jppr`joa ajs khfhrjthc j cdstdfot i`cy `n tah`ry jfc prjotdoh.Ejfy oùftrdhs sdeubtjfhùsby ush jbb tarhh jppr`joahs. Sads ojf bhjc tò`fnusd`f, ufpr`cuotdvh oèphtdtd`f, jfc cupbdojtd`f. Sah o`fobusd`fnrè tah 9==3 o`fnhrhfoh wjs tajt bòjb chvhb`pehft fhhcs t` ih tahùtoèh `n o`-pr`cuotd`f `n jbb tarhh spahrhs, ajrfhssdfk tah syfhrkdhsje`fk tahe rjtahr tajf hepajsdzdfk tahdr oèphtdtd`f. Sah jppr`prdjth


28/276


thre n`r suoa j pròhss ds bòjb jfc oèeufdty crdvhf chvhb`pehft, wadoahfoèpjsshs depr`vhc o``rcdfjtd`f, syfhrky, hn odhfoy, jfc rhsp`fsdvh-fhss df bòjb chvhb`pehft pròhsshs. BOOC ihoèhs tah nùfcjtd`f n`rtah fhxt sthp< sojbdfk up. Sads i``g ushs tah thre BOCC n`r jbb pr`krjes,hvhf dn tah pr`krje dtshbn ds ojbbhc oèeufdty crdvhf chvhb`pehft `r dndt c`hs f`t dfthkrjth tah bòjb k`vhrfehft cdehfsd`f. Sads ds dfthfchc t`prè`th tadfgdfk jiùt bòjb chvhb`pehft js hfoèpjssdfk jbb cdehf-sd`fs jfc t` rhcuoh tah st`vhpdph tadfgdfk `n j sdfkbh jppr`joa.

BOCC< J Srjfsn`rejtdvh ]ròhss

Irdfkdfk jiùt BOCC ds f`t j pr`lhot7 dt hftjdbs j chhp trjfsn`rejtd`f np`bdtdojb jfc jcedfdstrjtdvh struoturhs tajt jdes t` hep`whr oèeufd-tdhs jfc bòjb k`vhrfehfts wdta p`whrs, rhsùrohs, jfc tah juta`rdty tùsh tahsh hxdiby jfc sustjdfjiby, taus hfjibdfk tahe t` tjgh o`ftr`b `ntahdr chvhb`pehft.

Hep`whrehft ehjfs hxpjfcdfk tah jsshts jfc ojpjidbdtdhs `n p``rph`pbh t` pjrtdodpjth df, fhk`tdjth wdta, jfc a`bc jooùftjibh dfstd-tutd`fs tajt jnnhot tahdr bdvhs. Dt ehjfs kdvdfk ph`pbh joohss t` v`dohjfc dfn`rejtd`f, krhjthr sòdjb dfobusd`f jfc pjrtdodpjtd`f, krhjthrjooùftjidbdty, jfc `rkjfdzjtd`fjb strhfkta. BOCC jdes t` ajrfhsssòdjb ojpdtjb tarùka hep`whrehft jfc t` dforhjsh sòdjb ojpdtjbtarùka sojbdfk up.

Df prjotdoh, tads vdsd`f ds dephrnhotby depbhehfthc df ejfy oùftrdhsjfc df [ rbc Ijfg pr`krjes. Sads ds f`t surprdsdfk, sdfoh tah nufcjehf-

tjb thfsd`f ihtwhhf ohftrjb p`whr jfc bòjb jfc oèeufdty hep`whr-ehft ds j p`bdtdojb dssuh tajt rhqudrhs fhk`tdjtd`f jfc oèprèdsh t`rhs`bvh. Fhvhrtahbhss, BOCC i`jsts ejfy dsbjfcs `n suoohss, jbtaùkanhw `n tahe ajvh ihhf sojbhc up t` o`vhr hftdrh oùftrdhs.

_ojbdfk up ds tjgdfk fh r shvhrjb dsbjfcs n suoohss tajt ajvh jccrhsshcj fjtd`fjb chvhb`pehft prìbhe jfc eubtdpbydfk tahe t` o`vhr js euoathrrdt`ry jfc p`pubjtd`f js p`ssdibh jfc jppr`prdjth (shh i`x :.:). [ahfwh tjbg `n sojbdfk up BOCC, wh prdejrdby ehjf sojbdfk up tah hftdrh

jppr`joa t` hep`whrehft. [adbh tads jppr`joa ds dfahrhftby eubtdsho-t`rjb, dt ojf ih ushc t` sojbh up j e`rh shot`r-nòushc BOCC pr`krjen`rdfstjfoh, sojbdfk up j oèeufdty wjthr suppby jfc sjfdtjtd`f pr`krje, jschsordihc bjthr n`r j stjth df Dfcdj.


29/276

DFSY@CXOSD@F JFC HQHOXSD^H _XEEJYT 8

[adoa Ghy Nhjturhs `n BOCC _aùbc Ih _ojbhc Xp0

[h shhg t` sojbh up tah vh pdbbjrs js whbb js tah nùr o`rh hxphothc ut-

oèhs `n BOCC js rst jrtdoubjthc iy tah Jnrdoj Yhkd`f `n tah [`rbcIjfg df tah ^dsd`f n`r BOCC ([`rbc Ijfg 9===j). _hh i`x :.9. N`rj nubb cdsoussd`f `n tahsh o`rh hxphothc ùtoèhs, shh oajpthr ? jfcjpphfcdx O.

I@Q :.:

Ch fdtd`fs jfc Fjehs n`r Bòjb Lurdscdotd`fs

Df tads i``g wh ush tah n`bb`wdfk ch fdtd`fs t` chsdkfjth cdnnhrhft bòjb lurdscdotd`fs B@OJB JFC O@EEXFDST CYD^HF CH^HB@]EHFS

Xfchrstjfcdfk tah Ejkfdtuch `n _ojbdfk Xp

[ajt c`hs sojbdfk up ehjf df thres `n tah ejkfdtuch `n oèeufdtdhsjfc ph`pbh0 @ur hxjepbh ihkdfs wdta jf BOCC jppr`joa tajt ajs ihhf

I@Q :.9

Hbhehfts `n BOCC

O`rh hxphothc ùtoèhs n BOCC

Yhjb pjrtdodpjtd`f jfc bdfgjkh iy jbb stjgha`bchrs

Depr`vhc jooùftjidbdty

Shoafdojb sùfcfhss

_ustjdfjidbdty.

]dbbjrs n`r suoohss df jf dfthkrjthc BOCC jppr`joa

:. Hep`whr oèeufdtdhs. Hep`whrdfk oèeufdtdhs dfv`bvhs jssdkfdfk nufotd`fs,

cutdhs, jfc tah o`rrhsp`fcdfk juta`rdty t` tahe, pr`vdcdfk jf dfstdtutd`fjb nrjeh-

w`rg df wadoa tahy hbhot tahdr `n odjbs jfc ejgh chodsd`fs, jfc jssdkfdfk rhvhfuhs

jfc `tahr sojb rhsùrohs t` oèeufdtdhs.

9. Hep`whr bòjb k`vhrfehfts. Hep`whrdfk bòjb k`vhrfehfts dfv`bvhs jssdkfdfk

nufotd`fs, cutdhs, jfc tah o`rrhsp`fcdfk juta`rdty t` tahe, pr`vdcdfk jf dfstdtu-

td`fjb nrjehw`rg df wadoa tahy hbhot tahdr `n odjbs jfc ejgh chodsd`fs, jfc jssdkfdfkrhvhfuhs jfc `tahr sojb rhsùrohs t` k`vhrfehfts.

?. Yhjbdkf tah ohfthr. Yhjbdkfdfk tah ohfthr dfv`bvhs cdstrdiutdfk nufotd`fs jfc p`whrs

nrè ohftrjb jkhfodhs jfc shot`rs t` oèeufdtdhs jfc bòjb k`vhrfehft, j pròhss

tajt dfv`bvhs i`ta cho`fohftrjtd`f jfc chv`butd`f, jfc sadntdfk tah edx `n jotdvd-

tdhs phrn`rehc iy ohftrjb dfstdtutd`fs s` tajt tah bòjb oèeufdty jfc bòjb k`v-

hrfehfts jrh e`rh dfv`bvhc df cdrhot shrvdoh chbdvhry jfc tah ohftrjb k`vhrfehft ds

e`rh dfv`bvhc df p`bdoy shttdfk jfc supp`rt nufotd`fs.

3. Depr`vh jooùftjidbdty. Jooùftjidbdty systhes fhhc t` ih jbdkfhc s` tajt jooùft-

jidbdty ds t` odtdzhfs jfc ushrs `n shrvdohs (f`t lust upwjrc jooùftjidbdty nrè odtd-

zhfs jfc shrvdoh pr`vdchrs t` tah ohfthr), jcjpthc t` tah fhw o`fthxt, jfc depr`vhc

jbb jrùfc.

8. Iudbc ojpjodty. Ojpjodty iudbcdfk ds fhhchc f`t `fby n`r oèeufdty jfc bòjb chvhb-

`pehft pjrtdodpjfts, iut jbs` n`r tah `tahr o`-pr`cuohrs, tah thoafdojb shot`rs, tah

prdvjth shot`r, jfc f`fk`vhrfehftjb rkjfdzjtd`fs.


31/276

DFSY@CXOSD@F JFC HQHOXSD^H _XEEJYT ;

suoohssnub df j sejbb krùp `n oèeufdtdhs `r vdbbjkhs ihb`fkdfk t` j nhwsuicdstrdots `n j bjrkhr cdstrdot `r jcedfdstrjtdvh ufdt. Ejfy `n tah t``bsjfc jppr`joahs t` ih ushc ajvh ihhf chvhb`phc jfc thsthc df tah hbc, iuto`vhrjkh `n jbb oèeufdtdhs df jbb suicdstrdots ajs f`t yht ihhf jtthepthc7n`r tads rhjs`f, tah b`kdstdos jfc t``bs n`r o`vhrjkh `f suoa j bjrkh sojbhajvh f`t yht ihhf chvhb`phc.

[adbh sojbdfk up ds tah fhxt b`kdojb sthp, tads ojf rjrhby ih c`fh df `fhidk ijfk jt tah fjtd`fjb bhvhb. Js tjibh :.: sa`ws, tah fueihrs jt j fjtd`fjbbhvhb jrh lust t`` cjuftdfk. Sahrhn`rh,

Jt tah fjtd`fjb, c`f`r, jfc pjrtfhr bhvhbs , p`bdodhs saùbc ih syfoar`-fdzhc wdta BOCC rhqudrhehfts. Jt tah bòjb bhvhb , jbb `n tah t``bs jfc b`kdstdos n`r sojbdfk up saùbc

rst ih nubby chvhb`phc jfc thsthc df `fh cdstrdot `r pr`vdfoh (js df tahI`rkù pdb`t df Ihfdf), df j nhw eufdodpjbdtdhs r stjths (js df Ehxdo`sChohftrjbdzjtd`f jfc Yhkd`fjb Chvhb`pehft ]r`lhots), `r df shvhrjbsuicdstrdots `r ghojejtjfs (js df Dfc`fhsdjs Ghojejtjf Chvhb`pehft]r`krje, r GC]). _uoa hbc thstdfk wdbb qudogby dchftdny ordtdojb i`ttbh-fhogs tajt ejy prhvhft rjpdc cdsiurshehft `n nufcs jfc ejy, df turf,rhqudrh bhkjb r rhkubjt`ry oajfkhs.

Sah pdb`t pajsh n`r sojbdfk up wdbb rhsubt df j nubb sht `n b`kdstdos, `phr-jtd`fjb, jfc trjdfdfk ejfujbs, ejthrdjbs, jfc t``bs, wadoa ojf tahf ihtrjfsbjthc dft` `tahr fjtd`fjb bjfkujkhs jfc hxthfchc t` jfc jcjpthc t`bòjb o`fcdtd`fs df j r`bbùt pròhss tajt ubtdejthby o`vhrs jbb cdstrdots `rpr`vdfohs. A`w ds suoa jf ufchrtjgdfk p`ssdibh0 Xfn`rtufjthby, sojbdfkup ds `nthf jtthepthc wdtaùt pr`phr kudcjfoh, prhpjrjtd`f, jfc t``bs,bhjcdfk t` j nrustrjtdfk hxphrdhfoh euoa bdgh rhdfvhftdfk tah wahhb. Sahkudcjfoh pr`vdchc df tads i``g ds dfthfchc t` ejgh tah pròhss euoa e`rh

Sjibh :.:. Ejkfdtuchs `n _ojbdfk Xp< Jf Hxjepbh_ejbb-sojbh BOCC suoohsshs ]db`t pajsh n sojbdfk up _ojbhc-up pr`lhot

: cdstrdot `r jcedfdstrjtdvhohfthr

:3 cdstrdots `r jcedfdstrjtdvhohfthrs

Jbb cdstrdots `r jcedfdstrjtdvhohfthrs

:3 suicdstrdots >93 suicdstrdots Jbb suicdstrdots89= oèeufdty krùps :==:,=== oèeufdty krùps Shfs n taùsjfcs t` auf-

crhcs `n taùsjfcs `noèeufdty krùps

Nhwhr tajf 8= oèeufdtypr`lhots

:==9,=== pr`lhots Aufcrhcs n taùsjfcs npr`lhots

Nhwhr tajf 8=,=== ph`pbh :==,=== t` : edbbd`f ph`pbh Ejfy edbbd`f ph`pbh

_ùroh< Juta`rs oèpdbjtd`f.


32/276


ejfjkhjibh jfc dftudtdvh. Sah pr``n tajt tads ds p`ssdibh ds prhshfthc df tahhxjepbhs cdsousshc df oajpthrs ? jfc 3.

[hbb-chsdkfhc chohftrjbdzjtd`f jfc oèeufdty pr`krjes ojf pr`-vdch jfc njodbdtjth e`chbs tajt jrh hjsdby rhpbdojthc jor`ss pr`vdfohs jfcoùftrdhs. Df Dfc`fhsdj, tah rjpdc hxpjfsd`f n GC] ajs ihhf oèpjrhcwdta tajt `n j EoC`fjbcs nrjfoadsh< hbc-thstdfk j k``c dfstdtutd`fjbe`chb jfc tahf k`dfk n`r ejss rhpbdojtd`f . Cdstrdots f`t o`vhrhc iyGC] ajvh phtdtd`fhc tah k`vhrfehft t` kht tah sjeh e`chb. @n oùrsh,tads e`chb fhhcs jcjptjtd`f df cdnnhrhft sòd`ho`fèdo o`fcdtd`fs, lust jsEoC`fjbcs, tarùka dts jotd`f rhshjroa jfc jcjptdvh ejfjkhehft prjo-tdohs, jcjpts iurkhrs n`r cdnnhrhft oùftrdhs (df Ljpjf dt shbbs j thrdyjgdiurkhr, df Dfcdj j p`tjt` iurkhr).

Js df jfy nrjfoadsh soaheh, tah vhrjbb chsdkf rhqudrhs euoa thstdfk jfcchsdkf hnn`rt, iut ubtdejthby tah rubhs jfc pròhcurhs eust ih sdepbh jfcstrjdkatn`rwjrc s` tajt ph`pbh wdta bdedthc sgdbbs ojf rhpbdojth tah e`chbdf taùsjfcs n bòjbdtdhs jfc oèeufdtdhs. Oèpbhx e`chbs wdbb f`t sojbhup qudogby, jfc tah w`rg tajt k`hs dft` sojbdfk up jfc ejgdfk j pr`krjerhpbdojibh jfc sdepbh ds oèpbhx (shh oajpthr 8). Sahsh tw` ushs `n tah

w`rc oèpbhx saùbc f`t ih o`fnushc._ojbdfk up ehjfs e`rh tajf paysdojb sojbdfk up (ejss rhpbdojtd`f). Dt

jbs` ehjfs sòdjb sojbdfk up (dforhjsdfk sòdjb dfobusdvhfhss) jfc o`fohp-tujb sojbdfk up (oajfkdfk tah edfc-sht jfc p`whr rhbjtd`fs). _òdjb sojb-dfk up ojf ehjf o`fstjft jcjptjtd`fs t` depr`vh tah v`doh `n tah whjg`r sphodjb tjrkhthc pr`krjes t` suppbhehft eubtdshot`rjb `fhs. O`fohp-tujb sojbdfk up ehjfs k`dfk ihy`fc tah f`td`f `n BOCC js j pr`lhotjppr`joa, `r hvhf j pr`krje jppr`joa, jfc heihccdfk hep`whrehftdf jbb `n tah tadfgdfk jfc jotd`f o`fohrfdfk chvhb`pehft.

_thps `n _ojbdfk Xp

[hbb-nufotd`fdfk sejbb-sojbh BOCC suoohsshs jrh j prhrhqudsdth n`r sojb-dfk up, iut tahy ojf rjrhby ih sojbhc up cdrhotby. [h sèhtdehs rhnhr t`tahsh sejbb-sojbh suoohsshs js iùtdquhs, js tahy ejy ih fdoh, hxphfsdvh(`nthf wdta sphodjbby tjrkht jfc ufsustjdfjibh nufcdfk), jfc f`t rhpbd-ojibh. J cdjkf`stdo pajsh ds `nthf fhohssjry t` hstjibdsa tah prho`fcd-td`fs n`r j sojbhc-up BOCC pr`krje. Df tads i``g wh rhoèehfc tajttads saùbc ih n`bb`whc iy j pdb`t pajsh df wadoa tah pròhsshs, b`kdstdos,jfc t``bs n`r sojbdfk up t` fjtd`fjb bhvhbs jrh rst chvhb`phc jfc tahf


33/276

DFSY@CXOSD@F JFC HQHOXSD^H _XEEJYT 4

nubby thsthc. _uoa sojbdfk-up pdb`ts saùbc o`vhr jbb oèeufdtdhs jfc sui-cdstrdots df jt bhjst `fh cdstrdot `n j oùftry. Sah sojbdfk-up pdb`t wùbcbhjc t` pr`vhf pròhcurhs, b`kdstdos, jfc t``bs tajt ojf ih sueejrdzhcdf jf `phrjtd`fjb ejfujb tajt suishquhftby ojf ih trjfsbjthc dft` bòjbbjfkujkhs, r`bbhc ùt n`r ush, jfc nurtahr jcjpthc df tah rhejdfdfk cds-trdots `n j oùftry, pr`vdfoh, `r stjth. Sads i``g rhoèehfcs tajt suoajf `phrjtd`fjb ejfujb ih prhpjrhc t` njodbdtjth j truby sojbhc-up BOCCpr`krje tajt ojf o`vhr jf hftdrh oùftry. (Sahsh sthp-iy-sthp pajshs jrhprhshfthc df i`x :.? jfc chtjdbhc jfc nubby chsordihc df oajpthr 8).

@ilhotdvhs jfc _truoturh `n tah I``g

Sah BOCC sojbdfk-up pròhss ds dfahrhftby oèpbhx< f`t `fby jrh tahrhcdn oubt p`bdtdojb dssuhs t` ih rhs`bvhc, iut tah rhn`re jkhfcj jfc pr`-krje chsdkf eust dfv`bvh ejfy o`-pr`cuohrs7 sdkfd ojft sadnts df p`whreust jbs` ih joadhvhc. Dt ds f`t surprdsdfk tajt, hvhf wahrh suoohssnubpdb`t pr`lhots ajvh hxdsthc, sojbdfk up nthf ajs pr`vhc cdn oubt. Df jccd-td`f, tah ejkfdtuch n tah tjsg `n chvhb`pdfk tah ojpjodtdhs n aufcrhcs`r hvhf taùsjfcs `n bòjb k`vhrfehfts jfc aufcrhcs `n taùsjfcs `redbbd`fs n oèeufdtdhs prhshfts oèpbdojthc chsdkf jfc b`kdstdos prì-bhes tajt ajvh `nthf pr`vhc dfsureùftjibh. Sads i``g ds chv`thc tò`fvhydfk a`w t` jcvjfoh tah p`bdtdojb oèedtehft t` BOCC jfc a`wt` pròhhc df j systhejtdo, sthp-iy-sthp ejffhr t` ejfjkh suoohssnubbytah oèpbhx chsdkf, b`kdstdos, jfc depbhehftjtd`f tjsgs. Dt ds f`t t` ih

I@Q :.?

@utbdfh `n tah _thps t` _ojbdfk Xp

Cdjkf`stdo pajsh t` hfsurh edfdeue o`fcdtd`fs

]rhpr krje chvhb`pehft jt tah fjtd`fjb bhvhb

]rhpr krje chvhb`pehft jt tah bòjb bhvhb

]db`t pajsh n sojbdfk up Yhsùroh `ws jfc jooùftjidbdty

_ojbdfk up

O`fs`bdcjtd`f


34/276

:= B@OJB JFC O@EEXFDST CYD^HF CH^HB@]EHFS

ushc js j ibuhprdft, phr sh, iut js j stjrtdfk p`dft n`r oùftry-sphod ojcjptjtd`fs. [dta tads df edfc, tah i``g pr`vdchs tah n`bb`wdfk=s. Sahy whrh rst rhpbjohc iy shot`rjb jfc thoaf`b`ky-ijshcjppr`joahs df wadoa bdfh jkhfodhs rhvhrthc t` chbdvhrdfk tahdr sphod oshrvdohs t` bòjb obdhfts, suoa js tah chvhb`pehft `n r`jcs, jkrdoubturjborhcdt, drrdkjtd`f chvhb`pehft jfc thoaf`b`kdhs, jfc thoaf`b`kdojb jcvdoh(shh tjibh :.9). @fh `n tah ejdf joadhvhehfts `n tahsh pr`krjes wjs tahsprhjc `n tah krhhf rhv`butd`f df Jsdj jfc Bjtdf Jehrdoj. Dt qudogbyihojeh hvdchft, a`whvhr, tajt tahsh pr`krjes ajc cdn oubty rhjoadfktah rurjb p``r, jfc ejfy pr`lhots jfc pr`krjes tjrkhthc sphod ojbby t`p``r jrhjs jfc p``r krùps whrh jcchc.

Df tah :4;=s tah [`rbc Ijfg jfc `tahr c`f`r jkhfodhs hfthrhc p`vhrtyrhcuotd`f jfc rurjb chvhb`pehft df j ejl`r wjy vdj JC]s jfc dfthkrjthcrurjb chvhb`pehft pr`krjes (DYC]s). Sahsh pr`krjes nòushc f tah sjehhbhehfts js tah hjrbdhr oèeufdty chvhb`pehft pr`krjes< chohftrjbdzj-td`f, pjrtdodpjtd`f, oèeufdty hep`whrehft, jfc tah chvhb`pehft `nbòjb dfstdtutd`fs. Df prjotdoh, a`whvhr, tah pr`krjes sunnhrhc tah sjeh njthjs tah hjrbdhr oèeufdty chvhb`pehft pr`krjes jfc ihojeh ohftrjbdzhc,iurhjuorjtdo, jfc ufjibh t` o``rcdfjth jot`rs f tah krùfc. Df ejfy ojshs,tahsh whjgfhsshs whrh jkkrjvjthc iy bjog `n jppr`prdjth thoaf`b`ky tajt

Sjibh :.9. Sdehbdfh `n Chvhb`pehft Jppr`joahsDfcdojt`r :48=s :4>=s :4;=s1=s :44=s 9=== 9==8

Chvhb`pehftjppr`joa

Ohftrjbdzhc,chohftrjbdzhc

_hot`rjb,thoaf`b`ky-bhc, krhhfrhv`butd`f,drrdkjtd`fchvhb`pehft

_phodjb jrhj `rtjrkht krùp,JC] jfcDYC], FK@sjfc prdvjthshot`r

OIC,sòdjbnufcs

OCC BOCC

Oèeufdtydfv`bvhehft

Edfdejb O`fsubtjtd`f ]jrtdodpjtd`f Hep`whrehft

_ùroh< Juta`rs oèpdbjtd`f.F`th< JC], jrhj chvhb`pehft pr`krje7 DYC], dfthkrjthc rurjb chvhb`pehft pr`krje7 FK@, f`fk`vhrfehftjb

`rkjfdzjtd`f7 OIC, oèeufdty-ijshc chvhb`pehft7 OCC, oèeufdty crdvhf chvhb`pehft7 BOCC, bòjb jfcoèeufdty crdvhf chvhb`pehft.


37/276

DFSY@CXOSD@F JFC HQHOXSD^H _XEEJYT :?

oùbc ih rhjcdby cdsshedfjthc. Iy tah hjrby :44=s, tah jppr`joa wjscdsorhcdthc jfc jijfc`fhc iy tah [`rbc Ijfg jfc e`st c`f`rs. Sads bhnttah [`rbc Ijfg wdtaùt jf dfstruehft t` rhjoa tah rurjb p``r jt j tdehwahf dt wjs ihkdffdfk t` pbjoh j rhfhwhc hepajsds `f p`vhrty rhcuotd`f(wadbh df tah edcst `n rhcrhssdfk tah crjo`fdjf hnnhot `f tah p``r `n fjf-odjb rhn`re p`bdodhs df tajt chojch).

Df tah ehjftdeh, cdnnhrhft shot`rs ajc depr`vhc tahdr pr`krjes iydftr`cuodfk str`fkhr oèeufdty pjrtdodpjtd`f jfc o`bbji`rjtdfk wdtaf`fk`vhrfehftjb `rkjfdzjtd`fs (FK@s). _òdjb nufcs whrh suishquhftbychvhb`phc t` trjfsnhr rhsùrohs t` bòjb bhvhbs jfc t` hxhouth pr`lhots df jpjrtdodpjt`ry ejffhr. Oèeufdty crdvhf chvhb`pehft pr`krjes hehrkhctajt trjfsnhrrhc rhsùrohs cdrhotby t` oèeufdty ejfjkhehft, wadbh jt tahsjeh tdeh dftr`cuodfk o``rcdfjtd`f jt tah bòjb k`vhrfehft bhvhb. Sahshjppr`joahs ojeh t` ih gf`wf js oèeufdty crdvhf chvhb`pehft (OCC),wdta suoohssnub pr`krjes df Ehxdo`, Irjzdb, Dfc`fhsdj, [hst Jnrdoj, jfchbshwahrh. Sah ehta`cs jbs` pr`vhc jppbdojibh df hehrkhfoy shttdfks jfcp`sto`f dot sdtujtd`fs.

Sarùka tahsh hxphrdhfohs, dt ihojeh dforhjsdfkby jppjrhft tajt

oèeufdty chvhb`pehft oùbc f`t `phrjth df j vjouue, iut rhqudrhcbòjb o``rcdfjtd`f vdj bòjb k`vhrfehft struoturhs jfc thoafdojb sup-p`rt nrè tah shot`rs. Jt tah sjeh tdeh, cheòrjtdzjtd`f df BjtdfJehrdoj, jfc bjthr df Jnrdoj, irùkat jiùt ejfy chohftrjbdzjtd`fdfdtdjtdvhs. Dfcdj jfc `tahr _ùtahjst Jsdjf oùftrdhs jbs` stjrthc t`rhhepajsdzh chohftrjbdzjtd`f js tahy ihojeh cdsdbbusd`fhc wdta strdotbyshot`rjb jppr`joahs. Ijshc f tahsh hxphrdhfohs, tahdr hxphrdehftjb jfcjcjptdvh ejfjkhehft, jfc tah bhjrfdfk khfhrjthc, BOCC hehrkhc js jsyftahsds. Dt ds dr`fdo tajt tads syftahsds dfobuchc jbb `n tah hbhehfts tajttah hjrbdhst pd`fhhrs `n oèeufdty chvhb`pehft prhshfthc s` obhjrby dftahdr vdsd`f jfc pdb`t pr`lhots.

Sah Dep`rtjfoh `n Oèedtthc Oùftry Bhjchrs jfc C`f`rsOùftry bhjchrs jfc c`f`rs fhhc t` ih oèedtthc t` BOCC jfc jibh t`shdzh pp`rtufdtdhs wahf tah p`bdtdojb cyfjedos n j rhodpdhft oùftry irdfkt` p`whr p`bdtdodjfs khfudfhby oèedtthc t` sadntdfk p`whr t` tah krjss-r``ts. E`rh rhshjroa ds fhhchc `f tah rhbjthc p`bdtdojb ho`fèy dssuhs.

[ajt ds cdnnhrhft, a`whvhr, ds tajt tah dfthrfjtd`fjb hxphrdhfoh wdtasuoa pr`krjes ds f`w euoa ihtthr syftahsdzhc jfc tajt p`bdoy ejghrsdf oùftrdhs jfc c`f`r jkhfodhs ojf bhjrf nrè prhvdùs jotd`f rhshjroac`fh df `tahr oùftrdhs pr`krjes. Df pjrtdoubjr, tah prho`fcdtd`fs n`r


38/276

:3 B@OJB JFC O@EEXFDST CYD^HF CH^HB@]EHFS

sojbdfk up khfudfh bòjb jfc oèeufdty hep`whrehft jrh f`w euoaihtthr ufchrst``c, jfc cdjkf`stdo t``bs t` jsshss wahtahr tahy jrh df pbjohjfc wajt fhhcs t` ih c`fh jrh whbb chvhb`phc (shh oajpthr 8). A`w t`chsdkf jfc shquhfoh jf BOCC pr`krje df j sthp-iy-sthp ejffhr ds jbsìhtthr ufchrst``c jfc ds cdsousshc df krhjt chtjdb df oajpthrs 3 jfc 8.

A`whvhr, depbhehftjtd`f pr`krhss jor`ss tah w`rbc ds stdbb bdedthc. Sahohftrjbdzjtd`f-chohftrjbdzjtd`f cdbheej rhejdfs j strukkbh jiùt p`whr.E`st pjrtdodpjfts df tads strukkbh shh dt js j strukkbh jiùt j fdth jeùft`n p`whr jfc ho`fèdo jfc sòdjb rhsùrohs. Sads ds tah wr`fk phrsphotdvh,ihojush BOCC ojf bhjc t` krhjtby hfajfohc p`whr jt bòjb jfc oèeu-fdty bhvhbs, wadbh jt tah sjeh tdeh pr`vdcdfk tah ohfthr wdta rhjb p`whr t`kudch jf hxpjfcdfk pdh `n sòdjb jfc ho`fèdo chvhb`pehft. Sah krjcu-jbby hxpjfcdfk bdthrjturh `f depjot ds pr`vdcdfk ejfy hxjepbhs `n suoap`sdtdvh pròhsshs jfc tahdr depjots. :

Sah _b`w Hv`butd`f `n ]jrtdodpjt`ry Jppr`joahs< Nrè O`fsubtjtd`f t` Hep`whrehft Sah rst jppr`joa tjghf wjs tah oèeufdty o`fsubtjtd`f e`chb (shh

tjibh :.9). Df tads e`chb, k`vhrfehft jkhfodhs `r FK@s o`fsubthc oè-eufdtdhs, iut `phrjthc js cdrhot shrvdoh pr`vdchrs usdfk tahdr `wf stjnn.Sads e`chb n`r tah shot`rjb pr`vdsd`f `n nr`ftbdfh shrvdohs t` rurjb jrhjswjs wdchsprhjc jfc, df ejfy ojshs, rhejdfs s`.

Sah sho`fc jppr`joa wjs tah oèeufdty pjrtdodpjtd`f e`chb . K`v-hrfehft jkhfodhs `r FK@s dfvdthc pjrtdodpjtd`f nrè oèeufdtdhs dfoa``sdfk chvhb`pehft prd`rdtdhs jfc pr`lhot chsdkf, o`- fjfodfk tahdfvhstehfts, wdta o`ftrdiutd`fs df ojsa `r df gdfc, jfc `phrjtdfk tahdfvhstehfts foh tahy whrh oèpbhthc, dfobucdfk tah bhvydfk jfc ejfjkh-ehft n ushr nhhs. Nrhquhftby tads jppr`joa ushc pjrtdodpjt`ry jsshssehftthoafdquhs t` ch fh tah fhhcs jfc jspdrjtd`fs n oèeufdtdhs. Sah hjrbd-hst pd`fhhrs n oèeufdty chvhb`pehft ajc tads jppr`joa df edfc wahftahy tjbghc jiùt oèeufdty chvhb`pehft. Df tah :41=s, tah jppr`joawjs wdchby ushc jkjdf iy shot`rs tajt dftr`cuohc pjrtdodpjtd`f t` hfajfohtah hnnhotdvhfhss n tahdr pr`krjes.

Sah tadrc jppr`joa wjs tah oèeufdty hep`whrehft e`chb .Sah depbhehftjtd`f `n pr`lhots wjs chv`bvhc hftdrhby t` oèeufd-tdhs, jb`fk wdta tah nufcs n`r depbhehftjtd`f. Sads jppr`joa wjs tahghy jcvjfoh dftr`cuohc iy bjrkh-sojbh OCC pr`krjes df tah :44=s dfEhxdo`, Irjzdb, jfc Dfc`fhsdj. Df tahsh pr`krjes, pjrtdodpjt`ry jsshss-ehfts jfc pjrtdodpjt`ry e`fdt`rdfk jfc hvjbujtd`f whrh ushc t` ch fh


39/276

DFSY@CXOSD@F JFC HQHOXSD^H _XEEJYT :8

oèeufdty prd`rdtdhs jfc depbhehftjtd`f ehoajfdses js whbb js tè`fdt`r pr`krhss.

Df Iurgdfj Njs`, js pjrt n tah sajrdfk n ohftrjb rhvhfuh, tah oèeu-fdty hep`whrehft e`chb pr`vdchc uftdhc nufcs t` oèeufdtdhs ufchrj n`reubj. Oèeufdtdhs jukehfthc ta`sh rhsùrohs iy pr`vdcdfk o`-

fjfodfk df ojsa jfc df gdfc jfc iy o`bbhotdfk ushr nhhs. Sads hep`w-hrhc oèeufdtdhs t` pbjf jfc hxhouth suipr`lhots joo`rcdfk t` tahdr`wf prd`rdtdhs. Df tads jppr`joa, k`vhrfehft jkhfodhs jfc FK@s `phr-jthc prdejrdby js njodbdtjt`rs jfc trjdfhrs. Oèeufdtdhs whrh dfv`bvhcahjvdby df tah chsdkf jfc oa`doh `n thoaf`b`ky n`r tahdr oa`shf pr`lhots7usujbby oèeufdtdhs ejfjkhc tah pr`lhot nufcs jfc o`ftrjothc cdrhotbyn`r k``cs jfc shrvdohs t` depbhehft tahe. Sah jppr`joa pr`vdchc oè-eufdtdhs wdta jepbh `pp`rtufdtdhs n`r dforhjsdfk sgdbbs df pr`lhot jfc

fjfodjb ejfjkhehft tarùka bhjrfdfk-iy-c`dfk.Oèeufdty crdvhf chvhb`pehft ds j parjsh tajt ajs ajc cdnnhrhft ehjf-

dfks n`r cdnnhrhft chvhb`pehft jkhfodhs, o`vhrdfk j a`st `n jppr`joahsrjfkdfk nrè oèeufdty o`fsubtjtd`f t` hep`whrehft. Iut, js ch fhct`cjy iy tah [`rbc Ijfg, OCC ehjfs tah oèeufdty hep`whrehft

e`chb, hvhf dn tajt e`chb ds f`t yht nubby prjotdohc df jbb pr`lhots cuh t` tahoùftry o`fthxt.

Chv`bvdfk rhsùrohs t` oèeufdtdhs rhqudrhc tah chvhb`pehft `n fhwcdsiurshehft, pròurhehft, jfc jooùftjidbdty ehoajfdses7 `tahrwdsh,tah rhsùrohs wùbc f`t `w. Jcjptjtd`f `n tah usujb pròhsshs ushcdf chvhb`pehft jssdstjfoh pr`lhots wjs rhqudrhc. Sarùka hxphrdehftj-td`f, j rjcdojbby sdepbd hc sht `n ehoajfdses wjs chvhb`phc. Dfsthjc `nnòusdfk prdejrdby `f jooùftjidbdty n`r tah ush `n e`fhy t` tah nufcdfkjkhfoy `r tah k`vhrfehft, tah fhw ehoajfdses jrh iudbt `f a`rdz`ftjbjfc c`wfwjrc jooùftjidbdty `n oèeufdty bhjchrs t` hjoa `tahr jfc t`tahdr eheihrs. Jooùfts jrh ejdftjdfhc df j bòjb bjfkujkh tajt jbb bdthr-jth oèeufdty eheihrs ojf rhjc7 cdsiurshehft ds df trjfoahs ijshc `fstjthehfts `n hxphfcdturhs7 oahogdfk `f paysdojb pr`krhss jfc o`fcuotdfkrjfcè jucdts jrh tah prdejry t``bs n`r vhrd ojtd`f7 jfc sdepbh oèphtd-tdvh sa`ppdfk n`r k``cs jfc shrvdohs rhpbjohs oèpbhx pròurhehft pr`-ohcurhs. Sah suoohss `n tahsh ehoajfdses ds o`f rehc iy tah njot tajt[ rbc Ijfg fjfohc BOCC pr`krjes so`rh whbb f cuodjry oèpbdjfohoèpjrhc wdta tahr pr`lhots. Fhw hxphrdehftjtd`f jfc bhjrfdfk jrh f`wfhhchc t` oèpby wdta jftdo`rruptd`f jfc k``c k`vhrfjfoh o`chs.

BOCC ds prhnhrjiby ushc df eubtdshot`r pr`krjes, iut sdfkbh-shot`rpr`krjes jrh sèhtdehs jppr`prdjth. N`r oèeufdty hep`whrehft t`


40/276

:> B@OJB JFC O@EEXFDST CYD^HF CH^HB@]EHFS

w`rg, kdvdfk oèeufdtdhs tah nubb oa`doh `n chvhb`pehft jbthrfjtdvhs,eubtdshot`rjb BOCC wùbc fhhc t` ih put df pbjoh, iut p`bdtdojb jfc sojbo`fcdtd`fs ejy ejgh tajt cdn oubt. _dfkbh-shot`r BOCC ojff`t crdvh tadspròhss, iut dt ojf o`fvdfoh ph`pbh tajt hep`whrehft ds tah ihst wjy t`k`. Df Ghrjbj, Dfcdj, dfoueihft bòjb k`vhrfehfts whrh rhhbhothc df jbb vhkrje pjfoajyjts (tah vdbbjkh-bhvhb k`vhrfdfk juta`rdty) pjrtdodpjtdfk df tahpdb`t pajsh `n tah Ljbjfdcad [jthr _uppby ]r`lhot, wahrhjs tw`-tadrcs `ndfoueihfts whrh chnhjthc stjthwdch. Sads shot`rjb bhss`f pr`vdchc str`fkp`bdtdojb supp`rt t` tah wa`bh hep`whrehft pròhss. @nthf bòjb k`vhrf-ehfts jrh tadfby nufchc, wahrhjs shot`rjb soahehs jrh whbb nufchc jfcjttrjot e`rh puibdo pjrtdodpjtd`f. BOCC pr`lhots jfc pròhsshs ojf hv`bvht`khtahr tarùka eutujb strhfktahfdfk.

O`-pr`cuotd`f `n shot`rs, bòjb k`vhrfehfts, jfc oèeufdtdhs ufchrtah BOCC jppr`joa rhqudrhs j oèe`f edfc-sht jfc vdsd`f, chtjdbhcjfc obhjr jssdkfehft `n nufotd`fs jfc rhsp`fsdidbdtdhs, jfc trjdfdfk `n jbbdfv`bvhc. Sahsh jssdkfehfts `n rhsp`fsdidbdty ajvh t` ih w`rghc ùt dfchtjdb df j pjrtdodpjt`ry ejffhr tajt dfv`bvhs tah jot`rs tajt ubtdejthby jrhsupp`shc t` depbhehft BOCC jt tah cdstrdot bhvhb jfc ihb`w. Sads ds ihst

c`fh df j sojbdfk-up pdb`t ufchr wadoa jbb pròhsshs jrh rst depbhehfthcdf jbb oèeufdtdhs df `fh `r shvhrjb cdstrdots. Sads pdb`tdfk saùbc rhsubt dfj hbc-thsthc jfc jcjptjibh `phrjtd`fjb ejfujb tajt sphbbs ùt wa` ajst` c` wajt, a`w, jfc wdta wajt t``bs jfc dfstruehfts. Sads ejfujb tahfihoèhs tah dfstruehft tarùka wadoa tah jssdkfehft `n nufotd`fs jfc jbbtah `tahr pr`krje chtjdbs jrh obhjrby sphbbhc ùt jfc ojf ih cdsshedfjthcvdj trjdfdfk. Sah jcjptdvh ejfjkhehft `n tah sojbdfk-up pròhss ijshc `fbhjrfdfk-iy-c`dfk ds jt tah ahjrt n tah BOCC jppr`joa jfc dts sojbdfk up.

Oùftrdhs cdnnhr wdchby df a`w njr tahy ajvh k`fh df depbhehftdfk tahBOCC jkhfcj. Ejfy suoohsshs ajvh ihhf joadhvhc, js df Irjzdb, IurgdfjNjs`, Dfc`fhsdj, Ehxdo`, Xkjfcj, `r shbhothc stjths `n Dfcdj. Sah pjta t`nuturh suoohss ds qudth obhjr, iut e`st oùftrdhs jrh stdbb strukkbdfk wdta tahsjeh hep`whrehft vhrsus ohftrjbdzjtd`f cdbheej tajt ajs pbjkuhc tads

hbc n`r s` b`fk.[`rbc Ijfg pr`lhot jfc pr`krje prjotdoh ds jbs` hv`bvdfk ijshc `f o`f-

stjft bhjrfdfk. Js sa`wf iy tah Zujbdty Jssurjfoh Krùp, tah DfchphfchftHvjbujtd`f Krùp, jfc tah cdsoussd`f df oajpthr 3, cdnnhrhft rhkd`fs jfc thjebhjchrs, t`khtahr wdta obdhft oùftrdhs, chsdkf pr`krjes tajt cdnnhr wdchby dfa`w njr tahy e`vh tah BOCC jkhfcj n`rwjrc. Sah tjsg `n e`vdfk chohf-trjbdzjtd`f jfc oèeufdty hep`whrehft n`rwjrc ds j kbìjb `fh, rhbhvjftjor`ss tah w`rbc, nrè [hst Ijfg jfc Kjzj t` Irjzdb, ]jrjkujy, Ywjfcj,


41/276

DFSY@CXOSD@F JFC HQHOXSD^H _XEEJYT :;

jfc Sde`r-Bhsth. Cdnnhrhft o`fcdtd`fs rhqudrh cdnnhrhft jppr`joahs. _èh`phrjtd`fs jrh shot`r-sphod o pr`krjes tajt nòus prdejrdby `f pr`cuodfkdfnrjstruoturh jfc shrvdohs wdta jfc n`r oèeufdtdhs. _èh oùftrdhs stjrtwdta chohftrjbdzjtd`f jfc `fby dfo`rp`rjth oèeufdty hep`whrehft jt jbjthr stjkh. Jt tah `tahr hxtrheh jrh pr`krjes, suoa js GC] df Dfc`fhsdj`r tah OCC pr`krje df Iurgdfj Njs`, tajt systhejtdojbby pusa n`rwjrctah hftdrh chohftrjbdzjtd`f jfc oèeufdty hep`whrehft jkhfcj. [adbh[`rbc Ijfg kudcjfoh obhjrby jrtdoubjths tah BOCC vdsd`f, sphbbs ùt dtsghy hbhehfts, jfc pr`vdchs hxohbbhft t``bgdts n`r vdrtujbby jbb pajshs `n jfBOCC jppr`joa, df prjotdoh tah tarhh jppr`joahs sèhtdehs oèphth, jfctah [ rbc Ijfg ds df i`ta j o`fshrvjtdvh r`bh jfc j bhjcdfk r`bh (shh oajpthr9 jfc, e`rh sphod ojbby, oajpthr 3 n`r tah Jnrdoj rhkd`f).

J syftahsds `n tah stòg-tjgdfk hxhrodshs ojrrdhc ùt df hjoa rhkd`f`n tah [`rbc Ijfg sa`ws tajt `fby sèh pr`krhss ajs ihhf ejch df tahdfthkrjtd`f `n tads kudcjfoh nrjehw`rg, tajt rhkd`fs jrh usdfk cdnnhrhftjppr`joahs (jfc f`t `fby t` jooùft n`r oùftry o`fthxt), jfc tajt sho-t`rjb dfthkrjtd`f ds stdbb njr nrè tah f`re (^jf Cèhbhf 9==1). Jbs`,sojbdfk up ds shbcè o`fsdchrhc df tah `rdkdfjb chsdkf. _tr`fk jcjptdvh

ejfjkhehft ds rhqudrhc t` tjgh jcvjftjkh `n tah rdoafhss `n hxphrdhfohsjfc t` dfo`rp`rjth bhjrfdfk jor`ss tah kbìh.

Jcjptdfk t` tah Fjtd`fjb jfc Bòjb O`fthxt

Iy hxjedfdfk j wdch rjfkh `n oùftry hxphrdhfohs df BOCC, wh fc tajto`fshfsus f obhjr ilhotdvhs jfc sùfc thoafdojb chsdkfs jrh vdtjb n`r sojb-dfk up. @foh j oùftry ds rhjcy t` hfkjkh df jf BOCC pròhss, j b`t `n

w`rg ds fhhchc t` chthredfh tah so`ph jfc jppr`joa `n tah pr`krje jfct` hstjibdsa tah shquhfodfk `n jotd`fs. Sahsh prhpjrjtd`fs saùbc dfv`bvhj ir`jc rjfkh `n stjgha`bchrs, nrè oèeufdtdhs jfc odvdb sòdhty t` bòjbk`vhrfehfts, edfdstrdhs `n bòjb k`vhrfehft, edfdstrdhs `n fjfoh, jfcc`f`rs. Sahy saùbc dfobuch jf hxjedfjtd`f `n tah n`bb`wdfk quhstd`fs=s :4;=s1=s :44=s 9=== 9==8

Chvhb`pehftjppr`joa

Ohftrjbdzhc,chohftrjbdzhc

_hot`rjb,thoaf`b`ky-bhc,krhhf rhv`butd`f,drrdkjtd`fchvhb`pehft

_phodjb jrhj`r tjrkhtkrùp, JC]jfc DYC],FK@s jfcprdvjthshot`r

OIC,sòdjbnufcs

OCC BOCC

Oèeufdtydfv`bvhehft Edfdejb O`fsubtjtd`f ]jrtdodpjtd`f Hep`whrehft

_ùroh< Juta`rs oèpdbjtd`f.F`th< JC], jrhj chvhb`pehft pr`krje7 DYC], dfthkrjthc rurjb chvhb`pehft pr`krje7 FK@, f`fk`vhrfehftjb

`rkjfdzjtd`f7 OIC, oèeufdty-ijshc chvhb`pehft7 OCC, oèeufdty crdvhf chvhb`pehft7 BOCC, bòjb jfcoèeufdty crdvhf chvhb`pehft.


53/276

AD_S@YDOJB Y@@S_ JFC H^@BXSD@F @N O@EEXFDST CYD^HF CH^HB@]EHFS 94

J _jepbdfk `n Adst`rdojb Hxphrdhfohs ihn`rh :44=

E`rh tajf :== o`b`fdhs kjdfhc dfchphfchfoh df tah tarhh chojchs jnthr[`rbc [jr DD. Sahsh fhw oùftrdhs njohc tw` ejl`r oajbbhfkhs< a`w t`k`vhrf jfc a`w t` iudbc tahdr ho`fèy.

Bòjb jfc Oèeufdty Hep`whrehft jfc ]`bdtdojb @pp`sdtd f t` Dt Ohftrjbdzjtd`f wjs df v`kuh jnthr [`rbc [jr DD. Sah _`vdht, Ghyfhsdjf,jfc whbnjrh stjth e`chbs jbb p`sdthc j str`fk ohftrjb juta`rdty js tahhfkdfh `n pr`krhss. Chvhb`pdfk oùftrdhs ihbdhvhc df chphfchfoy tah`ry`r nhjrhc fh`-o`b`fdjbdse7 tahy nhbt tajt j str`fk ohftrjb k`vhrfehft wjshsshftdjb n`r ho`fèdo jfc p`bdtdojb dfchphfchfoh. [dta p`pubjtd`fs tajtwhrh `vhrwahbedfkby rurjb jfc p``r, rurjb chvhb`pehft wjs jf`tahr nuf-cjehftjb k`jb7 a`whvhr, qudth tah `pp`sdth `n ohftrjbdzdfk thfchfodhs, dtrhqudrhc jf dfahrhftby chohftrjbdzhc pròhss (shh tjibh 9.: n`r tah tdehbdfh`n jppr`joahs).

Dfcdj hpdtèdzhc tads cujbdty. Ejajtej Kjfcad jcvòjthc adkabychohftrjbdzhc chvhb`pehft tarùka wajt ah ojbbhc vdbbjkh rhpuibdos, iut

tah Dfcdjf o`fstdtutd`f orhjthc j njdrby ohftrjbdzhc p`bdty, j n`rhtjsth `nwajt wùbc ajpphf tarùkaùt tah chvhb`pdfk w`rbc. Sah p`sto`b`fdjbhrj ihkjf wdta tw` pp`sdth phrsphotdvhs f ejfjkdfk nuturh chvhb`pehftjfc hfchc wdta j ijbjfoh ihtwhhf tahe.

Dfcdj wjs f`t jb`fh. Ejfy fhwby dfchphfchft oùftrdhs vdhwhc j str`fkohfthr js hsshftdjb t` iudbcdfk fjtd`fjb ufdty jfc `vhroèdfk trdijb cdvd-sd`fs. Sahsh oùftrdhs, js whbb js jdc c`f`rs, vdhwhc ohftrjbdzhc k`vhrfehftpr`krjes js tah ihst wjy t` dftr`cuoh fhw thoaf`b`kdhs jfc e`chrfdzh

sòdhtdhs. Ihsdchs, ejfy bhjchrs df chvhb`pdfk oùftrdhs sjw ohftrjbdzhcrubh js j wjy t` tawjrt p`bdtdojb rdvjbs jfc stjy df p`whr. Js j o`fsh-quhfoh, chvhb`pdfk oùftrdhs ihojeh njr e`rh ohftrjbdzhc tajf chvhb`phc`fhs. Dfdtdjbby, ohftrjbdzhc rubh iy oajrdsejtdo bhjchrs wa` ajc sphjrahjchcdfchphfchfoh e`vhehfts ajc wdchsprhjc joohptjidbdty. Iut iy tah :41=s,o`rruptd`f, df jtd`f, jdc whjrdfhss, jfc adka chit bhc t` cdsdbbusd`fehft.

Oùfthrijbjfodfk ohftrjbdzjtd`f wjs jf`tahr jppr`joa. _dfoh tah:48=s, c`zhfs `n fjtd`fs ajvh heijrghc `f oèeufdty chvhb`pehft jfcrurjb chvhb`pehft pr`krjes, wdta Dfcdj js tah rst oùftry t` sojbh upoèeufdty chvhb`pehft `vhr tah hftdrh oùftry.

Js sa`wf df i`x 9.:, iy :48; tah o`rh dchjs n pjrtdodpjt`ry bòjb jfcoèeufdty chvhb`pehft whrh nubby chvhb`phc df Dfcdj. E`st `n tahshpr`krjes stjrthc wdta sdedbjr dchjbs `n chohftrjbdzhc jfc pjrtdodpjt`ry


54/276

?= B@OJB JFC O@EEXFDST CYD^HF CH^HB@]EHFS

I@Q 9.:

Dfcdjs Oajepd`fs `n Hep`whrehft (:431 @fwjrc)

[ahf Dfcdj ihojeh dfchphfchft, Oèeufdty Chvhb`pehft Edfdsthr _. G. Chv wjs joajepd`f n oèeufdty hep`whrehft. Ah pdb`thc oèeufdty chvhb`pehft pr`lhotsdf :431, usdfk oèeufdty pjrtdodpjtd`f jppr`joahs wdtadf j cho`fohftrjthc shrvdohchbdvhry e`chb t` o`vhr jbb jsphots `n rurjb chvhb`pehftjkrdoubturh, r`jcs, jfdejbausijfcry, ahjbta, hcuojtd`f, aùsdfk, trjfsp`rtjtd`f, jfc oèeufdojtd`fs. Sah pdb`ts

whrh qudogby sojbhc up t` j fjtd`fwdch oèeufdty chvhb`pehft pr`krje, jfc j sphodjbedfdstry n`r oèeufdty chvhb`pehft wjs orhjthc. Oèeufdty chvhb`pehft w`rghrswhrh p`sthc df vdbbjkhs t` jssdst oèeufdtdhs wdta tahdr `wf chvhb`pehft prd`rdtdhs, iuttah oèeufdty chvhb`pehft edfdstry wjs cdsijfchc.

Sahf, df :48;, jf`tahr oajepd`f, Ijbwjftrjd Ehatj, ahjchc j oèedtthh tajtnùfc ohftrjbdzjtd`f t` ih j r``t ojush `n tah njdburh `n oèeufdty chvhb`pehft.Dt rhoèehfchc j tarhh-tdhr systhe `n pjfoajyjtd rjl (bòjb k`vhrfehfts jt tahcdstrdot, chvhb`pehft ibòg, jfc vdbbjkh bhvhbs). A`whvhr, depbhehftjtd`f wjs bhntt` stjth k`vhrfehfts, jfc p`bdtdodjfs df stjth ojpdtjbs wjfthc t` ghhp rjtahr tajfb`sh p`whr jfc rhsùrohs t` tah krjssr``ts. Sahy ahbc nhw bòjb hbhotd`fs jfc t``g`vhr tah ruffdfk `n ejfy eufdodpjbdtdhs. Oèeufdty hep`whrehft jfc che`-orjtdo chohftrjbdzjtd`f whrh edfdejb. Iy tah hfc `n tah :4>=s, e`st pr`krjes ajcsadnthc ijog t` stjth k`vhrfehfts, iut tads ohftrjbdzhc shrvdoh chbdvhry ydhbchcufdeprhssdvh rhsubts.

Df :414, ]rdeh Edfdsthr Yjldv Kjfcad ihojeh j oajepd`f `n vdbbjkh hep`whrehftjfc sht df e`td`f j o`fstdtutd`fjb jehfcehft t` pr`vdch n`r rhkubjr pjfoajyjt hbho-td`fs jfc n`r stjth fjfoh oèedssd`fs t` sukkhst tah trjfsnhr `n shot`rjb pr`krjes

jfc nufcs nrè stjth k`vhrfehfts t` bòjb k`vhrfehfts. A`whvhr, whjg depbhehf-tjtd`f jfc ùtrdkat sji`tjkh iy stjth k`vhrfehfts whrh jkjdf wdchsprhjc< ejfy cdcf`t depbhehft tah rhoèehfcjtd`fs. Sw` stjths ([hst Ihfkjb jfc Ghrjbj) rubhc iy tahOèeufdst ]jrty whft jiùt chohftrjbdzjtd`f df hjrfhst, sdfoh tahy vdhwhc tads js jrùth t` hbhot`rjb suoohss. E`st `tahr pjrtdhs jfc stjths cdc f`t.

Sah ourrhft ahjc `n tah rubdfk O`fkrhss ]jrty, _`fdj Kjfcad, ds jbs` j oaje-pd`f `n krjssr``ts hep`whrehft. _ah jdes t` iypjss stjth k`vhrfehft rhsdstjfohiy oajffhbdfk nufcs cdrhotby t` cdstrdots n`r ohftrjbby sp`fs`rhc pr`krjes (f`tj-

iby tah Fjtd`fjb Yurjb Hepb`yehft Kujrjfthh ]r`krje) jfc jsgdfk vdbbjkh-bhvhbbòjb k`vhrfehfts t` depbhehft tahe. Iut tah ush `n suoa nufcs ajs ihhf p``rdf sèh stjths. Sah strukkbh ihtwhhf oajepd`fs jfc sji`thurs `n oèeufdtyhep`whrehft o`ftdfuhs.


55/276

AD_S@YDOJB Y@@S_ JFC H^@BXSD@F @N O@EEXFDST CYD^HF CH^HB@]EHFS ?:

chodsd`f ejgdfk, bòjb pbjffdfk jfc o``rcdfjtd`f, jfc chvhb`pehft `nsustjdfjibh bòjb jfc oèeufdty dfstdtutd`fs. Tht, n`r i`ta thoafdojbjfc p`bdtdojb rhjs`fs, tah pròhss df e`st oùftrdhs st`pphc sa`rt `noèeufdty hep`whrehft.

E`st bjrkh-sojbh pr`krjes njdbhc t` jppby tahdr dchjbs `n hep`whrdfkbòjb k`vhrfehfts jfc oèeufdtdhs. ]`whr jfc depbhehftjtd`f sadnthcijog t` ohftrjb jkhfodhs jfc tahdr thoafdojb stjnn, jfc pr`krjes ihojehadkaby iurhjuorjtdo.

Sah @fk`dfk Fhhc t` @vhroèh Hftrhfoahc Dfthrhsts. Sah chv`butd`f`n p`whr t` tah krjssr``ts rhqudrhs bhkjb jfc sèhtdehs o`fstdtutd`fjboajfkhs, jb`fk wdta suistjftdjb dfstdtutd`fjb chvhb`pehft jt tah oèeu-fdty bhvhb. _uoa oajfkh tarhjthfs j wdch rjfkh `n p`bdtdojb, iurhjuorjtdo,jfc iusdfhss dfthrhsts tajt ajvh pr` thc nrè ohftrjbdzjtd`f. _tr`fkp`bdtdojb oajepd`fs `n oèeufdty hep`whrehft jfc chohftrjbdzjtd`fjrh fhohssjry t` `vhroèh suoa rhsdstjfoh. Iut, tahf js f`w, hvhf wahrhoajepd`fs chorhh chohftrjbdzjtd`f jfc oèeufdty hep`whrehft,vhsthc dfthrhsts wdbb try t` ìstruot tah pròhss jfc rhvhrsh tahe ufbhss

tah oùftry `r stjth sajrhs tah oèedtehft jfc ajs tah p`bdtdojb wdbb t`sajrh p`whr.

Df Ijfkbjchsa curdfk tah :4;=s, oèeufdty chvhb`pehft nùfc joajepd`f df Jgatjr Ajedc Gajf `n tah Ijfkbjchsa Jojchey n`r YurjbChvhb`pehft. Ah chvdshc tah oèeufdty-ijshc Oèdbbj e`chb `n rurjbchvhb`pehft, wadoa wjs bjthr sojbhc up t` o`vhr tah wa`bh oùftry (shhi`x 9.9). Bòjb k`vhrfehft hbhotd`fs whrh ahbc, iut ohftrjb p`bdtdodjfsrhnushc t` trjfsnhr fjfodjb jfc pr`lhot depbhehftjtd`f t` tah krjssr``ts,

ufchredfdfk tah `rdkdfjb jde `n oèeufdty hep`whrehft.E`st sdedbjr hxphrdehfts njdbhc t` pr`vdch sojb jfc jcedfdstrjtdvhchohftrjbdzjtd`f jb`fk wdta p`bdtdojb chohftrjbdzjtd`f. Bòjb i`cdhs whrh`nthf jpp`dfthc iy jfc jooùftjibh t` tah ohftrjb k`vhrfehft, f`t bòjbph`pbh. Sahy typdojbby bjoghc fjfohs jfc jcedfdstrjtdvh p`whrs. @fhstucy `n nùr oùftrdhs (Or``g jfc Ejf`r :448) sa`whc tajt chohf-trjbdzjtd`f suoohhchc `fby wahrh tah k`vhrfehft wjs truby shrdùs jiùtchv`bvdfk p`bdtdojb, fjfodjb, jfc jcedfdstrjtdvh p`whrs (js df tah stjth nGjrfjtjgj, Dfcdj) jfc njdbhc wahrh dt wjs f`t shrdùs (js df Ijfkbjchsa,Oth cDv`drh, jfc Kajfj). Hvhf df Gjrfjtjgj, wahrh Oadhn EdfdsthrYjejgrdsafj df :41?11 oajepd`fhc jfc depbhehfthc pjfoajyjtd rjl (j tarhh-tdhr systhe `n bòjb k`vhrfehfts), j fhw oadhn edfdsthr rhohf-trjbdzhc p`whr df :44= (Ahkch 9===). Sads pjtthrf `n orhjtdfk bòjb


56/276

?9 B@OJB JFC O@EEXFDST CYD^HF CH^HB@]EHFS

k`vhrfehfts wdtaùt chv`bvdfk juta`rdty jfc sojb rhsùrohs t` taheajs ihhf j oèe`f prìbhe df ejfy `tahr chvhb`pdfk oùftrdhs.

Hvhf str`fk dfthrfjtd`fjb bhjchrsadp ds f`t hfùka. Yìhrt EoFjejrj,prhsdchft `n tah [`rbc Ijfg (:4>41:), sùkat t` rhcuoh p`vhrty jfc tahdfhqudtjibh cdstrdiutd`f `n dfoèh tarùka dfthkrjthc rurjb chvhb`pehftpr`krjes (DYC]s), jbs` gf`wf js jrhj chvhb`pehft pr`krjes (JC]s). Jscdsousshc df j bjthr shotd`f, ads str`fk supp`rt wjs f`t hfùka. Sah ihstdfthftd`fs jfc pròbjejtd`fs nrè bhjchrs df tah c`f`r oèeufdty whrhstdbb njr nrè tah rhjbdty jt tah vdbbjkh bhvhb. Chspdth k``c dfthftd`fs, tah

I@Q 9.9

Sah Oèdbbj E`chb `n Yurjb Chvhb`pehft

Sah Oèdbbj e`chb `n rurjb chvhb`pehft wjs orhjthc iy tah Ijfkbjchsa Jojchey n`rYurjb Chvhb`pehft, bhc iy Jgatjr Ajedc Gajf (Ijfkbjphcdj 9==8). Sah e`chb sùkatt` jppr`joa rurjb chvhb`pehft nrè tah vdhwp`dft `n vdbbjkhrs, ijshc `f tahdr dftdejthufchrstjfcdfk `n tahdr prìbhes. Sah ghy hbhehft `n tads oèeufdty pjrtdodpjtd`fe`chb wjs tah orhjtd`f `n jf dfstdtutd`fjb ijsh df rurjb sòdhty , jrùfc wadoa chvhb`p-

ehft pr`krjes oùbc ih dfthkrjthc. Sah dfstdtutd`fjb ijsh dfobuchc bòjb k`vhrfehftsjfc j tw`-tdhr systhe n jkrdoubturjb o``phrjtdvhs n`r sjvdfks, orhcdt, jfc hxthfsd`f shr-vdohs. Dt sùkat t` orhjth j ojcrh `n dfstdtutd`fjb bhjchrs df hvhry vdbbjkh jfc t` o``rcd-fjth tah jotdvdtdhs `n k`vhrfehft chpjrtehfts jfc ph`pbhs `rkjfdzjtd`fs. Sah SajfjDrrdkjtd`f ]r`krje pr`vdchc drrdkjtd`f tarùka pjrtdodpjt`ry pbjffdfk jfc depbhehftj-td`f iy oèeufdtdhs.

Jnthr j suoohssnub pdb`t df Oèdbbj Cdstrdot, tah k`vhrfehft df :4;9 orhjthc j fjtd`fjbdfthkrjthc rurjb chvhb`pehft pr`krje t` hxthfc tah e`chb fjtd`fwdch. Sads wjs suphr-vdshc iy tah Ijfkbjchsa Yurjb Chvhb`pehft I`jrc, wadoa hvhftujbby cèdfjthc rurjbchvhb`pehft. Df tah pròhss n sojbdfk up, pbjffdfk jfc o``rcdfjtd`f n pr`krjes sadnthcnrè oèeufdtdhs jfc bòjb i`cdhs t` iurhjuorjts. Sah pr`krje crdnthc ijog t` tahoèeufdty o`fsubtjtd`f jppr`joa, wdta depbhehftjtd`f tarùka k`vhrfehft jkhfodhsjfc bjthr tarùka FK@s. Jbtaùka cdstrdot jssheibdhs whrh orhjthc jfc bòjb hbhotd`fst``g pbjoh, tah k`vhrfehft fhvhr trjfsnhrrhc fjfodjb rhsùrohs jfc depbhehftjtd`frhsp`fsdidbdty t` tah cdstrdots `r t` tah oèeufdtdhs. Iy f`t depbhehftdfk `fh `n tahghy nhjturhs `n tah Oèdbbj e`chb, tah `rdkdfjb e`chb `n oèeufdty hep`whrehft wjsfhvhr cdsshedfjthc.


57/276

AD_S@YDOJB Y@@S_ JFC H^@BXSD@F @N O@EEXFDST CYD^HF CH^HB@]EHFS ??

pr`krjes khfhrjbby hfchc up t`p-c`wf jfc ufjibh t` heirjoh tah prd`rd-tdhs `n oèeufdtdhs `r rhsp`fc t` tahdr nhbt fhhcs7 tah pr`krjes nùfchrhcjedc o``rcdfjtd`f prìbhes je`fk ohftrjb jkhfodhs.

_hot`rjb Jppr`joahs. Adst`rdojbby, k`vhrfehft supp`rt n`r rurjb chvhb-`pehft df e`st oùftrdhs stjrthc wdta shot`rjb jppr`joahs. S`cjys idkdrrdkjtd`f ojfjb systhes df Irjzdb, Oadfj, Jrji Yhpuibdo `n Hkypt, Ehxdo`,jfc _ùta Jsdj jrh tah bhkjoy `n shot`r-sphod o drrdkjtd`f iurhjuorjodhs,sèh n wadoa whrh orhjthc df tah fdfhthhfta ohftury r hvhf hjrbdhr. Nrè:4>8 t` :41>, drrdkjtd`f jooùfthc n`r j qujrthr `n tah Ijfgs jkrdoub-turjb jfc rurjb chvhb`pehft bhfcdfk ([`rbc Ijfg :41;). @tahr shot`rjbpr`lhots dfobuchc jkrdoubturjb rhshjroa jfc hxthfsd`f shrvdohs, rurjb r`jcs,wjthr suppby, ahjbta, hcuojtd`f, n`rhstry, bjfc jcedfdstrjtd`f, jfc tjrkhthcjkrdoubturjb orhcdt.

Sah shot`rjb jppr`joa ajc sèh suoohsshs, iut ejfy iurhjuorjodhsnjdbhc tahdr odtdzhfs, hsphodjbby tah p``r ([`rbc Ijfg 9==?o). Sah iurhju-orjodhs whrh adkaby ohftrjbdzhc jfc f`t jooùftjibh t` ushrs. _èh hfkjkhcdf rhft shhgdfk jfc o`rruptd`f. Sahy sphft j cdspr`p`rtd`fjth sajrh `n

nufcs `f stjnn jfc `n ohs df tah ojpdtjbs, rjrhby ehhtdfk tah fhhcs `n tahrurjb p``r. Ohftrjbdzhc jtthepts t` pr`vdch rurjb orhcdt jbs` ajc bdedthcrhjoa jfc edsshc tah p``r, jbtaùka edor` fjfoh dfstdtutd`fs (ENDs) jrhf`w o`rrhotdfk tads sa`rtoèdfk (shh i`x 9.?).

Df ejfy oùftrdhs, hnn`rts jrh ufchr wjy t` ejgh ohftrjbdzhc jkhfodhse`rh jooùftjibh t` ushrs, cho`fohftrjth tahdr stjnn jfc shrvdohs, jfcchv`bvh sèh `r jbb shrvdoh chbdvhry nufotd`fs t` bòjb k`vhrfehfts jfcoèeufdty krùps (suoa js drrdkjtd`f jssòdjtd`fs, n`rhst ushr krùps,

jfc crdfgdfk wjthr krùps).Shoaf`b`ky-Bhc ]r`cuotd`f ]r`krjes (:4>=s @fwjrc)Dfcdjs Oèeufdty Chvhb`pehft ]r`krje njdbhc df tah :48=s, jfc tahoùftry ihojeh dforhjsdfkby chphfchft `f n``c jdc. S` o`rrhot tads, prd-`rdtdhs df tah :4>=s sadnthc t` thoaf`b`ky-bhc oajfkh df jkrdoubturh. _up-p`rthc iy tah N`rc Nùfcjtd`f, tah Dfthfsdvh Jkrdoubturjb Cdstrdot ]r`krjenòushc e`fhy, hxphrt stjnn, jfc jkrdoubturjb dfputs df j nhw whbb-hfc`whcjkrdoubturjb cdstrdots (_tjpbhs :449). Jt rst, tah rhsubts whrh edxhc jfcbdedthc. Ojbbhc tah krhhf rhv`butd`f, j irhjgtarùka ojeh wdta tah chvhb-`pehft `n adka-ydhbcdfk cwjrn vjrdhtdhs `n rdoh jfc wahjt df tah edc-:4>=s. Sads rhqudrhc usdfk tah fhw shhcs wdta rhbdjibh drrdkjtd`f jfc adkac`shs `n nhrtdbdzhr. Sah krhhf rhv`butd`f rjdshc tah dfoèh `n njrehrs jfc


58/276

?3 B@OJB JFC O@EEXFDST CYD^HF CH^HB@]EHFS

rurjb bji`rhrs7 dt jbs` orhjthc e`rh lìs df trjfsp`rt jfc n``c pròhssdfk.Df tdeh, Dfcdj ihojeh shbn-sun odhft jfc tahf pr`cuohc j surpbus df n``cn`r hxp`rt.

Sah krhhf rhv`butd`f sprhjc qudogby jor`ss tah w`rbc. Dts suoohss bhct` tah orhjtd`f `n tah O`fsubtjtdvh Krùp `f Dfthrfjtd`fjb JkrdoubturjbYhshjroa (OKDJY) t` supp`rt rhshjroa df jbb ejl`r tr`pdojb n``c or`psvdj j strdfk `n dfthrfjtd`fjb ohfthrs. Dt s``f ihojeh jppjrhft, a`whvhr,tajt oùftrdhs fhhchc t` strhfktahf tahdr wf rhshjroa dfstdtutd`fs t` jcjptdfthrfjtd`fjbby jvjdbjibh vjrdhtdhs t` bòjb o`fcdtd`fs. Sah Ijfg jfc `tahrc`f`rs supp`rthc tah krhhf rhv`butd`f, OKDJY, jfc `tahr jkrdoubturjbrhshjroa dfstdtutd`fs jor`ss tah w`rbc.

[adbh tah krhhf rhv`butd`f njrhc whbb df drrdkjthc jrhjs, tahrh wjs j fhhcn`r or`p vjrdhtdhs tajt wùbc c` whbb wdtaùt wjthr o`ftr`b. Njrehrs wa`

I@Q 9.?

Nrè _phodjbdzhc Jkrdoubturjb Orhcdt t` Edor` fjfoh

Df tah :41=s, sphodjbdzhc jkrdoubturjb orhcdt dfstdtutd`fs whrh sht up jbb `vhr tah w`rbc t`fjfoh rurjb chvhb`pehft. Dfcdj, n`r hxjepbh, orhjthc o``phrjtdvh bjfc chvhb`pehft

ijfgs n`r dfvhstehft orhcdt, jb`fk wdta jkrdoubturjb orhcdt o``phrjtdvhs n`r shjs`fjbdfput orhcdt. Nrè :4>8 t` :4;?, j qujrthr `n [`rbc Ijfg jkrdoubturjb bhfcdfk whft t`jkrdoubturjb orhcdt, ejdfby df Irjzdb, Dfcdj, Ehxdo`, E`ròo`, jfc ]jgdstjf. Xfn`rtufjthby,

jbe`st f` shbn-sun odhft dfstdtutd`fs hehrkhc. E`st systhes hfchc up cysnufotd`fjbjfc ijfgrupt. E`rh`vhr, e`st orhcdt ihfh ts whrh ojpturhc iy rurjb hbdths. Sahrhn`rh,tah [`rbc Ijfg st`pphc supp`rtdfk sphodjbdzhc jkrdoubturjb orhcdt dfstdtutd`fs ([`rbcIjfg :41;).

Df tah :44=s, tah nòus sadnthc t` edor` fjfoh dfstdtutd`fs (ENDs), wadoa typdojbbybhfc t` krùps `n p``r wèhf, ahbpdfk t` depr`vh sòdjb dfcdojt`rs iy dforhjsdfk tah

fjfodjb p`whr `n wèhf wdtadf tah aùsha`bc. _photjoubjr sojbdfk up wdta vhry b`wpjyehft chnjubt wjs rst joadhvhc iy tah Krjehhf Ijfg jfc `tahr ENDs df Ijfkbjchsa.ENDs ajvh sdfoh ihhf hstjibdsahc df c`zhfs `n chvhb`pdfk oùftrdhs jfc sojbhc up rjp-dcby. S`cjy, ejfy p``r aùsha`bcs jrh o`vhrhc, jfc tahrh ds j ojepjdkf t` rhjoa :;8 edb-bd`f njedbdhs tarùka edoròrhcdt iy 9=:8 (attp Fìhb ]rdzh n`r ]hjoh wjs jwjrchc t` Eàje-ehc Tufus, nùfchr `n tah Krjehhf Ijfg.


59/276

AD_S@YDOJB Y@@S_ JFC H^@BXSD@F @N O@EEXFDST CYD^HF CH^HB@]EHFS ?8

rhbdhc f rjdf whrh ufwdbbdfk t` sphfc bjrkh sues f hxphfsdvh dfputs. Sadswjs hsphodjbby truh df Jnrdoj, wahrh whjg cdstrdiutd`f systhes bhc t` adkanhrtdbdzhr prdohs jfc p``r njrehrs ajc f` joohss t` orhcdt. Sads hxp`shc tahbdedtjtd`f n thoaf`b`kdojb jppr`joahs jfc bhc t` hxphrdehfts df pr`krjesn`r sphodjb jrhjs jfc tjrkht krùps.

]r`krjes n`r _phodjb Jrhjs jfc Sjrkht Krùps (:4;=s @fwjrc)Yurjb chvhb`pehft pr`krjes njohc tah cjfkhrs `n hbdth ojpturh jfc sòdjbhxobusd`f `n edf`rdtdhs jfc tah vhry p``r. S` edtdkjth tahsh cjfkhrs, pr`-krjes whrh chsdkfhc t` tjrkht whjghr krùps jfc p``rhr jrhjs. Sahsh whrhtypdojbby ejfjkhc iy tah ohftrjb k`vhrfehft `r f`fk`vhrfehftjb `rkjfd-zjtd`fs (FK@s7 shh i`x 9.3). Xsdfk j edx `n krjfts jfc suisdcdzhc orhcdtt` rhjoa sphod o jrhjs jfc tjrkht krùps, rurjb hepb`yehft pr`krjes jfcjssht orhjtd`f pr`krjes hehrkhc df j idk wjy df tah :41=s. Depbhehftj-td`f hxphrdhfoh wjs edxhc.

_dedbjr pr`krjes hehrkhc jbb `vhr tah w`rbc. Sah Ijfg jfc `tahrc`f`rs supp`rthc j vjrdhty `n pr`krjes tjrkhtdfk sphod o jrhjs jfc tahp``r. Ahrh jkjdf, tah hxphrdhfoh wjs `nthf ufsjtdsnjot`ry).

]uttdfk tah Bjst Ndrst< Sah Ojsh n`r Oèeufdty ]jrtdodpjtd`fYurjb Chvhb`pehft< ]uttdfk tah Bjst Ndrst, j shedfjb i``g wrdtthf iyYìhrt Oajeihrs df :41?, strhfktahfhc tah ojsh n`r oèeufdty pjrtdodpj-td`f. Oajeihrs sa`whc a`w idbbd`fs `n c`bbjrs ajc ihhf wjsthc df rurjbchvhb`pehft pr`krjes wdtaùt ehhtdfk oèeufdty fhhcs `r rhcuodfk


63/276

AD_S@YDOJB Y@@S_ JFC H^@BXSD@F @N O@EEXFDST CYD^HF CH^HB@]EHFS ?4

p`vhrty. Sah prìbhe wjs rhbjthc f`t t` pr`lhot prhpjrjtd`f, iut t` jttd-tuchs, p`whr rhbjtd`fs, jfc prdfodpjb-jkhft dssuhs. Sah t`p-c`wf jppr`joa

wjs c`èhc t` njdb ihojush dt wjs o`fohptujbby jwhc.Yurjb p`vhrty jfc dts r``ts whrh typdojbby ufshhf `r edsphrohdvhc iyùtsdchrs. Yhshjroahrs, sodhftdsts, jcedfdstrjt`rs, jfc hbcw`rghrs rjrhbyjpprhodjthc tah rdoafhss jfc vjbdcdty `n rurjb ph`pbhs gf`wbhckh `r tahadcchf fjturh `n rurjb p`vhrty. Chspdth sèh bdp shrvdoh t` chohftrjbdzj-td`f, e`st p`bdtdojb bhjchrs jfc iurhjuorjodhs rhsdsthc ohcdfk p`whr t` tahkrjssr``ts. S`p-c`wf, `nthf pjtr`fdzdfk jppr`joahs vdhwhc oèeufdtdhsjs pjssdvh rhodpdhfts t` ih bhc, f`t ho`fèdo jot`rs wa`sh hfhrkdhs oùbc ihajrfhsshc tarùka hep`whrehft. _uoa jppr`joahs vdhwhc ohftrjb hxphrtsjs tah e`st gf`wbhckhjibh7 df njot, `fby bòjb ph`pbh oùbc gf`w tah prh-odsh fjturh `n tahdr ghy prìbhes jfc p`ssdibh s`butd`fs. Oèeufdty pjr-tdodpjtd`f jfc hep`whrehft whrh hsshftdjb t` o`rrhot tads. Js Oajeihrswr`th, Oèeufdtdhs saùbc ih vdhwhc f`t js tah bjst jot`rs df tah chvhb-`pehft pròhss iut WjsU tah rst.

I@Q 9.>

]jrtdodpjt`ry Yurjb Jpprjdsjb

]jrtdodpjt`ry rurjb jpprjdsjb ds j struoturhc pròhss tajt ahbps oèeufdtdhs t` ufchrstjfctahdr o`fstrjdfts jfc `pp`rtufdtdhs jfc t` chvhb`p tahdr `wf prd`rdtdhs ([`rbc Ijfg9==?c). Njodbdtjt`rs ahbp oèeufdtdhs t` chvhb`p, prhshft, jfc jfjbyzh dfn`rejtd`f. Shoa-fdquhs dfv`bvh (j) cdjkrjes, ejps, r qujftd ojtd`f tajt jrh orhjthc jfc prhshfthc iy rurjbph`pbh df j ejffhr tahy rhjcdby ufchrstjfc7 (i) wjbgs jor`ss tah vdbbjkh t` kjdf j sajrhc

ufchrstjfcdfk `n tah hfvdr`fehft7 (o) aùsha`bc bdstdfks jfc whjbta rjfgdfks7 (c) rhp`rts`f jfc jfjbysds `n tah fcdfks df cdsoussd`fs wdta cdnnhrhft krùps, suoa js ehf, wèhf,yùta, jfc ejrkdfjbdzhc krùps7 (h) rjfgdfk jfc so`rdfk n o`fstrjdfts, ptd`fs, pp`rtufd-tdhs, jfc prd`rdtdhs. ^dsujbdzjtd`f `n tah rhsubts ds j ejl`r hbhehft `n tahsh thoafdquhs.

]jrtdodpjt`ry jpprjdsjb jfc pbjffdfk thoafdquhs ajvh ihoèh hsshftdjb t``bs jbb vhrtah w`rbc. Sahy ajvh ihhf jppbdhc wdchby t` pjrtdodpjt`ry pbjffdfk jt tah bhvhb `n bòjbk`vhrfehfts. N`r hxjepbh, tahy jrh wdchby ushc df tah pdb`t bòjb chvhb`pehft nufcpr`krjes dfdtdjthc iy tah Xfdthc Fjtd`fs Ojpdtjb Chvhb`pehft Nufc df e`rh tajf :8chvhb`pdfk oùftrdhs (XFOCN 9==8). E`rh rhohftby, bhjrfdfk jfc pjrtdodpjt`ry e`fdt`r-dfk jfc hvjbujtd`f ajvh ihhf jcchc, jfc tah jiirhvdjtd`f ]BJ (pjrtdodpjt`ry bhjrfdfkjfc jotd`f) ds `nthf ushc.


64/276

3= B@OJB JFC O@EEXFDST CYD^HF CH^HB@]EHFS

Ejfy FK@s, ufdvhrsdtdhs, jfc c`f`r jkhfodhs stjrthc puttdfk tahshdchjs dft` prjotdoh. Iy tah bjth :41=s, tah thre pjrtdodpjt`ry rurjb jpprjdsjb ajc hehrkhc. Sah ]YJ rhphrt`drh dfobuchs shvhrjb `n tah YYJ thoafdquhs,jfc tah cdnnhrhfoh ihtwhhf tah tw` jppr`joahs bdhs f`t df jfy `n tah thoa-fdquhs, iut df tah hepajsds tajt ]YJ pbjohs f pjrtdodpjtd`f. Sah jppr`joaajs ihhf chsordihc js i`ta jf jttdtuch jfc j ehta`c`b`ky (L`shpa :44:93 e`ftas jfc iy ajbn df oadb-crhf jkhs >>= e`ftas. Df tah fhxt pajsh, tah pr`krje wjs oèidfhc wdta tah stjthsF``fcjy Ehjb ]r`krje n`r soa``boadbcrhf jfc bjthr wdta tah Dfthkrjthc Oadbc Chvhb`p-ehft _hrvdohs ]r`krje.

Irhjgdfk ùt n tah _hot rs< _òdjb Nufcs jfc JKHSD] ]r`lhots[adbh shot`rjb pr`krjes wdta oèeufdty pjrtdodpjtd`f rho`rchc sèh suo-ohsshs, tads wjs j sb`w, dfoèpbhth rùth t` rurjb hep`whrehft. E`st shot`riurhjuorjodhs rhsdsthc suoa oajfkhs. J shot`r-iy-shot`r jppr`joa wjs jbs`t`` sb`w t` chjb wdta tah jcvhrsh hepb`yehft jfc whbnjrh o`fshquhfohs ntah ho`fèdo rhn`res jfc jclustehft pr`krjes `n tah :41=s. Sahrhn`rh,ejfy [ rbc Ijfg stjnn b``ghc n`r ihtthr wjys hdtahr t` rhjoa oèeufdtdhscdrhotby wdta j ir`jc ehfu n dfthrvhftd`fs r t` jssdst eufdodpjbdtdhs wdtair`jc pr`krjes tajt shot`r jkhfodhs whrh ufjibh t` chbdvhr. Sah pr`krjee`chbs cdsousshc df tah rhst n tads oajpthr jrh cdrhotby jssòdjthc wdta Ijfgdfdtdjtdvhs, stjrtdfk wdta sòdjb nufcs jfc JKHSD] (Jkhfoh cHxoutd`f chsSrjvjux cDftrt ]uibdo `r tah Jkhfoy n`r ]uibdo [`rgs Ejfjkhehft jfcHepb`yehft) pr`lhots, wadoa hehrkhc nrè tahsh hnn`rts.


68/276


_òdjb Nufcs. _òdjb nufcs ihkjf js hehrkhfoy pr`krjes jdehc jt kht-tdfk nufcs qudogby t` oèeufdtdhs df fhhc, hsphodjbby p``r oèeufdtdhsiypjsshc df hjrbdhr pr`krjes df oùftrdhs wdta j whjg stjth jppjrjtus. Sahnufcs whrh eubtdshot`rjb jfc kjvh oèeufdtdhs tah `pp`rtufdty t` sphodnytahdr suipr`lhot prd`rdtdhs. Sads wjs tah stjrt `n shvhrjb fhw hxphrdehftsdf oèeufdty-ijshc chvhb`pehft usdfk tah oèeufdty o`fsubtjtd`f jfcoèeufdty pjrtdodpjtd`f e`chbs (shh kurh 9.:).

Sah rst sòdjb nufc wjs bjufoahc n`r I`bdvdj df :41; jfc suoohhchcwhbb df rhjoadfk p``r oèeufdtdhs. _òdjb nufcs whrh s``f chvdshc n`roùftrdhs jor`ss jbb o`ftdfhfts, jfc, nrè sojb :41; tarùka sojb 9==;,$8.? idbbd`f wjs oèedtthc n`r :39 `phrjtd`fs. Sah DHK hvjbujtd`f `nsòdjb nufcs df 9==8 b``ghc jt tah phrd`c nrè sojb :41; t` sojb 9===jfc jt tah rhsubts jvjdbjibh n`r tah 41 sòdjb nufcs df 81 oùftrdhs wdta jt`tjb `n $?.8 idbbd`f. Sah hvjbujtd`f nùfc tajt 4> phrohft `n ob`shc sòdjbnufcs ajc sjtdsnjot`ry ùtoèhs, jkjdfst ;: phrohft n`r jbb Ijfg pr`lhots._òdjb nufcs w`rghc hsphodjbby whbb df p`sto`f dot sdtujtd`fs (suoa jsOjei`cdj jfc Fdojrjkuj).

DHK rjthc dfstdtutd`fjb chvhb`pehft js suistjftdjb df >8 phrohft n pr`l-

hots (euoa ihtthr tajf tah jvhrjkh `n ?> phrohft n`r jbb Ijfg pr`lhots)._òdjb nufcs che`fstrjthc tajt tahy oùbc ahbp t` iudbc tah ojpjodty n bòjbk`vhrfehfts, oèeufdtdhs, jfc FK@s. Sahdr hnnhotdvhfhss wjs jttrdiuthc,df pjrt, t` tahdr jut`fèy nrè bdfh edfdstrdhs. A`whvhr, DHK rjthc sus-tjdfjidbdty js bdghby n`r `fby 3? phrohft `n pr`lhots, jkjdfst 8: phrohft n`rjbb Ijfg pr`lhots. Ejdfthfjfoh rhsp`fsdidbdtdhs jfc ìbdkjtd`fs whrh `nthff`t obhjrby sphod hc7 fhdtahr wjs `wfhrsadp jnthr pr`lhot oèpbhtd`f. Nur-tahre`rh, sòdjb nufcs chphfchc `f c`f`r stjedfj jfc rhbdjidbdty, wadoaojff`t ih jssuehc.

bjth :41=s

hepb`yehft jfcordsds rhsp`fsh

ohftrjbby crdvhfdfnrjstruoturh jfc

sòdjb shrvdohs

OCCjppr`joahs

supp`rt n`rchohftrjbdzjtd`f,

OCC, edor`ndfjfoh

sòdjb nufc jkhfodhs tjgh `fjcchc rhsp`fsdidbdtdhs

(o`fcdtd`fjb ojsa trjfsnhr,cdsjsthr ejfjkhehft)

thep`rjry nufcsdforhjshc dfthkrjtd`f dft` oùftrys p`vhrty rhcuotd`f hnn`rts jfc ejdfstrhjedfkjs bhkdtdejth dfstdtutd`fs `n k`vhrfehft

:44= bjth :44=s bjth 9===s9===

Ndkurh 9.:. Hv`butd`f `n _òdjb Nufc @ilhotdvhs jfc Jotdvdtdhs, :41; t` ]rhshft

_ùroh< ch _dbvj jfc _ue 9==1.


69/276

AD_S@YDOJB Y@@S_ JFC H^@BXSD@F @N O@EEXFDST CYD^HF CH^HB@]EHFS 38

Oèeufdtdhs pjrtdodpjthc wdchby df cdsoussd`fs `f suipr`lhots, yhtoèeufdty prd`rdtdhs whrh f`t jbwjys eht. Sah t`p oèeufdty-ch fhcprìbhe wjs jccrhsshc n`r `fby 9; phrohft `n rhsp`fchfts df survhys df

Ljejdoj, ?3 phrohft df Ejbjwd, jfc 99 phrohft df \jeidj. @vhr tdeh,sòdjb nufcs, suoa js tah Ejbjwd _òdjb Jotd`f Nufc (EJ_JN), e`vhcnrè oèeufdty o`fsubtjtd`f t` oèeufdty pjrtdodpjtd`f e`chbs, jfc,t`cjy, tahy e`stby ush tah oèeufdty hep`whrehft e`chb. Sahy jbs`cdso`vhrhc tah vjbuh `n ajvdfk oèeufdty pr`lhots o``rcdfjthc jfcsuphrvdshc iy bòjb chvhb`pehft oèedtthhs jssòdjthc wdta bòjb k`v-hrfehfts. Sah hv`butd`f n sòdjb nufcs pjrjbbhbs tah hv`butd`f n hep`w-hrehft, jfc tah nufcs jrh `nthf k``c hxjepbhs `n tah BOCC jppr`joacdsousshc bjthr df tads oajpthr.

Sah JKHSD] Jppr`joa. _tjrtdfk wdta _hfhkjb df :44=, ejfy Nrjfo`-pa`fh Jnrdojf oùftrdhs orhjthc j eubtdshot`rjb jppr`joa t` rhs`bvdfkurijf eufdodpjb prìbhes ojbbhc JKHSD]. Bòjb k`vhrfehfts pbjffhcpuibdo w`rgs, suoa js wjthr suppby jfc shwjkh systhes, r`jcs, jfc ejr-ghts, jfc tahf chbhkjthc tah depbhehftjtd`f jfc pr`lhot ejfjkhehft t`

JKHSD]s. Sahsh jkhfodhs hepb`yhc o`fsubtjfts jfc o`ftrjot`rs t` hxh-outh pr`lhots, taus orhjtdfk bòjb ojpjodty n`r o`fstruotd`f. Sads jppr`joajv`dchc oueihrsèh k`vhrfehft pròurhehft pròhcurhs jfc wjs khf-hrjbby hn odhft jfc tdehby df oèpbhtdfk suipr`lhots sdfoh stjnn whrh pjdcejrght-ijshc sjbjrdhs. Sahy whrh hnnhotdvh df oèpbhtdfk pr`lhots, iut tahywhrh jbs` chphfchft `f c`f`r fjfodfk jfc f`t fjfodjbby sustjdfjibh7ihojush JKHSD]s whrh f`t suilhot t` oèphtdtdvh idccdfk, tahy whrh nthfjooushc `n o`rruptd`f.

Jbtaùka oèeufdtdhs ajc `fby suphr odjb dfv`bvhehft, JKHSD] pr`l-hots ahbphc t` iudbc bòjb k`vhrfehft jfc prdvjth shot`r ojpjodty. _òdjbnufcs cdc tah sjeh, iut wdta euoa e`rh oèeufdty pjrtdodpjtd`f. Ehjf-wadbh, chohftrjbdzjtd`f ihojeh j kr`wdfk dfstdtutd`fjb sadnt df ejfy chvhb-`pdfk oùftrdhs, jfc tads df uhfohc tah jkhfcj `n c`f`rs. Sah jkhfcjs `nJKHSD]s, sòdjb nufcs, jfc bòjb k`vhrfehfts `vhrbjpphc jfc ihkjf tò`fvhrkh. Sah Ijfg wjs bhjrfdfk tajt shttdfk up jbb `n tahsh shpjrjth jkhf-odhs jfc iypjssdfk bòjb k`vhrfehfts cdc f`t w`rg whbb df tah b`fk thre.

N`sthrdfk Khfudfh Dfv`bvhehft< _òdjb Chvhb`pehftdf tah [`rbc IjfgJoo`rcdfk t` tah Sjsg N`roh `f _òdjb Chvhb`pehft `n :448 (shh Cjvds9==3), ]h`pbh jrh tah hfcs jfc tah ehjfs n chvhb`pehft, jfc tah depjot


70/276

3> B@OJB JFC O@EEXFDST CYD^HF CH^HB@]EHFS

`n chvhb`pehft f ph`pbh jfc tahdr sòdhtdhs ds tah ehjsurh n dts suoohss. Df pjrjbbhb, tah Ijfg wjs bhjrfdfk jiùt pjrtdodpjtd`f. Df :44:, j [`rbcIjfg krùp bhc iy Cjvdc Ihogejff jfc Juirhy [dbbdjes rhvdhwhc tahIjfgs hxphrdhfohs wdta pjrtdodpjt`ry jppr`joahs jfc prhpjrhc j rhp`rt([`rbc Ijfg :443). Bhwds S. ]rhst`f, [`rbc Ijfg prhsdchft (:44:48),dfobuchc j f`th urkdfk, _ysthejtdo obdhft o`fsubtjtd`f jfc stjgha`bchrdfv`bvhehft, pjrtdoubjrby tah p``r, saùbc ihoèh j pjrt `n tah W[`rbcIjfgsU jppr`joa t` chvhb`pdfk suoohssnub p`bdodhs jfc pr`lhots.

Sah krùps rhp`rt dchftd hc shvhrjb dephcdehfts t` prè`tdfk pjrtdod-pjt`ry jppr`joahs df tah Ijfgs dfstdtutd`fjb ejgh-up jfc prjotdohs jfcsukkhsthc rhehcdjb ehjsurhs. Je`fk tah dfstdtutd`fjb dephcdehfts whrhtah Ijfgs `wf pròurhehft kudchbdfhs, bjog `n pjrtdodpjt`ry jppr`joahswdtadf tah upstrhje w`rg `n tah Ijfg, dfobucdfk ho`fèdo jfc shot`rw`rg, jfc j bjog `n i`rr`whr-k`vhrfehft hnn`rts t` prè`th j e`rhhfjibdfk hfvdr`fehft ([`rbc Ijfg :443). Sads rhsubthc df tah orhjtd`f `ntah sòdjb chvhb`pehft phrsphotdvh jt tah [ rbc Ijfg jfc tah _òdjb Chvhb-`pehft Fhtw`rg tajt ajs ihhf rhsp`fsdibh n`r jcvjfodfk dt.

S` oajfkh edfc-shts jfc prjotdohs, tah _òdjb Chvhb`pehft Fhtw`rg

dssuhc tah [`rbc Ijfg ]jrtdodpjtd`f _ùrohi``g df :44> ([`rbc Ijfg:44>). Dfthfchc prdejrdby n`r Ijfg tjsg ejfjkhrs, tah sùrohi``g crhw`f tah hxphrdhfoh n Ijfg stjnn wa` ajc pd`fhhrhc hnn`rts t` jcjpt pjrtdod-pjt`ry jppr`joahs t` tahdr w`rg, ejdfby, iut f`t hxobusdvhby, df chvhb`p-ehft pr`lhots. Sah sùrohi``g o`vhrhc shvhrjb jrhjs7 EoBhjf jfc `tahrs :4417]drdù-_jbb 9==;). 9 Dt b``ghc jt shvhrjb shot`rs jfc tah p`whrs n bòjb dfstd-tutd`fs vhr shrvdoh chbdvhry.?

Sah stucdhs sa`whc tajt tah ihst phrn`rehrs jrh e`rh chohftrjbdzhctajf tah b`w phrn`rehrs. Ldjfkxd ]r`vdfoh, df str`fkby chohftrjbdzhcOadfj, t`pphc tah bdst, n`bb`whc iy `tahr chohftrjbdzhrsO`bèidj, tah]adbdppdfhs, jfc ]`bjfc (shh kurh 9.9). Sah b`whst so`rhrs ajc bdttbh `rf` chohftrjbdzjtd`f< De` _tjth df Fdkhrdj, Oth cDv`drh, Iurgdfj Njs`,jfc _hfhkjb.

Sa`sh stucdhs jfc `tahrs hfoùrjkhc tah Ijfg df tah :44=s t`supp`rt chohftrjbdzjtd`f pr`lhots df shvhrjb oùftrdhs, suoa js Irjzdb,O`bèidj, jfc Ehxdo`. Nrè j stucy `n O`bèidjs chohftrjbdzjtd`f,Ndszihdf (:44;) o`fobuchc tajt oèphtdtd`f n`r p`bdtdojb `n oh rhsubthcdf jooùftjibh jfc dff`vjtdvh bòjb k`vhrfehfts tajt depr`vhc shrvdohchbdvhry jfc rhcuohc o`rruptd`f. Njkuht (:44;) sa`whc a`w chohftrjb-dzjtd`f depr`vhc jooùftjidbdty jfc rhcuohc p`vhrty df I`bdvdj. A`w-hvhr, Shfcbhr (:444) sa`whc tajt sèh Bjtdf Jehrdojf sòdjb nufcswhrh suppby crdvhf df njdr ehjsurh jfc whrh f`t nubby pjrtdodpjt`ry.

=.8 =.;

:.= :.= :.: :.3

:.1

9.3 9.3 9.3 9.89.1

?.13.9 3.9

8.9 8.3

>.3

;.1

=.=

:.=

9.=

?.=

3.= s h o t ` r j

b s o ` r h

8.=

>.=

;.=

1.=

4.=

:=.=

D e ` _ t j t h

( F d k h

r d j )

O t h

c D v ` d r

h

I u r g d f

j N j s `

_ h f h k j

b

I j f k b j

c h s a

H k y p t , J

r j i Y h p .

n

S j f z j f

d j

] u f l

j i ( ] j

g d s t j f

)

A d c j

b k ( E

h x d o ` )

S u f d s

d j

G j r f

j t j g j

( D f c d j )

\ j e i d j O a

d b h

I j a d j (

I r j z d b )

F u s j

S h f k k j

r j S d e u

r ( D f c

f h s d

j ) ] `

b j f c

] a d b d p p

d f h s

O ` b e

i d j

L d j f k x d

( O a d f

j )

Ndkurh 9.9. Dfchx `n _hot`r Chohftrjbdzjtd`f df :4 Oùftrdhs, :44=s

_ùrohs< Jdyjr :448j, :448o7 EoBhjf jfc `tahrs :4417 ]drdù-_jbb 9==;.


72/276


Or``g jfc Ejf`r (:441) sa`whc tajt chohftrjbdzjtd`f ydhbchc k``crhsubts `fby dn tahrh wjs

_tr`fk k`vhrfehft `wfhrsadp Jppr`prdjth bhkjb, jcedfdstrjtdvh, jfc sojb jrrjfkhehfts Bòjb hbhotd`fs _un odhft jfc rhbdjibh nufcdfk Nrhhcè n`r oèeufdtdhs t` oa``sh pr`lhots.

[ rbc Ijfg (9===i) o`fobuchc tajt chohftrjbdzjtd`f ajc krhjt prèdsh,iut `fby wahf dt wjs tjdb`rhc t` rhjoa tah p``r jfc ijoghc iy jchqujth

fjfoh jfc jut`fèy.

Oèeufdty Crdvhf Chvhb`pehft df j Chohftrjbdzjtd`f O`fthxt Oèeufdty pjrtdodpjtd`f jfc chohftrjbdzjtd`f whrh `nthf dftr`cuohcdf j oùftry dfchphfchftby `n `fh jf`tahr, hvhf taùka tahy obhjrbyfhhchc t` ih dfthkrjthc df `rchr t` depr`vh sustjdfjidbdty jfc ejxd-edzh syfhrkdhs. Df tah :44=s, ejl`r pr`lhots df Ehxdo`, Irjzdb, jfcDfc`fhsdj jc`pthc tads jppr`joa (shh i`xhs 9.19.:=). Sads dfthkrjthc

jppr`joa hep`whrhc i`ta bòjb oèeufdtdhs jfc k`vhrfehfts wdtauftdhc nufcs jfc fhw p`whrs. Sahsh pr`krjes suoohssnubby pd`fhhrhctah jccdtd`f `n bòjb t` oèeufdty crdvhf chvhb`pehft . Df jbb tarhhoùftrdhs, bòjb k`vhrfehfts jbrhjcy hxdsthc, jfc tah pr`krjes sùkatt` dfobuch tahe js jot`rs nrè tah ihkdffdfk. Df `tahr oùftrdhs, hdtahrbòjb k`vhrfehfts cdc f`t hxdst jfc pr`krjes whrh jdehc jt oèeufd-tdhs `r bòjb k`vhrfehfts whrh dfobuchc js oèeufdty pr`krjes krhw.Jppbydfk tah suisdcdjrdty prdfodpbhirdfkdfk k`vhrfehft chodsd`f

ejgdfk t` tah b`whst p`ssdibh bhvhb ihojush tajt ds tah bhvhb wahrh tahe`st gf`wbhckh ds jvjdbjibh jiùt bòjb odrouestjfohsds j p`whrnubjrkuehft n`r hdtahr stjrtdfk t` chohftrjbdzh jfc irdfk df bòjb k`vhrf-ehfts n`r bòjb hep`whrehft

local and community driven development: moving to scale in theory and practice

Documents